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Push and Pull Factors in International Students' Decision-Making Processes: Case of Somali Students in Türki̇ye
No full textInternational Student Mobility (ISM) has increased four times over the last quarter-century. Meanwhile, showing a remarkable leap, Türkiye has experienced a twenty-time increase in international student inflow. Somali student immigration is a worth-considering case, where a wide range of factors are underway, and this thesis aims to examine why and how these students ended up in Türkiye. Drawing on the literature on migration and ISM, this study analyzes the decision-making processes of international students at the macro, micro, and meso-levels. Although the research benefits from the theories and frameworks offered by the extant research which has focused on the popular destinations at the 'global center', the analytical purpose is to reveal how an emerging host country has turned into a viable option rapidly in the eyes of the Somali students. The empirical analysis is based on semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 30 students of Somali origin. The findings reveal that macro-level pre-migration factors were common to all students. While private school students were influenced by micro-level factors such as job prospects and family influence, public-school students were influenced by meso-level factors. Türkiye's policies at the macro-level and facilitating institutions at the meso-level were found to be effective for both groups. Contrary to market-driven assumptions that consider international students as rational consumers, the decision-making processes of these students who were at the periphery of the international education system were marked by limited information and various challenges that impede the alleged utility maximization in both short and long-term plans.Uluslararası öğrenci hareketliliği son çeyrek yüzyılda dört kat artmıştır. Türkiye ise, aynı dönemde kayda değer bir sıçrama göstererek uluslararası öğrenci girişinde yirmi katlık bir artış yaşamıştır. Bu tez, Somalili öğrenci göçünü, çok çeşitli faktörlerin söz konusu olduğu dikkate değer bir vaka olarak ele alarak, bu öğrencilerin neden ve nasıl Türkiye'ye geldiklerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Göç ve uluslararası öğrenci hareketliliği literatüründen faydalanan çalışma, uluslararası öğrencilerin karar verme süreçlerini makro, mikro ve mezo düzeylerde incelemektedir. Bu araştırma, 'küresel merkezde öne çıkan destinasyonlara odaklanan mevcut araştırmaların sunduğu teori ve çerçevelerden faydalanmakla birlikte, analitik amaç, gelişmekte olan bir ev sahibi ülkenin Somalili öğrencilerin gözünde nasıl hızla uygun bir seçeneğe dönüştüğünü ortaya koymaktır. Ampirik analiz, Somali kökenli otuz öğrenciyle yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine görüşmelere dayanmaktadır. Bulgular, göç öncesi faktörlerin makro düzeyde tüm öğrenciler için ortak olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Özel okul öğrencileri iş beklentileri ve aile etkisi gibi mikro düzeydeki faktörlerden etkilenirken, devlet okulu öğrencileri mezo düzeydeki faktörlerden etkilenmiştir. Türkiye'nin makro düzeydeki politikalarının ve mezo düzeydeki kolaylaştırıcı kurumlarının her iki grup için de etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Uluslararası öğrencileri rasyonel tüketiciler olarak gören piyasa odaklı varsayımların aksine, uluslararası eğitim sisteminin periferisinde yer alan öğrencilerin karar verme süreçlerine hem kısa hem de uzun vadeli planlarını şekillendirdiği iddia edilen fayda maksimizasyonunu engelleyen sınırlı bilgi ve çeşitli zorluklar etki etmiştir
Computational Hemodynamic Analysis of a Patient Specific Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
No full textAbdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a cardiovascular disease caused by the enlargement of the aorta in the abdomen over time. Unless treated, the growth of AAA continues, resulting in 80% death in the case of rupture. Today, the width of the aneurysm diameter is taken into account in clinical practice to examine the status of AAA. Although there are aneurysms that do not rupture despite reaching a diameter of 9 cm, it is reported that aneurysms with a diameter of 3 cm are ruptured in several cases. Therefore, analyzing only the AAA diameter is not a reliable method, and a deeper investigation is necessary for the rupture risk assessment. In this study, a patient's situation is analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, which allows to elucidate the flow dependent parameters such as velocity, vorticity, pressure, and wall shear stress (WSS). First, the patient-specific geometry was obtained and boundary conditions were defined at the inlet and the outlet of the flow domain. The effects of intraluminal thrombus (ILT) formation and patient’s effort conditions were also included in the analysis. According to the results, WSS and vorticity increase with the increasing blood flow velocity. In terms of the rupture risk, it has been found that the effect of patient’s effort level is more critical than the amount of ILT in the AAA
Consume To Live, Consume To Die: the Effects of Mortality Salience on Consumer Behavior
No full textMortality salience is a concept that examines the realization of death's inevitability in individuals' awareness representing a critical inquiry into how it influences human behavior, particularly in the domain of consumption. This study transcends the established impact of mortality awareness on consumption patterns, venturing into unexplored areas regarding how the contemplation of death molds the dimensions, shapes, and scopes of consumption activities. Through semi-structured interviews with 18 participants, ranging in age from 23 to 57, this thesis methodically collects and analyzes data with thematic analysis, uncovering seven primary themes: "The Rush to Maximize Consumption," "Liberating Consumption," "The Diminishment of Consumption's Significance," "Spirituality-Oriented Consumption," "Enhancing Life Quality," "Consumption Shaped by Social Interactions," and "Consumption Oriented Towards Personal Pleasures." These findings highlight a complex interplay between how individuals interact with consumption in light of mortality awareness. The discussion revolves around the dual perspectives of 'consumption has power' versus 'individual's power,' incorporating the concept of time perception and affirming consumption as either a beginning or conclusion of life's journey. The conclusion summarizes future research contributions and limitations of the study, providing a overview of the nuanced relationship between mortality salience and consumer behavior.Ölüm bilinci (düşüncesi), ölümün kaçınılmazlığının bireylerin farkındalığına gelmesi ve bu farkındalığın insan davranışları ve tutumları üzerindeki etkilerini inceleyen bir kavramdır ve özellikle tüketim alanında insan davranışlarını nasıl etkilediğine dair kritik bir sorgulamayı temsil eder. Bu çalışma, ölüm bilincinin tüketim kalıpları üzerindeki kurulu etkisini aşarak, ölüm düşüncesinin tüketim faaliyetlerinin boyutlarını, şekillerini ve kapsamlarını nasıl şekillendirdiği hakkında alan yazıda daha önce keşfedilmemiş alanları incelemektedir. 23 ile 57 yaşları arasında değişen 18 katılımcıyla yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlar yapılarak veri toplanmış ve tematik analiz yoluyla verileri analiz edilmiştir. Bu analiz sonucunda "Tüketimi Maksimize Etme Çabası," "Özgürleştirici Tüketim," "Tüketimin Önemini Yitirmesi," "Manevi Yönelimli Tüketim," "Yaşam Kalitesini Artırma," "Sosyal Etkileşimlerle Şekillenen Tüketim" ve "Kişisel Zevklere Yönelik Tüketim" olmak üzere yedi ana tema ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu bulgular, bireylerin ölüm düşüncesiyle beraber tüketimi nasıl algıladıkları ve onunla nasıl etkileşimde bulundukları konusunda önemli noktaları vurgulayarak, ölüm düşüncesi ve tüketim arasındaki karmaşık etkileşimi ortaya koymaktadır. Tartışma bölümü, 'tüketimin gücü' ve 'bireyin gücü' olmak üzere iki ana perspektif etrafında gelişirken, zaman algısı kavramını da işin içine katıp tüketimin, yaşam yolculuğunun başlangıcı ya da sonu olarak nasıl ele alınabileceğini tartışmaktadır. Sonuçlar, gelecekteki araştırma yönlerini, mevcut çalışmanın katkılarını ve sınırlılıklarını özetleyerek, ölüm bilinci ile tüketici davranışları arasındaki nüanslı ilişkiye genel bir bakış sunmaktadır
Avrupa Birliği Hukuku ile Karşılaştırmalı Olarak Tüketici Hukukunda Haksız Ticari Uygulama
No full textBu çalışmanın odak noktası, haksız ticari uygulama kavramının Avrupa Birliği hukuku ile Türk hukuku bakımından incelenmesidir. Bu incelemenin ardından girişimciler tarafından gerçekleştirilen haksız ticari uygulamalara karşı tüketicilerin korunması için başvurulabilecek yolların tespit edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda öncelikle haksız ticari uygulamanın ne olduğu en geniş hâliyle incelenmiş ve daha sonra Avrupa Birliği hukuku bakımından görünüş biçimleri ele alınmıştır. Haksız ticari uygulama kavramının gelişim süreci ortaya konduktan sonra Avrupa Parlamentosu ve Avrupa Konseyi'nin Haksız Ticari Uygulamalar Direktifi'nin kapsamı değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirmelerin ardından Türk hukukunda haksız ticari uygulama kavramı açıklanmış ve bu kapsamda öncelikle Tüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanun ile Ticari Reklam ve Haksız Ticari Uygulamalar Yönetmeliği olmak üzere mevcut ulusal düzenlemeler incelenerek Haksız Ticari Uygulamalar Direktifi'ne uyum düzeyi değerlendirilmiştir. Daha sonra haksız ticari uygulamalara karşı tüketicilerin korunmasına ilişkin hukukî ve idari yaptırımlar ele alınarak haksız ticari uygulamanın Tüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanun'un yanı sıra Türk Ticaret Kanunu ve Türk Borçlar Kanunu bakımından doğurduğu sonuçlar ortaya konmuştur.The focus of this study is to analyze the concept of unfair commercial practice in terms of European Union Law and Turkish Law. Following this examination, it is aimed to determine the remedies that can be applied for the protection of consumers against unfair commercial practices by entrepreneurs. In this context, firstly, the concept of unfair commercial practice is examined in its broadest form and then its forms of appearance in terms of European Union Law are discussed. After the development of the concept of unfair commercial practice, the scope of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive of the European Parliament and the Council is evaluated. Following these evaluations, the concept of unfair commercial practice in Turkish Law is explained and in this context, the existing national regulations, primarily the Law on the Protection of Consumers and the Regulation on Commercial Advertising and Unfair Commercial Practices, are examined and the extent of compliance with the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive is evaluated. Then, the legal and administrative sanctions regarding the protection of consumers against unfair commercial practices are discussed and the consequences of the unfair commercial practice in terms of the TTK and TBK as well as TKHK are presented
Impact of Graduating With Honours on Entry Wages of Economics Majors
No full textAsik, Gunes/0000-0002-8244-1066Employers use various proxies to predict the future labour productivity levels of the job applicants. Success in school, especially in high-level coursework, is among the most widely used proxies to screen entry-level candidates. We estimate the causal effect of graduating with honours (i.e. with a grade point average of 3.00 and above out of 4.00) on the starting wages of economics majors in Turkiye. Using comprehensive micro data on all economics majors between 2014 and 2018, matched with administrative records about their first jobs, we implement a regression discontinuity analysis to investigate whether there is any statistically significant jump in the starting wages at the honours-degree cutoff. We find that graduating with honours increases the wages of males, while there is no impact on females. We further document that the impact on males is almost entirely driven by the graduates of non-elite universities. In particular, graduating with an honours degree increases the entry wages of males from non-elite universities by about 4%, on average. We provide an explanation for these patterns using the theory of statistical discrimination. We discuss the potential reasons behind the heterogeneous signal value of graduating with honours between males vs. females and elite versus non-elite university graduates
Electron and Photon Energy Calibration With the Atlas Detector Using Lhc Run 2 Data
No full textThis paper presents the electron and photon energy calibration obtained with the ATLAS detector using 140 fb−1 of LHC proton-proton collision data recorded at √s = 13 TeV between 2015 and 2018. Methods for the measurement of electron and photon energies are outlined, along with the current knowledge of the passive material in front of the ATLAS electromagnetic calorimeter. The energy calibration steps are discussed in detail, with emphasis on the improvements introduced in this paper. The absolute energy scale is set using a large sample of Z-boson decays into electron-positron pairs, and its residual dependence on the electron energy is used for the first time to further constrain systematic uncertainties. The achieved calibration uncertainties are typically 0.05% for electrons from resonant Z-boson decays, 0.4% at ET ∼ 10 GeV, and 0.3% at ET ∼ 1 TeV; for photons at ET ∼ 60 GeV, they are 0.2% on average. This is more than twice as precise as the previous calibration. The new energy calibration is validated using J/ → ee and radiative Z-boson decays. © 2024 Institute of Physics. All rights reserved
Electron and Photon Efficiencies in Lhc Run 2 With the Atlas Experiment
No full textGray, Heather/0000-0002-5293-4716; Dervan, Paul/0000-0003-3929-8046; Martinez-Agullo, Pablo/0000-0001-8925-9518; TERRON, JUAN/0000-0003-0132-5723; Mijovic, Liza/0000-0003-0162-2891; Liu, Kun/0000-0001-5807-0501; Rurikova, Zuzana/0000-0003-3051-9607; Roy, Avik/0000-0002-0116-1012; Marantis, Alexandros/0000-0002-7020-4098; Dabrowski, Wladyslaw/0000-0001-9061-9568; Takeva, Emily/0000-0003-3142-030X; vannicola, damiano/0000-0001-6814-4674; Nobe, Takuya/0000-0002-5809-325X; FANTI, MARCELLO/0000-0002-8773-145X; Wolter, Marcin/0000-0001-9184-2921; Winter, Benedict Tobias/0000-0001-9606-7688; Bellos, Panagiotis/0000-0003-2049-9622; Bouhova-Thacker, Evelina/0000-0002-5103-1558; Kay, Ellis/0000-0002-6304-3230; Sawada, Ryu/0000-0002-2226-9874; Weingarten, Jens/0000-0003-2165-871X; van Vulpen, Ivo/0000-0001-7074-5655; Stucci, Stefania/0000-0002-1639-4484; Karpov, Sergey/0000-0002-2230-5353; Kretzschmar, Jan/0000-0002-8515-1355; Snesarev, Andrei/0000-0002-9067-8362; Beretta, Matteo Mario/0000-0002-7026-8171; Fawcett, William/0000-0003-2596-8264; Rieger, Oliver/0009-0008-3521-1920; gabrielli, andrea/0000-0003-0768-9325; Castillo, Florencia Luciana/0000-0002-1172-1052; Penc, Ondrej/0000-0002-5433-3981; Junkermann, Thomas/0000-0002-1119-8820; Gonski, Julia/0000-0003-2037-6315; Erdmann, Johannes/0000-0002-8073-2740; Dinu, Ioan-Mihail/0000-0002-2683-7349; Ntekas, Konstantinos/0000-0001-9252-6509; Lopez Solis, Alvaro/0000-0002-0511-4766; van Gemmeren, Peter/0000-0002-7227-4006; Sammel, Dirk/0000-0003-4484-1410; Rompotis, Nikolaos/0000-0003-2577-1875; Onyisi, Peter/0000-0003-4201-7997; Smirnov, Yury/0000-0002-2891-0781; Nemecek, Stanislav/0000-0001-8978-7150; Maleev, Victor/0000-0003-1028-8602; Alves, Fabio Lucio/0000-0002-1626-6255; Spolidoro Freund, Werner/0000-0003-4473-1027; Gilbert, Alexander Kevin/0000-0002-8813-4446; Cepaitis, Vilius/0000-0002-4809-4056; Lysak, Roman/0000-0003-2990-1673; Chen, Hucheng/0000-0002-9936-0115; Alonso, Francisco/0000-0001-9431-8156; Ciesla, Krzysztof/0000-0003-2751-3474; Djobava, Tamar/0000-0002-9414-8350; Starovoitov, Pavel/0000-0003-1990-0992; Camarri, Paolo/0000-0002-5732-5645; franklin, melissa/0000-0002-6595-883X; Newhouse, Robin/0000-0001-8026-3836; Liu, Xiaotian/0000-0003-1366-5530; Wiglesworth, Craig/0000-0001-6219-8946; Pizzini, Alessio/0000-0001-8891-1842; Manzoni, Stefano/0000-0002-2488-0511; Fisher, Wade/0000-0003-3043-3045; Straessner, Arno/0000-0003-2460-6659; Brandt, Oleg/0000-0001-5219-1417; Nairz, Armin/0000-0003-3561-0880; Masubuchi, Tatsuya/0000-0001-9984-8009; Evans, Harold/0000-0003-2183-3127; Simoniello, Rosa/0000-0003-2042-6394; Glasman, Claudia/0000-0003-2025-3817; Ragusa, Francesco/0000-0002-4064-0489; Saito, Masahiko/0000-0001-5564-0935; Leonidopoulos, Christos/0000-0002-7241-2114; Qiu, Tong/0000-0001-5047-3031; Rebuzzi, Daniela Marcella/0000-0003-4461-3880; HADEF, Asma/0000-0003-2508-0628; Laurier, Alexandre/0000-0002-2575-0743; Sommer, Philip/0000-0003-1703-7304; Oide, Hideyuki/0000-0002-2173-3233; Bruscino, Nello/0000-0002-6168-689X; Kroninger, Kevin/0000-0001-9873-0228; Han, Kunlin/0000-0002-1627-4810; Zhao, Pingchuan/0000-0003-0054-8749; Zhang, Zhicai/0000-0002-1630-0986; Tzanis, Polyneikis/0000-0001-6828-1599; Carratta, Giuseppe/0000-0002-8846-2714; Coadou, Yann/0000-0001-8195-7004; Gustavino, Giuliano/0000-0002-5938-4921; Zhou, Ning/0000-0002-1775-2511; Francescato, Simone/0000-0001-5315-9275; Scharf, Christian/0000-0002-0294-1205; Tian, Yusong/0000-0001-8739-9250; Arnaez, Olivier/0000-0002-6096-0893; Escobar Ibanez, Carlos/0000-0003-4442-4537; D'Eramo, Louis/0000-0002-4910-5378; Chapon, Emilien/0000-0001-6968-9828; Guescini, Francesco/0000-0001-5351-2673; Zorbas, Theodore Georgio/0000-0003-2073-4901; Ellert, Mattias/0000-0001-5265-3175; GOUSSIOU, ANNA/0000-0001-6211-7122; Dova, Maria Teresa/0000-0001-6113-0878; Zenz, Seth/0000-0002-9720-1794; Gomez Delegido, Antonio Jesus/0000-0003-4315-2621; Faraj, Mohammed/0000-0001-9442-7598; Moskalets, Tetiana/0000-0001-6508-3968; Aoki, Masato/0000-0001-7498-0097; , Elham E Khoda/0000-0001-8720-6615; Mindur, Bartosz/0000-0002-5511-2611; Betti, Alessandra/0000-0003-0839-9311; Buttar, Craig/0000-0003-0188-6491; Tlou, Humphry/0000-0002-4934-1661; Morange, Nicolas/0000-0003-0047-7215; Charman, Thomas/0000-0001-6288-5236; Guerrero Rojas, Jesus/0000-0001-8487-3594; Wang, Zirui/0000-0002-0928-2070; Filthaut, Frank/0000-0003-3338-2247; Warburton, Andreas/0000-0002-2298-7315; iacobucci, giuseppe/0000-0001-9965-5442; Piper, Katie/0000-0002-7669-4518; Jinnouchi, Osamu/0000-0001-5073-0974; Lux, Adam/0000-0002-3025-3020; Moyse, Edward/0000-0003-4449-6178; Falda Coelho, Luis Felipe/0000-0002-2298-3605; Padilla, Cristobal/0000-0001-7951-0166; Ghosh, Aishik/0000-0003-0819-1553; Dziedzic, Bartosz/0000-0002-0805-9184; Mullier, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6771-0937; Panduro Vazquez, Jose Guillermo/0000-0003-2605-8940; uysal, zekeriya/0000-0002-7110-8065; Yu, Yi/0000-0003-4762-8201; Shabalina, Elizaveta/0000-0003-4849-556X; Bakos, Evelin/0000-0002-1110-4433; Hays, Chris/0000-0003-2371-9723; Sabatini, Paolo/0000-0003-0159-697X; Seema, Pienpen/0000-0002-3727-5636; Baron, Petr/0000-0002-5170-0053; Cairo, Valentina Maria Martina/0000-0002-0758-7575; Delsart, Pierre-Antoine/0000-0002-9556-2924; Kowalewski, Robert/0000-0002-7314-0990; Rescia, Alberto/0000-0003-2258-314X; Sinha, Supriya/0000-0002-3600-2804; Alexa, Calin/0000-0003-0922-7669; D'Auria, Saverio/0000-0003-3393-6318; Leroy, Claude/0000-0003-3105-7045; Petersen, Troels/0000-0003-0221-3037; Little, Jared/0000-0002-9372-0730; Barreiro, Fernando/0000-0002-3021-0258; Affolder, Anthony/0000-0002-9058-7217; Rohne, Ole Myren/0000-0001-7744-9584; cerri, alessandro/0000-0002-1904-6661; Duehrssen-Debling, Michael/0000-0002-5833-7058; Vranjes, Nenad/0000-0001-5415-5225; Escalier, Marc/0000-0003-4270-2775; Kharlamova, Tatyana/0000-0002-0387-6804; Cooper-Sarkar, Amanda/0000-0002-7107-5902; Akesson, Torsten/0000-0003-4141-5408; CETIN, SERKANT ALI/0000-0001-5050-8441; Morvaj, Ljiljana/0000-0003-2061-2904; Beau, Tristan/0000-0002-2022-2140; Morley, Anthony/0000-0003-0373-1346; Sauvan, Emmanuel/0000-0003-1921-2647; Nikiforou, Nikiforos/0000-0003-1267-7740; Walder, James/0000-0002-9039-8758; Loch, Peter/0000-0002-2005-671X; Sankey, David/0000-0003-0955-4213; EL FARKH, SAAD/0000-0002-7999-3767; Camarero Munoz, Daniel/0000-0002-2855-7738; Cadamuro, Luca/0000-0001-8789-610X; Bindi, Marcello/0000-0001-6172-545X; Shen, Qiuping/0000-0002-4085-1227; Ocariz, Jose/0000-0003-2262-0780; Zhang, Shuzhou/0000-0001-9039-9809; Mkrtchyan, Tigran/0000-0002-5786-3136; Wendland, Bjorn/0000-0003-1623-3899; Resconi, Silvia/0000-0003-2313-4020; Ellinghaus, Frank/0000-0003-3596-5331; Sessa, Marco/0000-0002-1402-7525; Wu, Sau Lan/0000-0001-5866-1504; Yang, Tianyi/0000-0002-4996-1924; Czurylo, Marta/0000-0003-1943-5883; Chargeishvili, Bakar/0000-0002-5376-2397; Artoni, Giacomo/0000-0002-3477-4499; Geanta, Andrei-Alexandru/0000-0003-2781-2933; Butterworth, Jonathan/0000-0002-5905-5394; Liu, Yanlin/0000-0001-9190-4547; Stabile, Alberto/0000-0002-6868-8329; Shahinian, Jeffrey/0000-0002-1325-3432; Brooijmans, Gustaaf/0000-0002-3354-1810; Benjamin, TROCME/0000-0001-9500-2487; Roos, Lydia/0000-0001-7151-9983; Lapertosa, Alessandro/0000-0001-6246-6787; D'Amen, Gabriele/0000-0002-9742-3709; Khoo, Teng Jian/0000-0002-5954-3101; Gagnon, Louis-Guillaume/0000-0003-3000-8479; Weirich, Marcel/0000-0002-5129-872X; Giordani, Mario/0000-0002-0792-6039; Chiarella, Vitaliano/0000-0002-4210-2924; BALLABENE, ERIC/0000-0001-9700-2587; Zakharchuk, Nataliia/0000-0002-4963-8836; Romano, Marino/0000-0002-6609-7250; Kurchaninov, Leonid/0000-0001-9392-3936; Alimonti, Gianluca/0000-0002-7128-9046; Lloyd, Stephen/0000-0002-5073-2264; Simas Filho, Eduardo Furtado de/0000-0001-8707-785X; Lester, Christopher Gorham/0000-0001-5770-4883; Coimbra, Artur/0000-0003-2301-1637; Cristoforetti, Marco/0000-0002-0127-1342; Ali, Babar/0000-0001-8653-5556; Cranmer, Kyle/0000-0002-5769-7094; Rousseau, David/0000-0001-7613-8063; Cremonini, Davide/0000-0003-1687-3079; Draguet, Maxence/0000-0003-1530-0519; Barisits, Martin/0000-0003-0253-106X; Flores Castillo, Luis Roberto/0000-0003-1551-5974; Held, Alexander/0000-0002-8924-5885; Weber, Michele/0000-0002-2770-9031; Hu, Yifan/0000-0002-0552-3383; Pan, Tong/0000-0002-4700-1516; Hrynevich, Aliaksei/0000-0002-5411-114X; Cueto Gomez, Ana Rosario/0000-0003-1494-7898; Du, Dongshuo/0000-0002-6758-0113; Camplani, Alessandra/0000-0002-6386-9788; Giuli, Francesco/0000-0002-8506-274X; Romain, Madar/0000-0002-6875-6408; Doyle, Anthony/0000-0001-6322-6195; Navarro Gonzalez, Josep/0000-0002-4172-7965; Grinstein, Sebastian/0000-0002-6460-8694; Vari, Riccardo/0000-0002-2814-1337; Gee, Carolyn/0000-0002-3271-7861; Kempster, Jacob/0000-0003-4168-3373; Lucotte, Arnaud/0000-0002-5992-0640; Falke, Peter Johannes/0000-0002-2004-476X; Nayak, Ranjit/0000-0001-6988-0606; Mitsou, Vasiliki A./0000-0002-1533-8886; Starz, Steffen/0000-0002-2908-3909; Li, Shu/0000-0001-7879-3272; Angerami, Aaron/0000-0001-7834-8750; Landon, Murrough/0000-0001-6828-9769; Tudorache, Valentina/0000-0001-5384-3843; Dao, Valerio/0000-0003-1645-8393; 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Tüketici Hukukunda Haksız Ticari Uygulama Kavramı ve Sözleşmeye Aykırılık Halleri İle İlişkisi
No full textTüketici Hukuku Sempozyumu Kırıkkale 5-6 Mart 2024Haksız ticari uygulama, satıcı, sağlayıcı, kredi veren, üretici ve ithalatçı gibi mal ve hizmet sağlayanlar tarafından gerçekleştirilen, tüketicinin mal ve hizmetlere ilişkin kararlarını önemli ölçüde etkileyen veya etkileme ihtimali olan aldatıcı veya saldırgan nitelikteki haksız davranıştır. 6502 Sayılı Tüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanun’un 62. maddesi ile, ticari uygulamada bulunanların kendilerinden beklenen mesleki özeni göstermeyerek ortalama tüketicinin veya yöneldikleri tüketici grubunun ortalama üyesinin mal ve hizmete ilişkin ekonomik davranışını bozan veya bozma ihtimali olan her türlü davranış yasaklanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, yasağa ilişkin esasların düzenlendiği, 2005/29 sayılı Haksız Ticari Uygulamalara Yönelik Avrupa Birliği Yönergesinin etkisiyle kaleme alınan Ticari Reklam ve Haksız Ticari Uygulamalar Hakkında Yönetmelik ekinde sıralanan ticari sayılan uygulamalar her hâlükârda haksız sayılmaktadır. Yasağın ihlali halinde ise, idari para cezası, uygulamanın durdurulması ve düzeltilmesi şeklinde idari yaptırımlar uygulanmaktadır (TKHK m. 77/XII-XIII). Haksız ticari uygulamalar aldatıcı veya saldırgan uygulamalar olarak ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Aldatıcı ticari uygulamalar, mal veya hizmetlere ilişkin önemli hususlarda gerçeğe aykırı ya da yanıltıcı beyanlarda bulunulması (aldatıcı eylem) ya da tüketici için önem taşıyan hususlara ilişkin bilgi verilmemesi, sessiz kalınması (aldatıcı ihmal) şeklinde gerçekleşebilmektedir. Ticari uygulamada bulunanın gerçeğe aykırı olarak, bir mal ya da hizmetin yetkili kurumlarca onaylandığını veya gerekli olan izinlerin alındığını belirtmesi, yetkili kurumdan gerekli izinleri almadan bir kalite işaretini, güven işaretini, çevresel işaret ya da benzerini kullanması Yönetmelik ek listede yer alan aldatıcı ticari uygulamalara örnek verilebilir. Saldırgan ticari uygulamalar ise, tüketicinin ısrarcı davranışlarla rahatsız edilerek bir sözleşmenin tarafı olmaya adeta mecbur bırakılmasıdır. Yönetmelik ek listede sayılan saldırgan uygulamalara örnek olarak, tüketicinin meskenini terk etme ve geri gelmeme yönündeki ikazlarına aldırmadan ticari uygulamada bulunanın tüketicinin evine ziyaretler yapmaya devam etmesi, taraf olduğu sözleşmeden doğan haklarını kullanmak isteyen tüketiciden hak talebi ile ilgisi olmayan belgeleri teslim etmesini istemesi, tüketici ile konuyla ilgili olarak görüşmekten kaçınması ve bu yollarla tüketicinin hukuki haklarını kullanmaktan caydırmaya çalışması verilebilir. Haksız ticari uygulamalar, genellikle sözleşme öncesinde, tüketiciyi bir sözleşmenin tarafı olmaya ikna etmek için, dürüstlük kuralına, bilgilendirme ve aydınlatma yükümlülüğüne aykırı, hatta bazen tüketiciyi rahatsız edecek derecede saldırgan davranışlarla gerçekleştirilmekle birlikte; mesleki özen yükümünün ihlali niteliğindeki hareketlerle ifanın ayıplı veya geç yerine getirildiği hallerde olduğu gibi sözleşme ilişkisi devam ederken de yapılabilir. Sözleşme sona erdikten sonra dahi yedek parça temin yükümünün ihlalinde olduğu gibi haksız ticari uygulamalarla karşılaşmak mümkündür. Tüketici, belli şartlar altında aynı zamanda haksız ticari uygulama niteliği taşıyan sözleşmeye aykırılık hallerinde sözleşmeden doğan sorumluluk hükümlerine başvurarak haklarına kavuşabilmektedir. Ancak, tüketicinin tarafı olduğu bireysel sözleşmeden doğan haklarının korunması kadar belki bundan da daha önemli olan dürüst, adil piyasa düzeninin sağlanmasıdır. Haksız ticari uygulamaların yasaklanması sözü edilen amacı gerçekleştirmeye yönelik olarak getirilmiş, sözleşmenin tarafı olan tüketiciyi bireysel olarak korumaktan ziyade dürüst piyasa düzeni kurarak genel anlamda tüketicinin ekonomik çıkarını korumak hedeflenmiştir. Tebliğin amacı, haksız ticari uygulamadan bahsedebilmek için gereken unsurlar üzerinde durarak, mesleki özen kavramına açıklık getirmek, örneklerle sözleşmeye aykırılık hallerinin belli şartlar altında haksız ticari uygulama niteliği taşıyabileceğini ortaya koymak, bu haller için sözleşmeden doğan sorumluluk hükümleri yanında haksız ticari uygulama yasağının uygulanabileceğine dikkat çekmektir.Unfair commercial practice is an unfair behaviour of a deceptive or offensive nature that significantly affects or is likely to affect the consumer's decisions regarding goods and services by those who provide goods and services such as sellers, providers, lenders, manufacturers and importers. Article 62 of the Law No. 6502 on the Protection of Consumers prohibits any behaviour that distorts or is likely to distort the economic behaviour of the average consumer or the average member of the consumer group to which they are directed regarding the goods and services by not showing the professional care expected from them. However, the practices listed in the annex of the Regulation on Commercial Advertising and Unfair Commercial Practices, which was drafted with the influence of the European Union Directive No. 2005/29 on Unfair Commercial Practices, which regulates the principles regarding the prohibition, are deemed unfair in any case. In case of violation of the prohibition, administrative sanctions are imposed in the form of administrative fines, suspension and correction of the practice (Art. 77/XII-XIII of the TKHK). Unfair commercial practices are divided into two as deceptive or offensive practices. Deceptive commercial practices may be realised in the form of making false or misleading statements on important issues regarding goods or services (deceptive act) or not providing information about the issues that are important for the consumer, remaining silent (deceptive omission). Examples of deceptive commercial practices listed in the annex list of the Regulation include falsely stating that a good or service has been approved by the competent authorities or that the necessary permits have been obtained, or using a quality mark, trust mark, environmental mark or similar without obtaining the necessary permits from the competent authority. Aggressive commercial practices, on the other hand, are the compulsion of the consumer to be a party to a contract by disturbing the consumer with persistent behaviours. Examples of offensive commercial practices listed in the annex list of the Regulation are the following: the commercial practitioner continues to visit the consumer's home regardless of the consumer's warnings to leave his/her residence and not to come back, asks the consumer who wants to exercise his/her rights arising from the contract to deliver documents that are not related to the claim, avoids meeting with the consumer on the subject and tries to deter the consumer from exercising his/her legal rights in these ways. Unfair commercial practices are generally carried out before the contract, in order to persuade the consumer to become a party to a contract, in violation of the rule of honesty, the obligation to inform and enlighten, and sometimes even with aggressive behaviours to the extent of disturbing the consumer; It can also be done during the continuation of the contractual relationship, as in cases where the performance is defective or late, with acts in breach of the professional duty of care. It is possible to encounter unfair commercial practices even after the termination of the contract, as in the breach of the obligation to provide spare parts. Under certain conditions, the consumer may, in cases of breach of contract, which also qualify as unfair commercial practice, may obtain his/her rights by applying to the provisions on contractual liability. However, as important as the protection of the rights arising from the individual contract to which the consumer is a party, perhaps even more important is to ensure an honest and fair market order. The prohibition of unfair commercial practices has been introduced in order to realise the aforementioned purpose, and it is aimed to protect the economic interest of the consumer in general by establishing an honest market order rather than protecting the consumer individually as a party to the contract. T he aim of the Prensentation is to clarify the concept of professional diligence by focusing on the elements required to be able to talk about unjust commercial practice, to reveal with examples that breach of contract may constitute unfair commercial practice under certain conditions, and to draw attention to the fact that the prohibition of unfair commercial practice can be applied for these cases in addition to the provisions of contractual liability
Combination of Searches for Singly and Doubly Charged Higgs Bosons Produced Via Vector-Boson Fusion in Proton-Proton Collisions at √i>s/I>=13 Tev With the Atlas Detector
No full textAbdelhameed, Sara/0000-0002-0287-5869; Petersen, Troels/0000-0003-0221-3037; Butterworth, Jonathan/0000-0002-5905-5394; Camplani, Alessandra/0000-0002-6386-9788; Sala, Alessandro/0000-0003-0824-7326; Ragusa, Francesco/0000-0002-4064-0489; Pintucci, Laura/0000-0001-9842-9830; de la Torre Perez, Hector/0000-0002-4516-5269; Abbott, Braden/0000-0002-5888-2734; Calafiura, Paolo/0000-0002-1692-1678; Mitsou, Vasiliki A./0000-0002-1533-8886; Fiorini, Luca/0000-0002-5070-2735; Etzion, Erez/0000-0001-6871-7794; D'Auria, Saverio/0000-0003-3393-6318; Staszewski, Rafal/0000-0001-7708-9259; Mlinarevic, Marin/0000-0003-3587-646X; Aad, Georges/0000-0002-6665-4934; Williams, Scott/0000-0001-7860-8962; Gwilliam, Carl/0000-0002-9401-5304; Zivkovic, Lidija/0000-0003-4236-8930; Haley, Joseph/0000-0002-6938-7405; Nasella, Laura/0000-0002-4871-784X; Soto, Orlando/0000-0002-8613-0310; Stanislaus, Beojan/0000-0001-9007-7658; Abicht, Nils Julius/0000-0001-5763-2760; Carbone, Antonio/0000-0002-4117-3800; Herrmann, Linda/0000-0002-1857-6310; Mazzeo, Elena/0000-0002-8406-0195; Gonnella, Francesco/0000-0003-0885-1654; /0000-0001-5765-1750; Teixeira-Dias, Pedro/0000-0001-9977-3836; Konstantinidis, Nikolaos/0000-0002-4140-6360; Abramowicz, Halina/0000-0001-5329-6640; McKee, Shawn/0000-0002-4551-4502; Aboulhorma, Asmaa/0000-0002-9987-2292A combination of searches for singly and doubly charged Higgs bosons, H-+/- and H-+/-+/-, produced via vector-boson fusion is performed using 140 fb(-1) of proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected with the ATLAS detector during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider. Searches targeting decays to massive vector bosons in leptonic final states (electrons or muons) are considered. New constraints are reported on the production crosssection times branching fraction for charged Higgs boson masses between 200 GeV and 3000 GeV. The results are interpreted in the context of the Georgi-Machacek model for which the most stringent constraints to date are set for the masses considered in the combination.The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF/SFU (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [38].r We gratefully acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; Minciencias, Colombia; MEYS CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany; GSRI, Greece; RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MSTDI, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARIS and MVZI, Slovenia; DSI/NRF, South Africa; MICIU/AEI, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSTC, Taipei; TENMAK, Turkiye; STFC/UKRI, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America.r Individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, CRC and DRAC, Canada; CERN-CZ, FORTE and PRIMUS, Czech Republic; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, ICSCNextGenerationEU and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex, Investissements d'Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and MINERVA, Israel; NCN and NAWA, Poland; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Goran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.r In addition, individual members wish to acknowledge support from Armenia: Yerevan Physics Institute (FAPERJ); CERN: European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN PJAS); Chile: Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (FONDECYT 1230812, FONDECYT 1230987, FONDECYT 1240864); China: Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST-2023YFA1605700), National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC -12175119, NSFC 12275265, NSFC-12075060); Czech Republic: Czech Science Foundation (GACR -24-11373S), Ministry of Education Youth and Sports (FORTE CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004632), PRIMUS Research Programme (PRIMUS/21/SCI/017); EU: H2020 European Research Council (ERC -101002463); European Union: European Research Council (ERC -948254, ERC 101089007), Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (MUCCA -CHIST-ERA-19-XAI-00), European Union, Future Artificial Intelligence Research (FAIR-NextGenerationEU PE00000013), Italian Center for High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing (ICSC, NextGenerationEU); France: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-20-CE31-0013, ANR-21-CE31-0013, ANR-21-CE31-0022, ANR-22-EDIR-0002), Investissements d'Avenir Labex (ANR-11-LABX-0012); Germany: Baden-Wurttemberg Stiftung (BW Stiftung-Postdoc Eliteprogramme), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG -469666862, DFG -CR 312/5-2); Italy: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (ICSC, NextGenerationEU), Ministero dell'Universita e della Ricerca (PRIN -20223N7F8K -PNRR M4.C2.1.1); Japan: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS KAKENHI JP22H01227, JSPS KAKENHI JP22H04944, JSPS KAKENHI JP22KK0227, JSPS KAKENHI JP23KK0245); Netherlands: Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO Veni 2020 -VI.Veni.202.179); Norway: Research Council of Norway (RCN-314472); Poland: Ministry of Science and Higher Education (IDUB AGH, POB8, D4 no 9722), Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (PPN/PPO/2020/1/00002/U/00001), Polish National Science Centre (NCN 2021/42/E/ST2/00350, NCN OPUS nr 2022/47/B/ST2/03059, NCN UMO-2019/34/E/ST2/00393, NCN ; H2020 MSCA 945339, UMO-2020/37/B/ST2/01043, UMO-2021/40/C/ST2/00187, UMO-2022/47/O/ST2/00148, UMO-2023/49/B/ST2/04085, UMO-2023/51/B/ST2/00920); Slovenia: Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS grant J1-3010); Spain: Generalitat Valenciana (Artemisa, FEDER, IDIFEDER/2018/048), Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN ; NextGenEU PCI2022-135018-2, MICIN ; FEDER PID2021-125273NB, RYC2019-028510-I, RYC2020-030254-I, RYC2021-031273-I, RYC2022-038164-I), PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2019/027); Sweden: Carl Trygger Foundation (Carl Trygger Foundation CTS 22:2312), Swedish Research Council (Swedish Research Council 2023-04654, VR 201800482, VR 2022-03845, VR 2022-04683, VR 2023-03403, VR grant 2021-03651), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW 2018.0157, KAW 2018.0458, KAW 2019.0447, KAW 2022.0358); Switzerland: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF -PCEFP2_194658); United Kingdom: Leverhulme Trust (Leverhulme Trust RPG-2020-004), Royal Society (NIF-R1-231091); United States of America: U.S. Department of Energy (ECA DE-AC02-76SF00515), Neubauer Family Foundation.ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerba.an; CNPq, Brazil; FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, Canada; CFI, Canada; NSFC, China; MEYS CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, France; CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; MPG, Germany; Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT, Japan; JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MSSR, Slovakia; SRC , Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; NSTC, Taipei; STFC/UKRI, United Kingdom; DOE, United States of America; NSF, United States of America; BCKDF, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; CRC, Canada; DRAC, Canada; CERN-CZ, Czech Republic; PRIMUS, Czech Republic; ERC, European Union; ERDF, European Union; Horizon 2020, European Union; ICSC-NextGenerationEU, European Union; Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex, France; Investissements d'Avenir Idex, France; ANR, France; DFG, Germany; AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos programme - by EU-ESF, Greece; Thales programme - by EU-ESF, Greece; Aristeia programme - by EU-ESF, Greece; Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF, Israel; MINERVA, Israel; NCN, Poland; NAWA, Poland; La Caixa Banking Foundation, Spain; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; PROMETEO Programme Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; GenT Programme Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Goran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; Royal Society, United Kingdom; Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; Yerevan Physics Institute (FAPERJ); European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN PJAS); Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo [FONDECYT 1230812, FONDECYT 1230987, FONDECYT 1240864]; Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology [MOST-2023YFA1605700]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [NSFC -12175119, NSFC 12275265, NSFC-12075060]; Czech Science Foundation [GACR-24-11373S]; Ministry of Education Youth and Sports [FORTE CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004632]; PRIMUS Research Programme [PRIMUS/21/SCI/017]; H2020 European Research Council [ERC -101002463]; European Research Council [ERC-948254, ERC 101089007]; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme [MUCCA-CHIST-ERA-19-XAI-00]; European Union, Future Artificial Intelligence Research (FAIR-NextGenerationEU) [PE00000013]; Italian Center for High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing (ICSC, NextGenerationEU); Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR-20-CE31-0013, ANR-21-CE31-0013, ANR-21-CE31-0022, ANR-22-EDIR-0002]; Investissements d'Avenir Labex [ANR-11-LABX-0012]; Baden-Wurttemberg Stiftung; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [DFG -469666862, DFG -CR 312/5-2]; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (ICSC, NextGenerationEU), Ministero dell'Universita e della Ricerca [PRIN-20223N7F8K-PNRR M4.C2.1.1]; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science [JSPS KAKENHI JP22H01227, JSPS KAKENHI JP22H04944, JSPS KAKENHI JP22KK0227, JSPS KAKENHI JP23KK0245]; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research [NWO Veni 2020 -VI.Veni.202.179]; Research Council of Norway [RCN-314472]; Ministry of Science and Higher Education [9722]; Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange [PPN/PPO/2020/1/00002/U/00001]; Polish National Science Centre [NCN 2021/42/E/ST2/00350, 2022/47/B/ST2/03059, NCN UMO-2019/34/E/ST2/00393, UMO-2020/37/B/ST2/01043, UMO-2021/40/C/ST2/00187, UMO-2022/47/O/ST2/00148, UMO-2023/49/B/ST2/04085]; Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS grant) [J1-3010]; Generalitat Valenciana (Artemisa, FEDER) [IDIFEDER/2018/048]; Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN) [NextGenEU PCI2022-135018-2, PID2021125273NB, RYC2019-028510-I, RYC2020-030254-I, RYC2021-031273-I, RYC2022-038164-I]; PROMETEO Programme Generalitat Valenciana [CIDEGENT/2019/027]; GenT Programme Generalitat Valenciana [CIDEGENT/2019/027]; Swedish Research Council [2023-04654, VR 2018-00482, VR 2022-03845, VR 2022-04683, VR 2023-03403, 2021-03651]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation [KAW2018.0157, KAW2018.0458, KAW2019.0447, KAW2022.0358]; Swiss National Science Foundation [SNSF-PCEFP2_194658]; Leverhulme Trust [RPG-2020-004]; Royal Society; U.S. Department of Energy [ECA DE-AC02-76SF00515]; Neubauer Family Foundation; NRC, Canada; CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, China; MOST, China; Minciencias, Colombia; BMBF, Germany; HGF, Germany; GSRI, Greece; RGC, China; NWO, Netherlands; ARIS, Slovenia; MVZI, Slovenia; DSI/NRF, South Africa; MICIU/AEI, Spain; Canton of Bern, Switzerland; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland; COST, European Union; [NIF-R1-231091