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Child-rearing in a socio-economic context : Analysis of Survey on Family Environment in Early Childhood and Parental Behavior
Get PDFThis study aims to understand the actual situation of child rearing by focusing on the socioeconomic background of parents using questionnaire survey data of parents who send their children to day-care centers. As the number of dual-earner households increases due to changes in the work environment, there is a growing need to understand the actual burden of housework and childcare while taking into account the socioeconomic background of families. In addition, there are very few studies of child poverty that focus on preschoolers and their families, or on the relationship between poverty and the establishment of appropriate living and eating habits. It is necessary to incorporate the socioeconomic status of families into the analysis and to understand the environment surrounding children\u27s upbringing.Based on these problematic concerns, we conducted a questionnaire survey of 3345 parents whose children attend the younger, middle, and older classes of 24 public and 30 private licensed daycare centers located in the metropolitan area of City A in 2019. The valid response rate was 54.7%. In creating the SES variables, we referred to OECD （2014） and Tarumi （2014） and created a composite scale using three factors: respondents\u27 education, household income, and household possessions.The analysis using the SES variables revealed the diversity of the user groups of day-care centers. Although there has been some debate in previous studies about the differences in the user groups between public day-care centers and other day-care facilities, and about the dual structure of day-care centers and kindergartens, this paper is significant in that it clarifies that there are large differences in the user groups of day-care centers according to SES.The large disparity by SES in preschool home environments and family child care raises two new issues. First, in the research on the academic achievement gap, there is a discourse that "very normal things" such as parents making their children eat breakfast every day and exposing them to the written culture through conversations with their children are important for the formation of academic achievement as a way to reduce the academic achievement gap. However, before children enter elementary school, there are already differences in the way families spend their time according to SES, and what is "normal" in the home is actually not normal. Relying on preschool family life and what is "normal" in the family as a measure to reduce the academic achievement gap may lead to justifying the SES gap. Second, there is the issue of whether the existing debate on the purpose and quality of childcare will need to be re-examined. The mainstream of research on childcare is focused on its importance as a form of welfare, such as childcare for the poor. However, with so many different segments of the population using childcare centers, the question of which segment of the population the centers should cater to is likely to become a political debate
Neighborhood Organizations in the Context of Municipal Social Education in the Early Post-War and High-Growth Period : Focusing on the Discourse on Neighborhood-Level Basis of Social Education and Kominkan
Get PDFMost of discourses on neighborhood groups in the context of social education (adult education) in the early post-war and high-growth period in Japan concentrated on social education groups such as youth groups and womenʼs groups. On the contrary, neighborhood organizations such as rural and urban neighborhood groups (Buraku-kai and Chonai-kai) and residentsʼ associations (Jichi-kai) were not referred to so often. These neighborhood organizations were, however, closely related to municipal social education and community learning centers (Kominkan). The discussions on the relationship between neighborhood organizations and municipal social education have been accumulated independently according to each topic. This article aims to present an overview of these discussions, and to clarify common framework of perception on neighborhood organizations for social education staffs and researchers in those periods.In the early post-war period, kominkans were needed to play a role to raise political consciousness as residents of “a city,” “a town” or “a village”. At the same time, kominkans were also needed to play various roles based on solidarity of neighborhood. On the other hand, neighborhood solidarity and organizations were often blamed for oppression and irrationality in the traditional neighborhood communities. Therefore, Jichi-kai newly established in the areas of apartment buildings in suburbs, and Jichi- Kominkan (residentsʼ autonomous Kominkan) newly established in rural areas held up the ideal of “residentsʼ autonomy” (Jichi) to remove oppression and irrationality.In 1970s, the “policy for ideal communities” by the Ministry of Home Affairs attracted attention of social education staffs and researchers, and neighborhood solidarity was perceived as a positive concept to overcome the alienation of humanity in the rapid industrialization. On the contrary, the aim to overcome oppression and irrationality accompanying neighborhood groups, and the expectation for kominkan to raise political consciousness as residents of “a city,” “a town” or “a village” came to be paid less attention. Additionally, most of social education staffs and researchers believed pure solidarity among neighborhood based on learning activities, but they didnʼt discuss the relation between this type of solidarity and “governance system of community”. Moreover, they didnʼt pay much attention to the viewpoint of social class when they were discussing those topics above.This article only presents a historical overview and extract a framework of perception of social education staffs and researchers, but it will contribute to reorganize the findings of former historical studies which were too detailed and separated each other
The Case Study on the Utilization of Forest Resources as Energy in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan
Get PDF日本は国土の約7割を森林が占める一方で，林業は多くの地域において経済的自立が困難な状況にある．その結果，担い手の減少による森林荒廃など林業の衰退がもたらす社会的・環境的影響は非常に大きい．そのため森林資源を活用した地域活性化に対する社会的要請が高く，特にカーボンニュートラルなエネルギー資源としての木質バイオマスの需要が高まっている．本稿では木質バイオマスの蓄積量や生産コストがいずれも日本の平均に近い山形県を対象とし，木質バイオマスをエネルギー資源として利用する場合の供給能力を，人口規模を反映しやすい家庭部門のエネルギー消費量（電力消費量）と比較した上で，バイオマス発電所の最適な立地と規模について分析をした結果を報告する．その結果，既存のバイオマス発電所数とその出力規模は，木質バイオマスの資源量と比較して持続可能な供給とは程遠い状況であることを定量的に明らかにした．While forests occupy about 70% of Japanʼs land area, forestry is in a difficult situation for economic independence in many areas. As a result, the social and environmental impacts caused by the decline of forestry, such as forest devastation due to the decrease in the number of bearers, are enormous. Therefore, there is a high social demand for regional revitalization by utilizing forest resources, and in particular, the demand for woody biomass as a carbon-neutral energy resource for local production and consumption is increasing. In this paper, we target Yamagata Prefecture, where both the accumulated amount of woody biomass and the production cost are close to the average of Japan, and the energy consumption (power consumption) of the household sector, which reflects the population size, is compared with the supply capacity when woody biomass is used as an energy resource. Then we report the results of analysis on the optimum location and scale of biomass power plants. As a result, it was quantitatively clarified that the number and the scale of the present biomass power plants are far from sustainable supply compared to the amount of woody biomass resources
Special Issue : David Graeber and His Vision of Freedom : Focusing on the Issues of Labor and Resistance （1） : Introduction to the Special Issue
Get PDFProlonged Adversity on Economic and Social Backwardness in the Context of Globalized Democracy and Capitalism : Disclosed India’s Vulnerability in the pandemic of COVID-19
Get PDFThanks to recent prevail of the modern technology, through comprehensive people’s inclusion into global economy, democracy, as essential, decentralization of the excessively inequal concentration of capital in the already developed countries to the emerging economies and developing economies has been implemented. In the process of the recognition on the deepened form of capitalization, visualized economic and social development is broadly supported by the common measures, money and education as the potential source of technology, social values that unevenly suit to market also needs be monetized for their powers to influence on marketed values, regarded favorable as inflated. Under pressures of the global market competitions, imminent monetarily appreciation on the exclusive powers in the local societies to inhibit equalization for local centralization regarding lower economic stratification as social stigma, allowing local societies in danger of subsistence in the long run. COVID-19 solemnize China and India as distinctive symbols of economic aspiration but asymmetric, in terms of levels of observable democracy and real decentralization for the people, though the both possibly could threaten global sustainability. Embedded extraordinary social discriminations, democracy autonomously cannot eliminate them, and the lack of artificial remedial policies on endemic inequality in India would impair future development and resilience