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The cultural safety of research reports on primary healthcare use by Indigenous Peoples: a systematic review
No full textIntroduction: Community-driven research in primary healthcare (PHC) may reduce the chronic disease burden in Indigenous peoples. This systematic review assessed the cultural safety of reports of research on PHC use by Indigenous peoples from four countries with similar colonial histories. Methods: Medline, CINAHL and Embase were all systematically searched from 1st January 2002 to 4th April 2023. Papers were included if they were original studies, published in English and included data (quantitative, qualitative and/or mixed methods) on primary healthcare use for chronic disease (chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease and/or diabetes mellitus) by Indigenous Peoples from Western colonial countries. Study screening and data extraction were undertaken independently by two authors, at least one of whom was Indigenous. The baseline characteristics of the papers were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Aspects of cultural safety of the research papers were assessed using two quality appraisal tools: the CONSIDER tool and the CREATE tool (subset analysis). This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) tool. Results: We identified 35 papers from Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States. Most papers were quantitative (n = 21) and included data on 42,438 people. Cultural safety across the included papers varied significantly with gaps in adequate reporting of research partnerships, provision of clear collective consent from participants and Indigenous research governance throughout the research process, particularly in dissemination. The majority of the papers (94%, 33/35) stated that research aims emerged from communities or empirical evidence. We also found that 71.4% (25/35) of papers reported of using strengths-based approaches by considering the impacts of colonization on reduced primary healthcare access. Conclusion: Research on Indigenous PHC use should adopt more culturally safe ways of providing care and producing research outputs which are relevant to community needs by privileging Indigenous voices throughout the research process including dissemination. Indigenous stakeholders should participate more formally and explicitly throughout the process to guide research practices, inclusive of Indigenous values and community needs.</p
Supported Decision-Making Interventions in Mental Healthcare: A Systematic Review of Evidence on the Outcomes for People With Mental Ill Health
No full textBackground: Most people with mental ill health want to be involved in decision-making about their care, many mental health professionals now recognise the importance of this (at least in-principle) and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities enshrines the ethical imperative to support people in making their own treatment decisions. Nonetheless, there are widespread reports of people with mental ill health being excluded from decision-making about their treatment in practice. Objectives: We conducted a systematic review of quantitative, qualitative and mixed method research on interventions to improve opportunities for the involvement of mental healthcare service users in treatment planning. We sought to consolidate and understand the evidence on the outcomes of shared and supported decision-making for people with mental ill health. Methods: Seven databases were searched and 5137 articles were screened. Articles were included if they reported on an intervention for adult service users, were published between 2008 and October 2023 and were in English. Evidence in the 140 included articles was synthesised according to the JBI guidance on Mixed Methods Systematic Reviews. Results: There was evidence relating to the effects of these interventions on a range of outcomes for people with mental ill health, including on: suicidal crisis, symptoms, recovery, hospital admissions, treatment engagement and on the use of coercion by health professionals. There is favourable evidence for these types of interventions in improving some outcomes for people with mental ill health, more so than treatment-as-usual. For other outcomes, the evidence is preliminary but promising. Some areas for caution are also identified. Conclusions: The review indicates that when the involvement of people with mental ill health in treatment planning is supported, there can be improved outcomes for their health and care. Areas for future research are highlighted. Patient or Public Contribution: This systematic review has been guided at all stages by a researcher with experience of mental health service use, who does not wish to be identified at this point in time. The findings may inform organisations, researchers and practitioners on the benefits of implementing supported decision-making, for the greater involvement of people with mental ill health in their healthcare.</p
We are making a boat, love: 30 years of experimental feminist writing in Australia
No full text“We are making a boat, love” is a bookish multimodal experiment-in-the-making that works with/into/because Ania Walwicz’s Boat (1989) and as an exemplar of Eades’s écriture matière (2015). In this work we boat build a corpus of experimental reflective and material writing that makes visible an extended and always present but often forgotten archive of creativecritical writing in this place named Australia. Following on from methods developed during their longitudinal blackout poetry project Sending Love, Eades and Rendle-Short tore out and sent (by post) a page of Boat to each writer. Writers worked with this page in any way they chose over the course of two weeks, then sent them back to return to the book, to be stitched and glued together, to make a love object, a vessel, a boat. Each writer was invited to write from/with/against these pages and these texts were cut up and rearranged into a series of paste poems that appear throughout the artists’ book. ‘We are making a boat, love’ offers a we-world (Jean Luc-Nancy), a collective, a communitas (Rendle-Short), a many voiced and irreverent conflagration.</p
Design and Development of Thin Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell Employing Effective Light Trapping Schemes
No full textIn this thesis, the design and fabrication of PEDOT:PSS/c-Si hybrid heterojunction solar cells (HHSCs) were explored with a focus on achieving high efficiency and mechanical flexibility. The study investigated the integration of organic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) with ≤50 μm thin crystalline silicon (c-Si) wafers and various surface structuring techniques to enhance light absorption and device performance.
Initially, methods for thinning commercially available thick Si wafers of thickness ~200 μm to ≤50 μm were developed, aiming to produce thin-flexible wafers for solar cell fabrication. These methods included mechanical grinding and chemical etching such as acidic and alkali. The resultant thin Si wafers exhibited enhanced flexibility and potential for cost reduction.
In the next phase, the fabrication of PEDOT:PSS/n-Si hybrid solar cells on micro-pyramidal textured thin Si wafers was conducted. The micro-pyramidal texturing significantly reduced light reflection and enhanced light trapping, leading to the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.42% in a simple device structure of ‘Ag/PEDOT:PSS/n-Si/In:Ga’. Subsequently, the integration of silicon nanowire (SiNW) texturing on thin-flexible Si wafers was investigated using a single-step silver-assisted chemical etching (Ag-ACE) process. The SiNW-incorporated solar cells demonstrated superior light absorption and charge generation due to enhanced light trapping, with optimal combinations of SiNW length (~170 nm) and PEDOT:PSS layer thickness (~100 nm) identified for the best performance. Additionally, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were also incorporated into the PEDOT:PSS matrix to address challenges such as limited light absorption and charge transport in thin Si wafers to explore it potential avoiding surface micro/nano-structuring of thin Si wafers. The introduction of Ag NPs led to a significant enhancement (~21% relative) in the PCE of the hybrid device, attributed to improved light trapping and electrical conductivity of the polymer layer. Moreover, the thesis also explored the anti-reflection behaviour of periodic Si structures on thin Si wafers, specifically focusing on metal nanospheres (NSs) over periodic silicon nanopillar (Si NP) arrays. The effectiveness of light trapping by periodic Si NP via electron beam lithography (EBL) is also demonstrated. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations were used to optimize these structures for maximum light harvesting and visualize the optical properties of the different structured Si surfaces.
The research has demonstrated significant improvements in light trapping, charge transport, and overall device performance through innovative surface structuring and material integration. These findings have the potential to pave the way for the development of efficient, cost-effective, and flexible solar cells for diverse applications, from portable electronics to wearable technology, underscoring the importance of this work.</p
Activated charcoal-mediated non-contact carbothermal reduction of TiO2 for controlled synthesis of Magnéli phase titanium suboxides
No full textConventional Magnéli phase titanium suboxide syntheses often involve highly flammable H2 gas, extensive precursor pretreatment and yield unwanted TiC or TiOxCy byproducts. To overcome these limitations, this work introduces a low-cost, safe and scalable carbothermal reduction synthesis method that eliminates the need for H2 or pretreatment and does not produce carbon-based titanium byproducts. Magnéli phases were generated without physical contact between the bulk organic that acted as the reductant and TiO2. Activated charcoal served as the reductant, reducing TiO2 under an Ar flow, thus limiting O2. The phase transition from anatase TiO2 to Magnéli phases was studied as a function of reduction time. Critical assessment of surface and bulk defects in the series of Magnéli titanium suboxides synthesised revealed a possible redistribution of defects within the lattice with time while maintaining a constant total defect content. Optical property analysis indicated that increasing oxygen deficiency led to increased inter-bandgap absorbance and prolonged lifetime of the photogenerated charge carriers. Oxygen deficiencies exhibited a direct correlation with the water evaporation rate when these Magnéli phase titanium suboxides were applied in solar steam generation. This was attributed to reduced thermal conductivities with increasing oxygen vacancies due to increased phonon scattering by planar defects. The defect-rich Magnéli suboxide sample consisting mainly of Ti6O11 with a remarkably low thermal conductivity of <0.032 W m−1 K−1 at 25 °C showed a solar energy conversion efficiency of 56% when applied in an aerogel for solar steam generation. This method provides flexibility for fabricating materials tailored for diverse applications requiring specific defect concentrations or thermoelectric performance
Enhancing Keystroke Dynamics: Novel Features and Cross-Device Framework
No full textData privacy and device security are critical concerns for the general public due to the large amounts of sensitive and private data stored on personal devices like desktops, tablets and smartphones. The most common way to protect this data is to secure devices using a login authentication system that uses either passwords, tokens or biometrics. However, one-time authentication has limitations. First, it is cumbersome for users to provide authentication factors on their personal devices whenever access is needed. The second critical security concern is that an attacker can take control once a device is opened after one-time authentication. Continuous authentication is the process of regularly monitoring a person's behaviour during device usage in order to verify their identity. User behaviour can be continuously monitored using the sensors available in modern personal computing devices. These behaviours include typing, swiping or moving with the devices. Such systems can provide an additional layer of security to the devices by providing security during the entire session for an individual with the devices by going beyond the login authentication.
In this thesis, I use the typing pattern of individuals on their personal computing devices, also called as keystroke dynamics, to build continuous authentication models for users on a single device and across multiple devices. This modality has been studied for the last four decades and is a viable authentication system to implement on personal computing devices.
I proposed a new set of features based on the distance between keys on the keyboard, a concept that has not been considered before in keystroke dynamics. The proposed Distance Enhanced Flight Time features (DEFT) combined with traditional keystroke dynamic features give a more comprehensive analysis of typing behaviour. The DEFT model is designed to be device-agnostic, allowing us to evaluate its effectiveness across three commonly used devices: desktop, smartphone, and tablet. The DEFT model outperforms the existing state-of-the-art methods when evaluating its effectiveness across the SU-AIS-BB-MAS and Buffalo datasets. The model achieves accuracy rates exceeding 99% and equal error rates below 10% on all three devices.
Since the cross-device keystroke dynamic is under-explored in the literature, I introduce the TEDxBC model, which utilises an inductive transfer encoder to authenticate tablet users based on their smartphone keystroke patterns. I leverage over 20 keystroke dynamic features, including the newly introduced DEFT features, to train a transfer encoder with substantial source domain (smartphone) data and minimal target domain (tablet) data. I evaluate the proposed approach on participants from the publicly available SU-AIS-BB-MAS dataset. This method achieves an average Equal Error Rate (EER) of 14%. I further apply the biometric menagerie classification, adapted for the transfer learning paradigm, to analyse user performance. Notably, the Doves category demonstrates superior performance in transfer learning, achieving an EER approximately 9% lower than the overall TEDxBC benchmark. This is the first application of the biometric menageries approach to study the performance of transfer learning for keystroke dynamics.
I also examine the capability of predicting demographic features such as age, gender, height, ethnicity, typing style and university major subjects of users using keystroke dynamic features. To achieve that, I study the predictive capability of all four keystroke dynamic feature categories for different types of text (fixed text, free text and combination) and types of devices (desktops, smartphones and tablets). I select the keystroke features using two techniques (Mutual Information and Random Forest). The Mutual Information feature selection performs much better in all the text and device combinations for demographic classification. To address the class imbalance in demographic data, I followed the approach by ensuring the classifier's integrity by preventing exposure to the test set before classification. Seven machine learning classifiers are employed for demographic prediction. The models achieve notable accuracy and F1 scores: 77% for gender prediction on desktops, 83% on smartphones, and 71% on tablets. University subjects are predicted with approximately 80% accuracy across all devices. Typing style prediction reaches 68% accuracy on desktops and 77% on smartphones and tablets. Ethnicity prediction surpasses 90% accuracy for all devices. When identifying the top five discriminating features for each demographic trait, the newly introduced DEFT features consistently emerge as significant predictors.
In summary, this work is the first to enhance keystroke dynamic performance on a single device using distance-enhanced keystroke features (DEFT), develop a cross-device keystroke authentication framework (TEDxBC) with a biometric menagerie performance analysis and a comprehensive analysis of the predictive power of keystroke features for six different demographic traits.</p
The Role of the Human B-Raf Kinase in Plasmodium falciparum Blood-Stage Infection
No full textMalaria, a disease caused by the infection with parasites from the genus Plasmodium, remains a primary global health concern. The selection of mutations under drug pressure has resulted in the emergence of strains resistant to treatment, contributing to resurgences and waning efficacy of antimalarial medications. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop effective alternatives to traditional therapeutics. All available malaria chemotherapeutics target parasite-encoded enzymes or parasite-controlled processes. For example, chloroquine prevents heme polymerization by inhibiting heme polymerase, which converts heme to hemozoin, and artemisinin works by generating toxic free radicals through the cleavage of its endoperoxide bridge, which interacts with heme-iron. However, resistance caused by the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the PfCrt (chloroquine transporter gene), and mutations in the PfKelch13 gene respectively, have reduced the effectiveness of these drugs. This challenge underlies the need for new antimalarials with new mechanisms of action.
Recent studies show that several host erythrocytes signalling kinases are required for parasite growth and survival, suggesting that an approach known as Host-Directed Therapy can be implemented. This approach is refractory to the most direct pathway to resistance (selection of parasites encoding a mutated target) since the target proteins are not under the parasite’s genetic control. Possible targets for this approach include host cell B-Raf, c-MET, and MEK kinases, all of which are implicated in the infection of erythrocytes by malaria parasites. The B-Raf kinase is an essential component of the MAPK pathway that regulates signal transduction for cell growth, division, proliferation and survival. Moreover, the dysregulation of the B-Raf gene has been implicated in many cancer cell types. Recent phosphoproteomics studies have suggested sustained activity of the B-Raf kinase in the three asexual stages of erythrocyte malaria infection, but its role in parasite development is unknown. In the work reported in this thesis, we draw insights on the role of the B-Raf kinase in erythrocytic stage P. falciparum infection through the analysis of data generated from dose-response assays of parasite growth inhibition with the B-Raf inhibitors SB590885, Dabrafenib, and PLX8394.
In this study, we aimed to validate the hypotheses that the B-Raf kinase is indeed essential for successful malaria pathogenesis, and that targeted B-Raf inhibition impairs parasite proliferation and survival. As expected, wildtype 3D7 P. falciparum did not develop resistance to both lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of most B-Raf inhibitors under varying drug selection pressure, which is exciting because it emphasizes the efficacy of these compounds as potential re-purposed antimalarial compounds, as well as the advantage of a reduced risk of resistance to host-target inhibition by parasites.
Surprisingly, resistance was developed to PLX8394, a paradox breaker of the Raf pathway. Paradox breakers are compounds that prevent the re-activation of the downstream pathway (see the main text for a full description). Dose escalation studies allowed the selection of parasites exhibiting resistance to PLX-8394. Further investigations revealed this resistance is unstable in the absence of drug pressure, which reveals the need for a consistent drug dose for maintenance of a resistant population. Other phenotypic assessments show high efficacy of the B-Raf compounds at the early ring stage of infection compared to other parasite blood life stages, which opens up new hypotheses for the function of the B-Raf kinase during infection. Overall, this work demonstrated the use of parasite growth and inhibition assays to understand B-Raf function in erythrocyte P. falciparum infection, and its potential as a drug target for Host Directed Antimalarial Therapy.</p
Artistic perspectives on Indigenous Standpoint Theory: a visual practice of cultural activism
No full textThis PhD celebrates the pride and resurgence of people and cultures who have, now and always, existed independently of colonial interactions. My practice-based research project documents the ways Indigenous artists exercise self-determination to creatively express identity. The work explores a complex and significant issue evident in the depiction of Indigenous Australians in the media, which continues to stereotype or ignore Aboriginal perspectives. I argue these depictions require ongoing consideration and critique. I undertake this critique through my creative work as a form of resistance to colonial processes. My consideration of how Indigenous cultural practitioners “speak back” to and challenge such processes of colonisation affords me a new language to express my creative ideas.
My work presents these creative ideas through a graphic novel. To accomplish this goal, three interviews were conducted with the following practitioners: Beau DeBelle, Dr Jared Field and Uncle Jim Everett Puralia Meenamatta. To allow me to familiarise myself with the interview process, I conducted an interview with myself and this opportunity gave me a chance to reflect on the questions I was posing to my interviewees. The self-interview also granted insights into issues of identity, Indigenous self-determination and survivance.
As a Wiradjuri Graphic Designer, I engaged with a range of literature from Standpoint Theory to Indigenous methodologies and creative knowledge systems. Standpoint Theory is situated in the perspectives and experiences of the individual and the knowledge that arises from those realities. This helped me both creatively as a designer and intellectually to present my Indigenous ontology through my experience. In exercising my self-determination and exploration of my culture, I sought to convey a sense of revitalisation and dynamism in the deeper understanding of who I am.
My graphic art practice acts as the site of this self-determining activity and process, taking the form of a graphic novel in which meaning-making and identity are explored in ways that demonstrate the ongoing survivance, resurgence and modernity of my Wiradjuri culture. The performative expression of these theoretical models within my work, enacts and extends on these concepts of Indigenous Standpoint Theory, through the Visualisation of Indigenous Standpoint Theory as Activism (VISTA). VISTA is a concept I developed to bring together my creative practice and lived experience.
Consulting with Indigenous cultural practitioners offered a way to legitimise primary sources of cultural practice in the form of Indigenous oral sources. This direct engagement enabled me, as an Indigenous researcher, to reflect upon and present the perspectives of these practitioners on the subjects discussed. The self-representation of these Indigenous standpoints, through my own self-determined cultural practice, as an Indigenous creative practitioner, resists ongoing forms of colonisation in contemporary everyday life.
In representing the views expressed by my interlocutors, I was attentive to how Indigenous peoples draw from our deep cultural foundations to express ourselves and talk about our life experiences. This approach supported my research goal of showcasing examples of “speaking back” through the voices of my interviewees and presenting my own creative practice as a form of everyday resistance
Monitoring of soil movement due to deep excavation works using Time Lapse Ground Penetrating Radar (TLGPR)
No full textThe aim of this thesis is to deploy and develop the Time Lapse Ground Penetrating Radar (TLGPR) for monitoring the change in soil mass during deep excavation works as well as the experimental works, so as to characterize the crucial parameters and equipment setting in execution of the TLGPR. This research is the first validation of TLGPR in Hong Kong, by comparing radargrams in frequency domain as a monitoring tools for deep excavation and lateral support construction works.
The traditional monitoring measures for surrounding roads and pavement in deep excavation works only focus on the change of ground surface, including ground settlement, vibration and tiling of adjacent buildings. With the penetration capability of ground penetrating radar (GPR), the TLGPR provides a new perspective of monitoring tools for engineers to understand the changes in the retained soil mass. By comparing the differences in radargram before the commencement of construction and during the course of it, the changes in soil mass can be identified. However, comparing radargrams through visual inspection is no longer a scientific approach. This research reports the methodology using Wavelet Transform (WT) to convert radargram into peak centre frequency distribution with suitable spatial resolution (time-depth intervals). Comparing radargrams in frequency domain can eliminate human subjection and enhance the detectability.
The TLGPR sounds feasible in theory as dominating parameters and settings in real case validation of the method are shown, including the sensitivity of Wavelet Transform on converting radargram into peak centre frequency distribution, the balance between spatial resolution and processing time, the display of total error (detection threshold) to prevent false alarm and its measures to eliminate the influence from positioning error as well as the applicability of common signal processing filter for radargram.
The above-mentioned challenges tackled by a series of experiments are reported in this thesis. First of all, the conversion of radargram to peak frequency is executed by the means of an In-house LabView programme developed by Hong Kong Polytechnic University. In addition, a series of sensitivity analysis were carried out by the programme to determine a suitable value of threshold amplitude (result is 0.4) in computation of a representative peak frequency distribution for TLGPR. Moreover, the spatial resolution of the TLGPR dominated by the sampling frequency during data acquisition and the time-depth interval in computing the peak centre frequency distribution in radargram is illustrated. Through experiments, the minimum sampling frequency (256 samples per trace) and time-depth interval (7 ns) are recommended in this thesis. Signal processing is a common procedure to enhance the readability of radargram. Two basic signal processing operations, Dewow and Subtract-DC-shift, are being studied and analysed by WT. Experiments to prove that signal processing does introduce artifacts into radargram that would subsequently change the peak centre frequency distribution. For TLGPR, hence, raw radargram shall be used for comparison. To prevent false alarm arising from the TLGPR, an experiment focuses on the error from data acquisition is reported in this thesis and conclusion is made that the detection threshold in percentage difference in peak centre frequency is 30% (with 95% confidence level). As the drifting of survey wheel and positioning error contributes to a significant magnitude of error into TLGPR, a method named Frequency Analysis on Artifacts in Radargram (FAAR) is then proposed and validated in this thesis. On one hand, it shows that the method of TLGPR is capable of eliminating the positioning error. On the other hand, it is concluded that the error from drifting of survey wheel is negligible.
Lastly, it should be addressed that the findings were obtained in field with well-controlled conditions. It is believed that the findings have already provided the fundamental and indispensable understanding of the TLGPR and will be able to pave the ways for future full-scale application. This research is believed to have advanced the fronts of both material characterization research and geophysical applications
Managing transition to autonomous vehicles
No full textThe development of smart cities is seen as a solution to problems associated with anticipated large urbanization. Expected benefits include pollution reduction, that will be achieved using renewable energy, and safer and more efficient transport using electrical and autonomous vehicles equipped with state-of-the-art information and communication technology (ICT). Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are subsystems of the smart cities, that also involve modern technology, such as computer vision, internet of things (IoT), ICT and artificial intelligence (AI), to achieve better traffic efficiency, travellers’ safety, and reduce pollution. Autonomous vehicles (AV)s are integral part of ITS, focusing on more efficient and safer transport / mobility experience.
The main objectives of this research were to identify the current status of technology development, public awareness, and readiness for the transition, and provide suggestions for effectively managing transition to that new AV technology. Keeping this in mind, the first study was carried out to investigate the technology developments related to AVs and ITS. These include Hard Systems Approach (HSA) as used in management practices. Essentially, a comprehensive literature review was conducted on trends and development in automotive industry. That industry, as all other industries nowadays, is multidisciplinary including mechanical, electrical, electronics, computer systems IoT, and ICT. The modern car is the best example of comprehensive engineering, i.e., mechatronics. On the top of that we now have introduction of AI algorithms and motion control in autonomous vehicles [1]. Automation is introduced gradually, and The Society of Automotive Engineer (SAE) international has defined sixth levels [2]. Further to that, AV initial research, the latest developments in ITS and smart cities were also considered using HSA management approach.
The first contribution of the research comes as result of those AV and ITS technologies investigation, and following that, longitudinal surveys conducted in Saudi Arabia and Australia. Conclusion is that we need to introduce more automation, and that is already going on at certain levels. After initial excitement of two simultaneous transitions in automotive industry, to electrical vehicles and to autonomous vehicles, key stake holders have realised that the transition to EV has higher priority. Priorities are seen through the level of contribution, of those two transitions, to the environmental sustainability. While EV transition will exclude internal combustion engines (ICE) and so bring green transportation, AV transition will offer more efficient and safe transport. Better traffic efficiency with AVs will reduce pollution, but not as much as the use of electrical motors. Of course, the electricity used in the car, has to be green as well, but that is subject of another intensive research.
Talking about AV transition, the same as EV transition, technology is very much ready, but there are other issues that have to be considered in relation to autonomous vehicles. From the engineering point of view, we are ready, but to handle non-engineering issues Soft Systems Approach (SSA) has to be applied. Introduction of any new technology goes through acceptance phase and the process which are product specific. Original Autonomous Vehicles Technology Acceptance Model (AV TAM) is created and successfully applied in further research. That is second contribution of this project in global management. EV and AV transitions are global management processes, handled differentlyaround the world, especially AV transition, but the AVTAM is the same.
With SSA approach we need all stakeholders’ opinions, in particular the community / customers and that was the reason for longitudinal surveys. In addition to engineering factor, there are also ethical, moral and legal issues that have to be resolved. Solutions to those will be different in each country and therefore no single global approach is expected.
From conducted and analysed surveys come few more contributions and insights. One of the main ones is the answer to the research question, when could we expect the transition to be effective. According to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) surveys the full automation, which means no human driver involvement will not happen till 2030. This public opinion is in line with KSA government planning known as Vision 2030. For Australia it is expected sometime later. Additional surveys are needed, in the longitudinal cycles during following years, with much larger number of participants. We have found that, for the general public, more information and education in new technologies is needed.
The mobility of the future is multimodal, including electrical, hybrid vehicles, autonomous vehicles, public transport, ride sharing, rails and waterways, bicycles, e-bikes, other e vehicles and of course pedestrians. Transition to autonomous vehicles will bring more efficient transport with less pollution. It will be safer and hopefully we will have less on-road traffic incidents. At the same time AVs, as any other ICT technology, have to deal with cyber attacks, and ensure cyber security. Finally, at this stage, the cost of technology is an important negative factor, but the automation will go forward gradually. As seen from the surveys, potential customers will pay for the level of automation that suits them the best, in terms of driving pleasure and the cost. Each higher level of automation introduces more active safety features, which means preventing accidents so that they do not happen. According to ethics and moral norms in each community AI algorithms have to be tailored to suit the public. Only then, with the support of regulatory framework developed for full AV automation, technology will be fully deployed. According to investigations conducted,
that will after the year 2030 and it depends on the countries and regions. It is a global transition, but the timelines are different. This transition is accompanied with the transition to electrical vehicles, so that the car of the future will be electrical, automounts vehicle