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A Subcritical Thorium Fission-Deuteron Fusion Hybrid Reactor: Dd Collider Instead of Muonic Fusion as a Neutron Source
No full textThe use of thorium as nuclear fuel in fusion reactors will contribute to the reduction of radioactive waste due to the much lower production of transuranics. Fusion reactors, which are considered promising, are still in the research and development phase. In this respect, hybrid fusion-fission reactors seem more promising, and the recently proposed combination of muon-catalyzed deuterium-deuterium (DD) fusion with a cascade thorium reactor is worthy of appreciation, as 10 MW of electric power can be obtained with approximately 80 times lower input power using muons obtained from a giga-electron-volt energy proton accelerator. This study showed that the same electric power can be obtained with approximately 2500 times lower input power (compared to muon-catalyzed DD fusion) by using a relatively simple, small, and low-energy deuteron collider with 100 keV of center-of-mass energy instead of a muon-catalyzed system for neutron production by fusion. It was considered that the DD collider would be a continuously fed ring-type collider; its main parameters are discussed
Esnek Halka ile Tamir Ameliyatı Yapılan Ciddi Mitral Yetersizliği Olgusunda Halka İçine Kapak Uygulaması ve İşlemin Basamak Basamak Tarifi
No full textMitral kapağın cerrahi tamiri sonrası gelişen ciddi yetmezlik önemli bir problemdir. Hasta cerrahi geçirmiş olduğundan ikinci kez ameliyat bu hastalarda genellikle yüksek risk taşır. 14 yıl önce aort kapak replasmanı ve mitral kapağı ring ile tamir edilmiş olan 54 yaş erkek hastanın ciddi mitral yetmezliği vardı. Sol ventrikül ileri derece dilate ve EF %20 idi. Mitral tamir için Sovering 34 ring kullanılmıştı. Bu ring oval, radio-opak ve fleksible özellikteydi. Anulusu tam olarak dairesel şekilde sarmaktaydı. Kardiyak bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) çekildi. Bilgisayarlı tomografi bulguları ve kapak aplikasyonu kullanılarak 32mm balon ile genişleyen transkateter kalp kapağı konmasına karar verildi. Mevcut kapaklar içinde en büyük kapak olan Myval (Meril) 32 mm seçildi. Uygun şekilde hizalanarak (LA/LV oranı 20/80) ve hızlı pil uygulaması altında kapak açılarak ringin içerisine yerleştirildi. Çoklu açılardan TEE görüntüleri ve basınç kayıtları alındı. Sol ventrikülografi yapılarak kapakta paravalvüler kaçak olmadığı görüldü. Ring ile mitral kapak tamiri yapılan ve ciddi mitral yetmezliği olan hastalarda ring içine kapak uygulanması iyi bir tedavi seçeneği olabilir. Tecrübeli ekip tarafından yapısal kalp girişimlerinin yapıldığı ve cerrahi desteğin iyi olduğu merkezlerde bu işlem tercih edilebilir
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage; Early Surgery; Neurosurgeons Experience; Patient Outcome
No full textDolgun, Habibullah/0000-0002-1513-2044; Demirtas, Oguz Kagan/0000-0002-3913-5899; Ulku, Goktug/0000-0003-1430-2977; Elbir, Cagri/0000-0002-8747-2187; Turkoglu, Erhan/0000-0001-7044-617XBACKGROUND: This study examined the impact of neurosurgeons' experience on surgical timing and outcomes in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and questioned the adherence to early surgery as recommended by recent guidelines. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 196 aSAH patients treated between 2013 and 2020 was conducted. Variables included age, sex, initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grades, Fisher's grades, rebleeding, hydrocephalus, and preoperative-postoperative neurological status. Neurosurgeons' experience was categorized by the number of surgeries performed: >200 (group 1), 101-200 (group 2), and 100 (group 3). Outcomes measured were postoperative neurological deterioration (post-ND), 6-month modified Rankin Scale score, and mortality. Statistical analysis included Pearson's X-2 test, t-test, analysis of variance, and logistic regression, with significance set at P 0.05. RESULTS: Of the patients, 50.5% were female, with an average age of 55.1 +/- 13.2 years. Early surgery was associated with lower GCS scores and lower surgical experience (GCS odds ratio [OR] 1.405, P = 0.025; experience OR 19.199, P 0.001). Post-ND rates were 13%, 36.1%, and 21.2% in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P = 0.007). Mortality-related factors included rebleeding (OR 2.625, P = 0.033), neurological deterioration (OR 3.443, P = 0.004), and hydrocephalus (OR 3.408, P = 0.02). Outcomes of Group 1 were found to be superior to the other 2 groups in terms of post-ND (P = 0.007) and hydrocephalus (P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: Experienced neurosurgeons tend to favor delayed intervention for aSAH surgery. While experience positively influences early outcomes, its impact on long-term results is less significant. Future studies could lead to improvements in neurosurgical practices
Optical Quality of the Cornea One Year After Cretan Protocol Plus in Eyes With Keratoconus
No full textYavrum, Fuat/0000-0002-0708-5508Clinical relevance Cretan protocol plus is a novel technique that combines corneal cross-linking with refractive procedures in patients with keratoconus. Visual improvement is not only limited to visual acuity, the optical quality may also be enhanced by the Cretan protocol. Background To evaluate the higher-order aberrations (HOAs) and optical quality of the cornea 1 year after the Cretan protocol plus in keratoconus patients. Methods The uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuity, manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE), and topographical analysis of the cornea were assessed. The corneal optical quality parameters, including total HOA (Z(3-8)), vertical coma (Z(3)(-1)), horizontal coma (Z(3)(1)), vertical trefoil (Z(3)(-3)), oblique trefoil (Z(3)(3)), and spherical aberration (Z(4)(0)), modulation transfer function (MTF) and Strehl ratio of point spread function (PSF) over the 4 mm diameter pupil were recorded via Sirius dual-scanning corneal tomography. All data were analysed preoperatively, 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Results Twenty eyes of 16 keratoconus patients with 1 year of follow-up were included. After the Cretan protocol plus, the mean UDVA, CDVA, MRSE, corneal astigmatism, simulated keratometry-1, simulated keratometry-2, and maximum keratometry (Kmax) improved significantly throughout the follow-up visits (p 0.001). Total HOA, vertical coma, and spherical aberration were significantly reduced at 1 year compared with the preoperative values (p 0.05). Vertical coma was decreased from preoperative to all postoperative time points (p = 0.009). Regarding optical quality, MTF 5 and MTF 10 at both the vertical and horizontal meridians were significantly increased 1 year after the Cretan protocol plus compared to preoperatively (p 0.05). Significant improvements in the PSF occurred at all postoperative time points (p 0.001). Conclusions The Cretan protocol plus is more efficient in improving optical quality while reducing corneal aberrations in keratoconus patients. Vertical coma and PSF could be objective indicators of optical performance after this procedure
Contributing Factors To Pkk's Failure To Implement Mao's Protracted People's War Strategy
No full textThis article investigates how and why Mao's protracted people's war strategy of three stages (strategic defence, strategic balance, and strategic offence) was chosen and implemented as the main strategy by PKK and why PKK failed in the first stage of this strategy. It explores this failure using an empirical content analysis of primary sources, specifically the documents published by the PKK. The comparative analysis of Mao's strategy from a military perspective, along with the PKK's implementation of it, is a main focus of this research. The principal question is 'What factors contributed to PKK's failure in implementing Mao's protracted people's war strategy, specifically in failing to move beyond the first stage?' The analysis pinpoints six factors contributing to PKK's military failure, with the most notable being the shift in Turkish Armed Forces' strategic approach to counterterrorism, as implemented in 1993
Measurement of the Associated Production of a Top-Antitop Pair and a Higgs Boson Decaying into a bb¯ Pair in pp Collisions at √s=13 TeV Using the ATLAS Detector at the LHC
No full textThis paper reports the measurement of Higgs boson production in association with a tt¯ pair in the H→bb¯ decay channel. The analysis uses 140 fb-1 of 13 TeV proton–proton collision data collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The final states with one or two electrons or muons are employed. An excess of events over the expected background is found with an observed (expected) significance of 4.6 (5.4) standard deviations. The tt¯H cross-section is σtt¯H=411-92+101fb=411±54(stat.)-75+85(syst.)fb for a Higgs boson mass of 125.09 GeV, consistent with the prediction of the Standard Model of 507-50+35 fb. The cross-section is also measured differentially in bins of the Higgs boson transverse momentum within the simplified template cross-section framework. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Evaluation of i>spirulina Platensis/I> as a Feed Additive in Low-Protein Diets of Broilers
No full textYALCIN, Sakine/0000-0001-8640-2729; Onbasilar, Esin Ebru/0000-0002-1321-0280; Yalcinkaya, Huseyin/0000-0002-9457-6398Spirulina platensis is a natural antioxidant product that has the ability to improve the performance of poultry. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of using Spirulina platensis as a feed additive in broiler diets. A total of 252 daily male Ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to six groups. There were two different protein groups: one was at the catalog protein value, and the other was reduced by 10%. Spirulina platensis at 0, 0.1, and 0.2% was added to each protein group. The trial lasted 41 days. Reducing the protein level by 10% had a negative impact on the performance of the chicks. However, Spirulina platensis supplementation had a positive effect on the feed conversion ratio, reduced the oxidative stress index in the chicks' liver and meat, increased the total antioxidant status and antioxidant enzyme activities, improved the villus height, serum IgG, and some bone parameters, and reduced the serum triglyceride concentration. The carcass yield, visceral organ weight percentages, total phenolic content, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the thigh meat and some serum biochemical parameters were not affected by the usage of Spirulina platensis. In conclusion, 0.1% Spirulina platensis could be a feasible feed additive in low-protein diets due to eliciting an improved performance, antioxidant status, and immune response in broilers.Ankara University Scientific Research Projects; [21H0239001]Some part of this study was supported by Ankara University Scientific Research Projects (21H0239001)
Configuration, Performance, and Commissioning of the Atlas B-Jet Triggers for the 2022 and 2023 LHC Data-Taking Periods
No full textIn 2022 and 2023, the Large Hadron Collider produced approximately two billion hadronic interactions each second from bunches of protons that collide at a rate of 40 MHz. The ATLAS trigger system is used to reduce this rate to a few kHz for recording. Selections based on hadronic jets, their energy, and event topology reduce the rate to Ô(10) kHz while maintaining high efficiencies for important signatures resulting in b-quarks, but to reach the desired recording rate of hundreds of Hz, additional real-time selections based on the identification of jets containing b-hadrons (b-jets) are employed to achieve low thresholds on the jet transverse momentum at the High-Level Trigger. The configuration, commissioning, and performance of the real-time ATLAS b-jet identification algorithms for the early LHC Run 3 collision data are presented. These recent developments provide substantial gains in signal efficiency for critical signatures; for the Standard Model production of Higgs boson pairs, a 50% improvement in selection efficiency is observed in final states with four b-quarks or two b-quarks and two hadronically decaying τ-leptons. © 2025 CERN.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, MCIU; BNL; Australian Research Council, ARC; Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities; La Caixa Banking Foundation; Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique, CNRST; Center for African Studies, CAS; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT; European Union, Future Artificial Intelligence Research; EuropeanOrganizationforNuclearResearch; Georgia Health Initiative, HGF; Yerevan Physics In stitute; Center for Advancing Research Impact in Society, ARIS; National Science Foundation, NSF; Science and Technology Facilities Council, STFC; H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, AMSC; Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, FAPERJ; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, NWO; ICHEP; Baden-Württemberg Stiftung, BWS; MVZI; PROMETEO; Spine Education and Research Institute, SERI; Neubauer Family Foundation, NFF; IDUB AGH; NCN; Generalitat de Catalunya; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo, ANID; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Canada Foundation for Innovation, FCI; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond, DNRF; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq; Forskningsrådet för hälsa, arbetsliv och välfärd, FORTE; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT; GridKA; United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation, BSF; European Commission, EU; European Social Fund Plus, ΕΚΤ; BMWFWand FWF; European Cooperation in Science and Technology, COST; GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana; International Council of Shopping Centers, ICSC; RGC; Duchenne Research Fund, DRF; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP; PRIMUS; Agencia Estatal de Investigación, AEI; Institutul de Fizică Atomică, IFA; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, CRSNG; National Science and Technology Council, NSTC; Irish Rugby Football Union, IRFU; Cantons of Bern and Geneva; Defence Science Institute, DSI; MSTDI; MNE; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, ANPCyT; Minerva Foundation; Marcus och Amalia Wallenbergs minnesfond, MAW; CERN-CZ; National Research Foundation, NRF; Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki, MNiSW; Generalitat Valenciana, GVA; CERN, CERN; National Research Council Canada, NRC; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, AvH; Multiple Sclerosis Scientific Research Foundation, MSSRF; DFG; Horizon 2020; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN; British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund, BCKDF; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, MEXT; UK Research and Innovation, UKRI; Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, MOST, (2023YFA1609300, MOST-2023YFA1605700); Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, MOST; H2020 European Research Council, CER, (ERC 101002463); H2020 European Research Council, CER; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, JSPS, (JP22KK0227, JP22H04944, KAKENHIJP23KK0245, JP22H01227); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, JSPS; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, SNF, (SNSF — PCEFP2_194658); Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, SNF; BARD, BARD, (101116429); BARD, BARD; Norges Forskningsråd, (RCN-314472); Norges Forskningsråd; European Research Council, ERC, (101089007, 948254); European Research Council, ERC; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse, (KAW 2018.0458, KAW 2019.0447, KAW 2022.0358); Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; European Regional Development Fund, ЕФРР, (IDIFEDER/2018/048); European Regional Development Fund, ЕФРР; Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy, MEYS, (CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004632, PRIMUS/21/SCI/017); Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy, MEYS; Vetenskapsrådet, VR, (VR 2022-04683, VR 2021-03651, VR 2023-03403, VR 2023-04654, VR 2018-00482, VR2022-03845); Vetenskapsrådet, VR; Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYT, (1240864, 1230987, 1230812); Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYT; Grantová Agentura České Republiky, GACR, (GACR — 24-11373S); Grantová Agentura České Republiky, GACR; Narodowe Centrum Nauki, NCN, (2022/47/B/ST2/03059, 2023/51/B/ST2/02507, UMO-2022/47/O/ST2/00148, 2021/42/E/ST2/00350, UMO-2019/34/E/ST2/00393,NCN,NCNUMO-2020/37/B/ST2/01043, NCNUMO-2023/51/B/ST2/00920, UMO-2023/49/B/ST2/04085, UMO-2021/40/C/ST2/00187); Narodowe Centrum Nauki, NCN; The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency, ARRS, (J1-3010); The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency, ARRS; Carl Tryggers Stiftelse för Vetenskaplig Forskning, (CTS 22:2312); Carl Tryggers Stiftelse för Vetenskaplig Forskning; U.S. Department of Energy, ENERGYGOV, (ECA DE-AC02-76SF00515); U.S. Department of Energy, ENERGYGOV; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG, (DFG — CR 312/5-2, DFG — 469666862); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG; Royal Society, (NIF-R1-231091); Royal Society; Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca, MUR, (PRIN — 20223N7F8K — PNRRM4.C2.1.1); Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca, MUR; North Dakota Game and Fish Department, NDGF, (CC-IN2P3); North Dakota Game and Fish Department, NDGF; National Natural Science Foundation of China, NNSF, (NSFC12275265, NSFC12175119, NSFC12075060); National Natural Science Foundation of China, NNSF; NextGenerationEU, NGEU, (PE00000013); NextGenerationEU, NGEU; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MCIN, (RYC2021-031273-I, RYC2022-038164-I, PCI2022-135018-2, RYC2020-030254-I, PID2021-125273NB, RYC2019-028510-I); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MCIN; Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR, (ANR-20-CE31-0013, ANR-21-CE31-0013, ANR-22-EDIR-0002, ANR-21 CE31-0022); Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR; Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej, NAWA, (PPN/PPO/2020/1/00002/U/00001); Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej, NAWA; Leverhulme Trust, (RPG-2020-004); Leverhulme Trust; DNSRC, (IN2P3-CNRS
Exploring Artificial Intelligence-Based Distribution Planning and Scheduling Systems’ Effectiveness in Ensuring Equitable Vaccine Distribution in Low-And Middle-Income Countries—witness Seminar Approach
No full textBackground: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the global issues of vaccine access and equity, particularly in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), came to the forefront. Simultaneously, there was notable advancement in artificial intelligence (AI) and its potential applications in vaccine distribution and scheduling. In response to these developments, we gathered insights, lessons, and perspectives to inform future strategies for AI-based distribution planning and scheduling systems’ effectiveness in ensuring equitable vaccine distribution in LMICs. Method: We conducted a scoping review, followed by two separate witness seminars held at different time points. Participants’ statements were transcribed, coded, categorized, and analysed, with the findings organized thematically. These findings subsequently informed the development of the ethical framework. Results: A total of 28 articles were included in the scoping review. For the witness seminar, there were eight witness participants, three moderators, and two observers, engaging in discussions that lasted an average of one hour and 40 min for both seminars. In the transcript of the first witness seminar, 192 codes, 22 categories, and five themes were identified through inductive coding. In contrast, the second seminar’s transcript yielded 159 codes, 11 categories, and five themes through open coding. The coding and analysis processes were conducted independently and then collectively validated to minimize bias in judgment and interpretation. Discussion: Despite AI’s potential, several challenges can impede the effective deployment of AI in vaccine distribution, especially in low-resource settings. These challenges include ensuring equitable access and managing distribution priorities, as well as addressing data management issues and technological limitations. Additionally, leveraging data and technology to optimize the distribution process is crucial, alongside evaluating the effectiveness and governance of AI systems. Ultimately, ensuring equity and inclusivity in AI-driven vaccine distribution remains paramount for maximizing its impact. Conclusion: This study highlights the effectiveness of AI implementation in vaccine distribution and equity, especially during the pandemic in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where achieving vaccine equity remains a significant challenge. It proposes an ethical framework consisting of 10 core components along with 11 implications and policy recommendations aimed at promoting the responsible and equitable use of AI support systems to enhance vaccine equity in future pandemics. © The Author(s) 2025
Bağımlı Bileşkeli (s, S) Tipli Stokastik Envanter Modellerin İncelenmesi
No full textBu çalışmanın temel amacı bağımlı bileşkeli (s,S) tipli stokastik envanter modelinin incelenmesidir. Ele alınan (s,S) tipli stokastik envanter modelini incelemek için bağımlı bileşkeli ödüllü yenileme sürecinin iki farklı modifikasyonu (X(t)) matematiksel olarak inşa edilmiştir. Burada X(t) süreci her hangi bir t anındaki stokdaki envanter miktarını ifade etmektedir. Bağımlı bileşkeli stokastik süreçler, karmaşık matematiksel yapıları nedeniyle literatürde çok az incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada bağımlılık varsayımının sürecin durağan karakteristikleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemekle literatürdeki bu boşluğu kısmen doldurmayı planlamaktayız. Bu amaçla, çalışmanın ilk bölümünde bağımlı bileşkeli ödüllü yenileme süreci her hangi bir kesikli şans karışımlı müdahale olmadan matematiksel olarak oluşturulmuştur. İlk olarak bu sürecin ergodikliği ispatlanmış ve ergodik dağılım için kesin sonuç elde edilmiştir. Daha sonra, doğrusal bağımlılık varsayımı altında sürecin ergodik dağılımı için asimptotik açılım elde edilmiştir. Bunlara ek olarak, V (t) ≡X(t)/β∈ (0,1) standartlaştırılmış süreci tanımlanmış ve β≡S-s → ∞ iken V(t) sürecinin ergodik dağılımının limitte [0; 1] aralığındaki düzgün dağılıma zayıf yakınsadığı gösterilmiştir. Bu sonuçtan yararlanarak, X(t) sürecinin ergodik dağılımının yaklaşık olarak [0; β] aralığında düzgün dağılıma sahip olduğu gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca, çalışmada X(t) sürecinin durağan momentleri için de kesin sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Ardından, yenileme teorisinin temel sonuçlarını ve Laplace dönüşümü yöntemini kullanarak sürecin durağan momentlerinin asimptotik davranışları analiz edilmiştir. Analize dayanarak durağan momentler için iki terimli asimptotik sonuçlar ortaya konmuştur. İlaveten, sürecin beklenen değeri, varyansı ve standart sapması için iki terimli asimptotik açılımlar önerilmiştir. Son olarak, sürecin ergodik dağılımının momentleri için elde edilen asimptotik sonuçlar doğrusal ve doğrusal olmayan bağımlılık varsayımları altında özel örneklerle incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde bağımlı bileşkeli yenileme ödüllendirme süreci kesikli şans karışımlı müdahale varsayımı altında ele alınmış ve incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada müdahale kısıtlandırılmış normal dağılımla ifade edilmiştir. Bu durumda sürecin ergodikliği ispatlanmış ve ergodik dağılım için kesin sonuç elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen bu sonuçtan yararlanarak sürecin ergodik dağılımının momentleri için de kesin formüllere ulaşılmıştır. Fakat elde edilen kesin formüllerin matematiksel zorluklarından dolayı sürecin ergodik dağılımının momentlerinin asimptotik davranışı incelenmiş ve iki terimli asimptotik sonuçlar ortaya konmuştur. Önerilen sonuçlar doğrusal ve doğrusal olmayan bağımlılık varsayımları altında özel örneklerle incelenmiştir.The study is concerned with a stochastic inventory model of the type (s,S) with dependent components. Two various modifications of the renewal-reward process (X(t)) are constructed mathematically for the purpose of analysing this model. It is notable that, due to their complex mathematical structure, stochastic processes with dependent components have only been adressed to a limited extent in the literature. This gap is partially addressed by the present study. The effect of the dependency condition on the stationary characteristics of X(t) is investigated. For this, in the first chapter of the study, the renewal-reward process with dependent components is constructed without any discrete interference of chance. First of all, it is shown that the process is ergodic under some weak conditions. Subsequently, the precise result for the limit distribution of X(t) is acquired. Subsequently, assuming linear dependence, the asymptotic result for the limit distribution of X(t) is provided. Furthermore, it is proved that as β≡S-s→∞, the limiting distribution of V(t) weakly converges to the uniform distribution on the interval (0,1), which defines the standardised process V(t)≡X(t)/β ∈[0,1]. This result allows to conclude that the limit distribution of X(t) is approximately close to a uniform distribution in the interval [0,β]. Furthermore, this study provides precise results for the steady-state characteristics of the limit disribution of X(t). Subsequently, the asymptotic behaviour of the stationary characteristics of the limit distribution is analysed by taking advantage of the fundamental results of renewal theory and the Laplace transform. Asymptotic expansions for the stationary characteristics of the limit distribution are revealed based on the analysis. Additionally, asymptotic results are proposed for the expected value, variance and standard deviation of X(t). Eventually, the asymptotic results presented for the stationary characteristics of the limit distribution of X(t) are analysed by using special examples under linear and nonlinear dependence assumptions. The second chapter of the paper presents a detailed examination and analysis of the renewal-reward process, taking into account dependency assumption and discrete interference of chance. In this study, the discrete interference of chance is represented by a truncated normal distribution within the interval [0,β]. The proof of ergodicity and the precise result for the limit distribution are presented. Furthermore, an precise formula for the stationary characteristics of the limit distribution of X(t) is also attained using this result. Nevertheless, the approximate formulas of the steady-state characteristics of the limit distribution of X(t) has been investigated, resulting in the derivation of approximate formulas due to the inherent mathematical challenges associated with the precise formula. To illustrate the results, specific examples are presented