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Rethinking the Theory of Stock Capital
Get PDFThe study of stock capital theory in Japan from the postwar period to the present is discussed in this paper. There are three trends in research on stock capital theory in postwar Japan.The first is the research trend that approaches stock capital from economics, starting with Kozo Uno. Uno discussed stock capital as economics, but in the principles of political economy, stock capital was discarded.The second is the trend of credit theory that began with Ichiro Kawai. Kawai proposed a method of approaching a joint-stock company from credit theory. On the other hand, the third trend of business administration, represented by Katsuzo Baba, proposed a method of approaching a joint-stock company regardless of credit.These three research trends were integrated by Shigekatsu Yamaguchi in the 1980s. Unlike Uno, Yamaguchi showed a direction to discuss stock capital within the principles. The relationship between credit and stock capital, which was the focus between Kawai and Baba, was then incorporated into the theoretical system that was reconstructed independently.In recent years, a new direction for stock capital has been shown. One is Michiaki Obata’s theory, which discusses joint stock in the doctrine of circulation. One further direction is Masashi Shimizu’s theory, which discusses commercial capital and banking capital in the capital market. Research on stock capital theory in Japan is still deepening
A Study on J.S. Mill’s Theory of “Inverse Relation between Cost of Labour and Profit” : In relation to Book I Production in J.S. Mill’s Principle of Political Economy
Get PDFJ.S.ミル（John Stuart Mill,1806-1873）の主著『経済学原理』（1848）の問題意識は，最先進国イギリスは国家が何の施策も講じなければ，不生産的階級である地主のみが地代上昇により富裕となり，生産的階級である資本家の利潤率低下と労働者の貧困という政治的・経済的矛盾をかかえたままで利潤率が最低になる「停止状態」（stationary state）に陥ることにあった。ミルの認識では，経済格差や労働者階級の貧困問題は，自然法則（土地収穫逓減法則，人口法則）に起因するものである。ミルの考えでは，現行の私有財産制において，「生産上の改良」を行い，〈現実としてのディズマルな「停止状態」〉の到来を先延ばしにして，その間に理想的市民社会構築のための改善政策を行う必要がある。ミル『原理』においては，理想的市民社会を実現するための原理は「労働と制欲にもとづく所有」原理であり，労資協調体制を支える経済理論装置は「労働費用・利潤相反」論である。リカードウの「賃金・利潤相反」論では，労働者の賃金と資本家の利潤は相反関係にあるため，ミルは，「賃金」を「労働費用」へと組みかえ，「労働能率」という変数を組み込んだ「労働費用・利潤相反」論を提示し，労資協調路線を導く理論とした。理想的市民社会の実現のためには，〈「労働能率」の客体的要因〉と〈「労働能率」の主体的要因〉の二重の改善によって，自然法則（土地収穫逓減法則と人口法則）の作用を遅らせることが必要である。従来の研究では，ミルの「労働費用・利潤相反」論は第３編「価値・価格」論で展開されるとされた。しかし，本論文では，『原理』第１編「生産」論において「労働費用・利潤相反」論の基本公式が提示され，『原理』全編で検討されるミルの問題提起が，ミル相反論に依拠して第１編にすでに提示されていることを明らかにした。本論文では，貴族的大土地所有制度の解体による株式会社制度の社会的普及･発展，労働者階級の〈「知的・道徳的水準」の向上＝人間的成長〉による「労働能率」の改善と自発的人口制限の実施が，理想的市民社会の実現のために極めて重要であるというミル独自の視点を明らかにした。This is a study of John Stuart Mill’s Theory of Inverse Relation between Cost of Labour and Profit. Britain falls into a “stationary state” where, if the state does not take any measures, only landowners of the unproductive class become wealthy due to the rise in land rents, and the profit rate is the lowest, holding the social and economic contradiction of a decline in the profit rate of capitalists and poverty of workers, who are the productive class.According to Mill, economic disparities and working-class poverty problems are caused by natural laws: the land returns reduction law and population law.Mill’s principle for realizing an ideal civil society is the principle of “ownership based on labour and endurance”, and the economic theory device which supports the labour capital cooperation system is the theory of “Inverse Relation between Cost of Labour and Profit.” Since workers’ wages and capitalists’ profits are in conflict in Ricardo’s theory of “Inverse Relation between Wage and Profit”, Mill reorganizes “wages” into “cost of labour” and presents the theory of “Inverse Relation between Cost of Labour and Profit” incorporating the variable “labour efficiency”, making it into a theory to lead the labour-capitalist cooperation system
Health Financing System and Financial Fairness
Get PDFFairness in financial contributions is universally recognized as one of the main goals for healthcare systems. Fair financing in the healthcare system means that the risks each household faces due to the costs of the healthcare system are distributed according to ability to pay rather than to the risk of illness. Therefore, the healthcare system is employed to ensure financial protection for everyone in place of the market mechanism.This paper sheds new light on how health policy influences each sub-functions of the health financing system, i.e. revenue collection, fund pooling, and purchasing. Particularly, fund pooling and purchasing sub-functions have the fundamental characteristics of preparing for benefits in kind to ensure universal protection against financial risk. However, due to the need to balance public revenues with total spending, financing measures to define and ration benefit entitlements are implemented most commonly through patient cost-sharing obligations. Depending upon the measures employed by policy-makers, there is a possibility that financial fairness will deteriorate
Human Capital and Innovation : Empirical Analysis of Companies Listed on ChiNext
Get PDFIn this paper, we examined the factors behind the rapid increase in patent applications in China in recent years by connecting the financial data and patent data of listed companies on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE) ChiNext Market.The main results are summarized as follows:First, we were able to examine key factors that have not been discussed in previous research regarding the importance of human capital, that is, the various contributions of researchers (inventors) who are the main actors in R&D.Next, regarding capital investment, while it is effective in increasing the number of innovations, it does not contribute to the improvement of quality.Finally, in terms of ownership structure, private enterprises tend to be almost the same as the whole. State-owned enterprises suggest capital-dependent innovation rather than human resources-driven innovation. Moreover, even in state-owned enterprises, the larger the relative scale of the R&D department, the higher the number of managers who are inventors (with a deep understanding of R&D and the invention of technology), and the more factors that promote the number and quality of patents
Stimulus Control over the Choice Behavior of the Winner and Loser with Handsigns as Discriminative Stimuli : History Effects on Sensitivity to Schedule Contingencies
Get PDF博士(心理学)法政大学 (Hosei University
Research of discretization method of Concrete structure using hybrid type penalty method considering tensile fracture energy
Get PDF博士(工学)法政大学 (Hosei University
Hypotheses obtained in the process of setting up Hosei Museum Satellite Koganei (STEAM)
Get PDF今日、法政大学の理工系には若手教員でも自由に研究でき、多様性が許容される風土があり、それゆえに先見性ある研究成果を挙げていると言われる。しかしながら本学理工系の出自は、戦時下の戦局悪化にともなう、文系の縮小政策と航空技術者不足に呼応して1944年に設立された、法政大学設立航空工業専門学校である。自由と進歩の法政大学の気風が危うかった時期にスタートした本学理工系教育・研究が、その後、戦後の時間を経て、今日では法政大学憲章がうたう「自由を生き抜く実践知」の気風を体現する場になっている。その変容はどのようになされていったのだろうか。本稿では、2021年度に進められたHOSEIミュージアム・サテライト小金井（STEAM）の開設準備過程から得た、この問いに応える1つの仮説を提示する。それは、小金井キャンパス開設（1964年）以前の戦後約20年間、理工系教育・研究の条件が著しく不足していた時期に、学生と教職員が積極的に協力しあい、今日の本学理工系教育・研究の個性を相当程度醸成したのではないかとの仮説である。仮説について、本稿では教育･研究運営の観点と、教育･研究活動の観点から示した。教育・研究運営の観点からは、校舎を転々とせざるをえない経過を通して、教員･学生たちが、自分たちの教育・研究条件を自分たちで守り発展させようとする、自律的運営の気風を生み出していった経過を跡づけた。教育･研究活動の観点からは、劣悪と言わざるを得ない教育･研究条件を、教育･研究活動のリソースに転じたしたたかな取組の蓄積を示した。これまであまり顧みられなかった戦後20年ほどの本学理工系の歴史について、私たちは今後いっそう目を向ける価値がある。Today, the science and technology department at Hosei University has a culture in which even young faculty members can conduct research and diversity is respected which is said to be the reason for the university\u27s innovative research achievements. However, the origins of Hosei University\u27s science and technology department lie in the establishment of Hosei University\u27s Aviation Technical College in 1944, in response to a policy of downsizing in the humanities and a shortage of aviation engineers as the war situation worsened. The University\u27s science and engineering education and research started at a time when the University spirit of freedom and progress was at stake, but over the post World War Ⅱ, it has become a place that embodies the spirit of "Practical Wisdom for freedom" as stated in the Hosei University Charter. How has this transformation taken place?This paper proposes a hypothesis to answer this question, based on the process of setting the HOSEI Museum Satellite Koganei (STEAM) in 2021. The hypothesis is that in the 20 years after the WW2, before the opening of the Koganei campus in 1964, when the conditions for science and engineering department were severely hard, the active cooperation between students and faculty fostered to a large extent the character of science and engineering education and research at HOSEI today.The hypothesis is presented in this paper from the context of faculty management and from the context of education and research activities. From the point of view of faculty management, this paper traces the process by which faculty members and students, through the severe process of moving from one school building to another, created a spirit of autonomous management in which they tried to protect and develop their own education and research environments. From the point of view of education and research activities, the accumulation of smart initiatives has been shown, which turned the poor education and research conditions into a resource for rich education and research activities.It is worth paying more attention to the history of the University\u27s science and engineering departments in the 20 years after the WW2
Improving Accuracy of Human Activity Recognition Using Adaptive Weighted Fusion Based on Skeleton Data and Image Information
Get PDFHuman Activity Recognition is to make a computer recognize human activity using data collected from video camera or devices such as Kinect. There has been active research on activity recognition models using skeleton data, which is less sensitive to background information and angle, and the overall accuracy of the models is improving year by year. However, some activities such as “reading” and “writing” are difficult to recognize, and the accuracy has not improved much. Therefore, in this research, for activities that are difficult to recognize with skeleton data alone, the image information including appearance information and objects used by the subject are fused. In addition, unlike existing fusion methods, we proposed a method that fuses the output of each deep learning model with different weights depending on the output results. The weights are predicted by a machine learning model that has been previously trained with weights calculated by the newton method. The experimental results show that the accuracy of difficult-to-recognize activities can be improved by fusing image information using the proposed fusion method. It is also shown that the overall accuracy of the proposed fusion method in this research is higher than the existing fusion methods
Automatic Illustration Generation System by Image Generation Based on Summarized Text
Get PDFIn this study, I propose a system for generating illustrations from the book to assist in image formation when reading. In the proposed system, each paragraph of the book is summarized by PEGASUS, and an illustration is generated using VQGAN-CLIP of Text-to-Image model based on the summarized text on the top of the original content. In the process of generating an illustration, a ranking method is proposed for determining parameters (the seed value and learning times) based on the CLIP image score and the loss value of image generation. In the experiment, VQGAN trained with 120,000 images and CLIP trained with 400 million sets of images and texts are used as pre-learning models. For the evaluation, Taro Urashima, a Japanese fairy tale with 19 paragraphs, is used to test the model, and the evaluation on the generated illustrations are conducted. There are 12 evaluators for questionnaire. The evaluation is based on the following three aspects: “Image Clarity”, “Image Quality”, and “Text to Relevance”. From the viewpoint of "Image Clarity" and "Text to Relevance", it is highly evaluated, so the content of the text can be reflected in the illustration. From the results, it is concluded the automatic generated illustrations can reasonably support the understanding of its corresponding text