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What is Upstander Education : Digital citizenship and cyberbullying
Get PDFIn Japan, one of the key words influencing the education world in 2021 is "digital citizenship". With the implementation of the "GIGA School Initiative" to realize one tablet computer per student in all public elementary and junior high schools, it has become possible to take tablet computers home in some areas. However, the current "information morality" education, which focuses on restraining the use of digital devices, is not sufficient, so digital citizenship education, which assumes the use of digital devices, has gained attention. A concept called upstander is used in the prevention of cyber bullying in digital citizenship education through Common Sense Education. This term is relatively new, having been used in the US since around 2015, and has since been expanding worldwide. In Japan, however, the term is not well known, and it is only now becoming known through digital citizenship education.Upstander education is considered to be an extension of bystander education, which is a method of anti-bullying education. It can be said that upstanders are empowered bystanders. However, upstander is not just another word for bystander. Samantha Power, who popularized the term, used it to mean "someone who stands up in the face of injusticer. In other words, the term includes the perspective of fostering "people who take action against injustice," which can be effective not only in bullying issues but also in all situations in daily life. Because it includes a social perspective, upstander education is citizenship education.This will have a significant impact on pedagogy in Japan. Considering that the upstander concept is actually used as one of the ideals of various educational movements, the influence of upstander education in Japan will extend not only to citizenship education, but also to social movement research
Special Issue : Warfare in Modern Japan from the Perspective of “Colonial Wars” : Considering the Neglect of the “Colonial Wars” Perspectives in Studies of Modern Japanese History (2) : Nara’s “Home Front” during the Siberian War
Get PDFGray and Japan
Get PDFThis essay examines the fortune of Thomas Gray (1716～71), the English lyricist, in Japan in terms of appreciation and study dating back to some 150 years ago. The study is comprised of the following chapters : Preface 1) A brief life of Gray 2) The English teacher who first introduced Gray to the Japanese student 3)Masanao Nakamura（中村正直）mentions Gray in his translation of “Character (1871)” by Samuel Smiles (1812～1904) 4) Norizumi Suematsu（末松謙澄）translated Gray’s “Elegy” into Chinese as “Koeino shi（「古塋之詩」）― the first translation of Gray in Japan 5) Ryokichi Yatabe（矢田部良吉）translated Gray’s “Elegy” as “Gray shi funjo kankai no shi”（「グレー氏墳上感懐の詩」）(i.e. Mr. Gray’s poem written in the graveyard), which appeared on the first issue of “Shintai shi sho”（「新体詩抄 初編」）(i.e. the magazine of “The new-style poetry”) 6) The genealogy of “Shintai shi sho”― the translation of Takeki Ōwada : “Nodera no niwa（”「野寺の庭」）(i.e. The yard of Temple in the field) 7) Gray’s “Elegy” was translated and annotated by Tōnosuke Masuda（増田藤之助）8) The first short life of Gray by Takeki Ōwada 9) Aizo Okamura translated “Notes on Studies in English Literature (1911)” into Japanese, which contained a short life of Gray and his Elegy 10) Literarymen and scholars of English literature referred to Gray 11) The influence of Gray on the literary circles in Japan. Postface. The author’s abstract in English.Gray’s poem ― “Elegy written in a country churchyard” was popular with young literary youths during the early days of the Meiji period in Japan. The man who first introduced Gray to the Japanese students was “the Yatoi” (i.e. Hired man by the Japanese government) from England whose name was James Summers (1828～91, died in Tokyo). He used Gray’s “Elegy” contained in “A Hand-Book of English literature, British Authors” Lee and Shepard, publishers, Boston, 1875”, for teaching materials at Kaisei Gakko (i.e. the predecessor of the present Tokyo Univ.) or at No Gakko (i.e. The Agricultural School, nowadays Hokkaido Univ.) in Sapporo in the 1870s and 1880s.The students were asked to memorize the Elegy and repeat it in his presence. Since the reprint of Burne’s or Swinton’s English textbooks contained the Elegy, the name of Gray was pretty known among the English students in the Meiji and the Taisho Period. However the general public remain ignorant of him.The modern literature in Japan has been developed from the Meiji era onward being influenced by foreign literature. It couldn’t be developed except studying literary relationship between Japan and other countries.The important literary phenomena at the dawn of the Meiji era was founding the movement of the new-style poetry. “Shi” (poetry) in Japan originally means Chinese poetry. Three young, energetic originators of the movement were Masakazu Toyama, Tetsujiro Inoue and Ryokichi Yatabe at Tokyo University. They started adapting the new form of verse based on that of the West. The booklet “Shintai Shi Sho” was received unfavourably in the literary world though, Yatabe’s translation of Gray’s “Elegy” won reputation compared with other translated poems in the magazine. Because Yatabe used familiar language discarding Chinese words or archaic ones.Since Yatabe’s poetical sentiment expressed in “Gray shi funjo kankai no shi” was fresh, noble and clear, youngmen in Japan, were influenced by it nationwide.Though the name of Gray gradually went through Japan by the translation, poems with notes or magazines and general books (the history of English literature, essays on poetry), we didn’t see any specialist of Gray until about early in the Showa era (i.e. 1930s). Gray has long been alluded to either in the magazines or books, lectures at Universities slightly. Prof. Rintaro Fukuhara （福原麟太郎）at Tokyo Bunrika University (nowadays Tsukuba Univ.) worth mentioning due to his “A Bibliographical Study of Thomas Gray (Vol. 8, University Bulletin, 1933) and a series of books thereafter.Glancing at the reception of Gray in Japan from the Meiji era to the Taisho period, the ways of receiving and dealing him were perfunctory as regards the introduction and appreciation.Strictly speaking, it lacked learning. Those Japanese who took a deep interest in Gray then were engaged in translating and annotating with notes or mentioning the author and his works superficially. Few people took up Gray as an object of scientific study. In short, except Prof. Fukuhara, Japan didn’t produce conspicuous scholar before the Pacific War. But now the scholarstic mantle fell on the old and young students of Gray in Japan. They continue with sober and steady way to work.The question of how Gray influenced Japan remain silent for ages. It was an unsolved question for Prof, Fukuhara. But the sentiment of “the Elegy” through Yatabe’s translation affected the youths in the Meiji Japan. There is no doubt that the influence of Gray was expressed in the poetical ideas of the youths nationwide in the Meiji era motivating them to experiment on the new poetry.The fourteener titled “Koji” （古寺 , The Old Temple） by Genzo Miura （三浦源三） reminds me of “the Elegy” in parts in terms of wording and the atmosphere of oppression
Influence of residual Ga_2O_3 and Cs on the increase in the maximum quantum efficiency of NEA-GaAs by a two-step thermal cleaning process
Get PDFWe investigated the relationship between the increase in the maximum quantum efficiency of negative electron affinity (NEA)-GaAs depending on the thermal cleaning conditions and residual species, e.g., Ga_2O_3 and Cs atoms, on the GaAs surface using temperature-programmed desorption. We found that the increase in the maximum quantum efficiency occurs during thermal cleaning at 500–600℃ for ～8.5 min. The increase in ratio was maximum when the amount of Ga_2O_3 on the GaAs surface was maximum. In the case that Cs atoms remained, when the thermal cleaning was performed in a temperature range where Ga_2O_3 was not formed, the effect facilitating an NEA surface formation was observed. However, the residual Cs atoms might not be affected at an increased maximum quantum efficiency. From the above results, we considered that the double-dipole structures of Cs-Ga_2O_3 and Cs-O are significant to the high quantum efficiency. The Cs-O dipoles are considered to form easily when Ga_2O_3 is on the GaAs surface before the NEA activation, and the amount of Cs-O dipoles required to reduce the vacuum level below the conduction band minimum increase more than usually NEA surface. As a result, the maximum quantum efficiency increases