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The fNIRS Glossary Project: A Consensus-Based Resource for Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Terminology
No full textRahimpour Jounghani, Ali/0000-0002-0681-051X; Coelho Mesquita, Rickson/0000-0003-1945-6713; Orti, Renato/0000-0002-6856-7981; Bajracharya, Aahana/0000-0002-7361-6020; Luhrs, Michael/0000-0002-5888-0843;Significance: A shared understanding of terminology is essential for clear scientific communication and minimizing misconceptions. This is particularly challenging in rapidly expanding, interdisciplinary domains that utilize functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), where researchers come from diverse backgrounds and apply their expertise in fields such as engineering, neuroscience, and psychology. Aim: The fNIRS Glossary Project was established to develop a community-sourced glossary covering key fNIRS terms, including those related to the continuous-wave (CW), frequency-domain (FD), and time-domain (TD) NIRS techniques. Approach: The glossary was collaboratively developed by a diverse group of 76 fNIRS researchers, representing a wide range of career stages (from PhD students to experts) and disciplines. This collaborative process, structured across five phases, ensured the glossary's depth and comprehensiveness. Results: The glossary features over 300 terms categorized into six key domains: analysis, experimental design, hardware, neuroscience, mathematics, and physics. It also includes abbreviations, symbols, synonyms, references, alternative definitions, and figures where relevant. Conclusions: The fNIRS glossary provides a community-sourced resource that facilitates education and effective scientific communication within the fNIRS community and related fields. By lowering barriers to learning and engaging with fNIRS, the glossary is poised to benefit a broad spectrum of researchers, including those with limited access to educational resources. (c) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI. [DOI: 10.1117/1.NPh.12.2.027801]National Institutes of Health (NIH) [5-U01-EB029856-04]; Medical Research Council [MR/K021389]; Wellcome Trust [204770/Z/16/Z, 212979/Z/18/Z]; Italian Ministry of Health [GR-2019-12368539]; Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Citta della Speranza [IRP2020-StarG]; Fundacio CELLEX Barcelona; Fundacio Mir-Puig; Agencia Estatal de Investigacion; European Commission (TinyBrains, LaserLab); Generalitat de Catalunya (CERCA, AGAUR); ERC Consolidator "BabyRhythm" [773202]; FARE [R204MPRHKE]; European Union Next Generation EU NRRP M6C2-Investment 2.1 "SYNFONIA" and a PRIN 2022 [2022WX3FM5]; Sao Paulo Research Foundation [FAPESP 2013/07559-3]; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development [CNPq 311768/2019-9]; EPSRC [EP/W035154/1]; Innovate UK [10048387, 10063660]; Wellcome Leap, Inc. [PROSPEKT]; National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) of the NIH [R01EB029595]; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [U24-NS124027]; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research [01IS22085E]; RWTH Aachen University Exploratory Research Space (ERS) [StUpPD_420-22]; Doctoral Training Alliance (DTA) Applied Biosciences for Health Programme - European Union [801604]; Early Career Fellowship Leverhulme Trust [ECF-2021-174]; NIH [R01-NS122119, R21-EB031261, R21MH123873, R01AG073362, R01AG072470, R21AG073973, 1R01EB029595-01A1]; European Union [857897]; McDonnell Foundation [AWD1005451]; Natural Sciences and Engineering Resource Council (NSERC Discovery Grant) [AWD-021239]; Marie Curie Individual Fellowship "BabyMindReader" - European Commission [101031716]; CONAHCYT IxM program [528]; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences [5TL1TR001434]; Junior Principal Investigator (JPI) - Excellence Strategy of the Federal Government; Laender [JPI074-21]; Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship; Young Investigator Grant from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation [29736]; National Science Foundation [2323360]; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) [EP/S022139/1]; Presidential Postdoctoral Fellowship from Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeThe methodology of the fNIRS Glossary Project is built on the glossary project of the Framework for Open and Responsible Research Training (FORRT).28 The authors would like to thank Ola Dopierala, Jeff Dunn, Jorn M. Horschig, and Hendrik Santosa for their contribution to phase 2 of the fNIRS Glossary Project. Further, the authors would like to thank Claudia Cruz-Martinez, Bibiana Cuervo-Soto, Javier Herrera-Vega, Fernando Martinez-Santiago, Alejandro A. Torres-Garcia, and Luis Villasenor-Pineda for their work on the OntoNIRS project. MAYuc acknowledges the support received through funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under Grant No. 5-U01-EB029856-04. LKG is supported by the Medical Research Council (Grant No. MR/K021389) and Wellcome Trust (Grant No. 204770/Z/16/Z). GAP is supported by the Italian Ministry of Health (Grant No. GR-2019-12368539) and by the Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Citta della Speranza (Grant No. IRP2020-StarG). TDur is supported by Fundacio CELLEX Barcelona, Fundacio Mir-Puig, Agencia Estatal de Investigacion, European Commission (TinyBrains, LaserLab), Generalitat de Catalunya (CERCA, AGAUR). JGev is supported by an ERC Consolidator "BabyRhythm" (Grant No. 773202), FARE (Grant No. R204MPRHKE), and European Union Next Generation EU NRRP M6C2-Investment 2.1 "SYNFONIA" and a PRIN 2022 (Grant No. 2022WX3FM5). RCM was supported by the S ; atilde;o Paulo Research Foundation (Grant No. FAPESP 2013/07559-3) and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Grant No. CNPq 311768/2019-9). IT is supported by EPSRC (Grant No. EP/W035154/1), Innovate UK (Grant Nos. 10048387 and 10063660), and Wellcome Leap, Inc. (Grant No. PROSPEKT). HD is supported in part by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) of the NIH, Award Number R01EB029595. QF is supported by the NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (Grant No. U24-NS124027). FK is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (DAIsy project; reference: 01IS22085E) and the RWTH Aachen University Exploratory Research Space (ERS) Start-Up grant (Grant No. StUpPD_420-22). LB was funded by the Doctoral Training Alliance (DTA) Applied Biosciences for Health Programme, which is supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant No. 801604). CBul is supported by the Early Career Fellowship Leverhulme Trust (Grant No. ECF-2021-174). DRB is supported by the NIH (Grant Nos. R01-NS122119 and R21-EB031261). LD was supported as an Early-Stage Researcher by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (Grant No. 857897). LE is supported by the McDonnell Foundation (Grant No. AWD1005451) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Resource Council (NSERC Discovery Grant No. AWD-021239). JGem is supported by the Marie Curie Individual Fellowship "BabyMindReader" (Grant No. 101031716) granted by the European Commission. EG is supported by the CONAHCYT IxM program (Grant No. 528). SMHH's effort was supported in part by the NIH (Grant Nos. R21MH123873, R01AG073362, R01AG072470, and R21AG073973). DJ is supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (Grant No. 5TL1TR001434). DMAM is supported by a Junior Principal Investigator (JPI) fellowship funded by the Excellence Strategy of the Federal Government and the Laender (Grant No. JPI074-21). IP was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship. PP is supported by the Wellcome Trust (Grant No. 212979/Z/18/Z). NAR is supported by the NIH (Grant No. 1R01EB029595-01A1). SSA is supported by a Young Investigator Grant from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation (Grant No. #29736) and by the National Science Foundation (NSF Grant No. 2323360). MT is supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC Grant No. EP/S022139/1)-the Centre for Doctoral Training in Connected Electronic and Photonic Systems. VR was supported by a Presidential Postdoctoral Fellowship from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. MAYac is supported by Fundacio CELLEX Barcelona, Fundacio Mir-Puig, Agencia Estatal de Investigacion, European Commission (TinyBrains, LaserLab), Generalitat de Catalunya (CERCA, AGAUR)
İran'ın Devrim Sonrası Güvenlik Mimarisi ve Doktriner Dönüşümleri
No full textBu çalışma, rejim değişiklikleri ve ideolojik dönüşümler gibi kritik eşiklerin devletlerin güvenlik doktrinlerini hangi dinamikler ve süreçler çerçevesinde yeniden şekillendirdiğini analiz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, 1979 İran İslam Devrimi'nin ideolojik, kurumsal ve stratejik boyutlarıyla nasıl bir örnek teşkil ettiği sorusuna odaklanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, çalışma nitel bir yöntem benimseyerek, tarihsel doküman analizi ve ikincil kaynaklara dayalı bir inceleme yürütmektedir. Muhammed Rıza Şah döneminde Batı eksenli güvenlik politikaları ve modernizasyon odaklı bir askeri strateji benimsenirken, devrim sonrasında ideolojiye dayanan bir güvenlik yaklaşımı vardır. Elde edilen bulgular, İran'ın güvenlik politikalarındaki dönüşümün, devrimin ideolojik ekseniyle doğrudan ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. İslam Devrimi sonrası güvenlik anlayışı, anti-emperyalist söylem, devrim ihracı siyaseti ve Şii dünyası doğrultusunda şekillenen bir savunma stratejisi ile tanımlanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, İran, vekil güçler (proxy forces) aracılığıyla bölgesel nüfuzunu artırmayı ve asimetrik savaş stratejileri ile konvansiyonel askeri kapasitesinin sınırlılıklarını dengelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu analiz, İran'ın ilerleyen dönemlerdeki güvenlik stratejilerini anlamak için önemli bir çerçeve sunmaktadır.This study analyzes within which dynamics and processes critical junctures, such as regime changes and ideological transformations, reshape the security doctrines of states. In this context, it focuses on the question of how the 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution serves as an example in ideological, institutional, and strategic dimensions. Therefore, the study adopts a qualitative approach, conducting a historical document analysis based on secondary sources. While Western-oriented security policies and a modernization-focused military strategy were pursued during the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah, the post-revolution period witnessed the dominance of an ideologically driven security approach. The findings indicate that the transformation of Iran's security policies is directly linked to the ideological axis of the revolution. The post-Islamic Revolution security doctrine is characterized by a defense strategy shaped by anti-imperialist discourse, the policy of exporting the revolution, and the interests of the Shi'a world. In this context, Iran seeks to enhance its regional influence through proxy forces and to balance the limitations of its conventional military capacity through asymmetric warfare strategies. This analysis provides a significant framework for understanding Iran's future security strategies
Commonly Observed Sex Differences in Direct Aggression Are Absent or Reversed in Sibling Contexts
No full textDecades of research support the generalization that human males tend to be more aggressive than females. However, most of that research has examined aggression between unrelated individuals. Data drawn from 24 societies around the globe (n = 4,013) indicate that this generalization does not hold in the context of sibling relationships. In retrospective self-reports, females report being at least as aggressive as males toward their siblings, often more so. This holds for direct as well as indirect aggression, and for aggression between adult siblings as well as aggression that occurred during childhood. Consistent with prior research on sex differences, males reported engaging in more direct aggression toward nonkin than did females in the majority of societies. The results suggest that the dynamics of aggression within the family are different from those outside of it, and ultimately that understanding the role of sex in aggressive tendencies depends on context and target
Sea Clutter Rejection Using Virtual Radar Receiver Arrays
No full textRadar sistemlerinde deniz karmaşasının bastırılması, geniş bant deniz yansısı içindeki belirli hedeflerin deniz yüzeyindeki Doppler frekanslarının dar bant dizi işleme kullanılarak ayırt edilememesinden dolayı önemli bir zorluk oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, tek bir pasif sensörden elde edilen deniz yansılarının sanal bir alıcı dizisi kullanılarak genelleştirilmiş yan hüzme sadeleştirici (GSC) yöntemiyle ayrılması araştırılmıştır. Bir menzil hücresindeki deniz yansılarının, komşu hücrelerdeki yansılarla ilişkili olduğu, ancak hedeflere ait yanıtlardan farklılık gösterdiği gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, radar yansımalarından uygun altuzaylar oluşturularak istenmeyen karmaşa bileşenlerinin bastırılması mümkün olmaktadır. Deneysel veri üzerinden elde edilen sonuçlar, önerilen her iki yaklaşımın da hedef-sinyal gücünü artırarak ve geniş bant deniz yansısını azaltarak sinyal-etkileşim artı gürültü oranının (SINR) iyileştirebildiğini göstermektedir.Sea clutter suppression in radar is a challenging problem since the Doppler frequencies of certain targets on the sea surface cannot typically be distinguished from the broadband sea clutter using narrowband array processing. In this study, separation of sea clutter by a virtual sensor array derived from single passive sensor using generalised sidelobe canceller (GSC) is investigated. Clutter returns in one range gate tend to be correlated with those in neighbouring gates, while exhibiting disparities from the responses associated with targets. As a result, suitable subspaces can be formed from returned radar mixtures, which enables suppression of the unwanted clutter components. Results obtained using experimental data highlight that the proposed approaches can boost signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) by improving target-signal strength and mitigating broadband clutter
How Does High-Refractive Error Affect Quantitative Pupillometry Values
No full textPURPOSE: To evaluate the static and dynamic pupil responses in differentiating eyes with high-refractive errors from emmetropic controls. METHODS: The study was conducted using data obtained from 36 participants with high myopia, 26 participants with high hyperopia, and 38 age-gender-matched controls. The cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER), axial length (AL), and pupil responses were examined. In static pupillometry, pupil diameters were recorded at scotopic, mesopic, and photopic light intensities. The mean pupil dilation speed was calculated according to changes in pupil size over time, as dynamic pupillometry. RESULTS: The mean scotopic and mesopic pupil diameters were smaller in high hyperopic eyes compared with high myopic and control eyes (P 0.05). The photopic pupil diameter in the high hyperopic group was significantly lower than in the high myopic group (P = 0.003). There was no statistical difference between the high myopia and control groups regarding static pupillometry (P > 0.05). No significant difference was noted between the refractive groups regarding the speed of pupil dilation (P = 0.241). While SER and AL were correlated with scotopic and mesopic pupil diameters (P 0.05), no correlation was observed with photopic pupil diameter or the speed of pupil dilation (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The difference in static pupil responses was prominent in high hyperopic eyes compared to high myopic and emmetropic eyes. Unlike static pupil responses, the speed of pupil dilation was not affected by high-refractive errors. This record is sourced from MEDLINE/PubMed, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicin
Management and Outcomes of Urinary Tract Involvement in Cytoreductive Surgery With Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC): A Retrospective Cohort Study
No full textBackground and Objectives: The combined use of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is employed for the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). To achieve optimal cytoreduction, there may be a need for extensive resection and subsequent reconstruction of urologic structures. This study was designed to evaluate the outcomes of urinary tract resection or repair performed in CRS/HIPEC in terms of operative and oncological outcomes. Materials and Methods: After institutional review board approval, data from 550 consecutive patients who underwent the CRS/HIPEC procedure from January 2007 to July 2018 at six university hospitals was retrieved from prospectively maintained databases. Data from patients who had a concomitant curative resection and reconstruction of the bladder, ureter, or kidney during the CRS/HIPEC procedure were analyzed retrospectively. Results: A total of 50 out of 550 patients had undergone resection with a repair of the urinary tract due to tumor invasion or iatrogenic injury. Postoperative (within 30 days) urologic complications were observed in 9 of the 50 patients. It was found that having a peritoneal cancer index (PCI) equal to or greater than 20 (p 0.009) was the sole significant risk factor associated with the occurrence of early urinary complications. Survival time post CRS/HIPEC treatment did not significantly differ between patients with and without urologic complications (median overall survival: 23 vs. 27 months, p = 0.683). Conclusions: Despite urinary tract issues during CRS/HIPEC for PC, including a PCI over 20 and potential complications from resection or repair, the procedure still offers significant survival benefits
Bifurcation Analysis and Fast Approach of a Leslie-Type Prey-Predator Model Involving Allee Effect
No full textWe investigate a Leslie-type prey-predator system with an Allee effect to understand the dynamics of populations under stress. First, we determine stability conditions and conduct a Hopf bifurcation analysis using the Allee constant as a bifurcation parameter. At low densities, we observe that a weak Allee effect induces a supercritical Hopf bifurcation, while a strong effect leads to a subcritical one. Notably, a stability switch occurs, and the system exhibits multiple Hopf bifurcations as the Allee effect varies. Subsequently, we perform a sensitivity analysis to assess the robustness of the model to parameter variations. Additionally, together with the numerical examples, the FAST (Fourier amplitude sensitivity test) approach is employed to examine the sensitivity of the prey-predator system to all parameter values. This approach identifies the most influential factors among the input parameters on the output variable and evaluates the impact of single-parameter changes on the dynamics of the system. The combination of detailed bifurcation and sensitivity analysis bridges the gap between theoretical ecology and practical applications. Furthermore, the results underscore the importance of the Allee effect in maintaining the delicate balance between prey and predator populations and emphasize the necessity of considering complex ecological interactions to accurately model and understand these systems
Retraction: Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Impact Performances of Cast and Stretched Polymethyl Methacrylate Panels
No full textCooperative Catalytic Role of CO and Mn Sites on LaCoXMn1-XO3 Perovskite Nanoparticles in CO and NO Oxidation
No full textPerovskites have significant potential to improve efficiency, reduce the costs of conventional oxidation catalysts, and contribute to cleaner and more sustainable energy solutions. However, numerous structural factors influencing their catalytic performance are still a subject to debate. In this study, simple perovskite nanoparticles in the form of LaCoO3 (LC) and LaMnO3 (LM), as well as LaCo x Mn1-x O3 (LCM)-mixed B-site perovskites with different B-site cations, were synthesized and their performances in CO oxidation and NO oxidation reactions were examined. The LaCo0.8Mn0.2O3 catalyst exhibited the highest catalytic activity in both CO and NO oxidation reactions, surpassing the 1 wt %Pt/gamma-Al2O3 benchmark nanoparticle catalyst and other currently investigated perovskite nanoparticles. Co sites (predominantly Co3+) in the optimized LaCo0.8Mn0.2O3 catalyst were found to be enriched in electron density, while Mn sites (mostly in Mn4+ form) were found to be more electron deficient as opposed to LC and LM. LaCo0.8Mn0.2O3 not only released significantly greater amounts of oxygen and generated larger extents of oxygen vacancies than LC and LM under reducing conditions but also achieved this at favorably lower temperatures. In light of the current results, we report that Co sites in LCM operate as the main active site during both CO and NO oxidation by enabling stabilization and activation of O2 (ads), while Mn sites mainly serve as promoters by increasing the adsorption strength of CO (ads) and NO (ads) as well as facilitating oxygen vacancy formation and vacancy regeneration, where oxygen vacancies were also found to contribute particularly to the NO oxidation reaction within the currently investigated thermal window. These findings demonstrate that the electronic properties of LCM can be systematically tailored at the nanometer scale in a versatile manner to address different reactivity requirements of challenging catalytic reactions.H2020 Research Infrastructures [213M585]; TUBITAK; TENMAK (Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency); TARLA [DPT2006K-120470]; Ministry of Development of Turkey [730872]; European UnionThe authors acknowledge the financial support from TUBITAK (Project Code: 213M585) and TENMAK (Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency). E.O. acknowledges the scientific collaboration with TARLA (founded by the Ministry of Development of Turkey, Project Code: DPT2006K-120470). The authors gratefully acknowledge SOLEIL and Dr. Andrea Zitolo (SOLEIL Samba Beamline) as well as DESY and Dr. Edmund Welter and Dr. Roman Chernikov (DESY P65 Beamline) for their assistance with the XANES experiments. The authors also acknowledge European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement 730872 (Project CALIPSOplus). The authors also thank Assoc. Prof. Alper Uzun (Koc University, Chemical Engineering Department) and Prof. Nuray Oktar (Gazi University, Chemical Engineering Department) for fruitful discussions on catalytic performance results and Miray Tamer for her assistance in the preparation of Scheme 2
Destructive and Constructive RIS Beamforming in an ISAC Multi-User MIMO Network
No full textIEEE Communications Society; IEEE Montreal Section; IEEE Ottawa SectionIntegrated sensing and communication (ISAC) has already established itself as a promising solution to the spectrum scarcity problem, even more so when paired with a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), as RISs can shape the propagation environment by adjusting their phase-shift coefficients. Albeit the potential performance gain, a RIS is also a potential security threat to the system. In this paper, we explore both the positive and negative sides of having a RIS in a multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) ISAC network. We first develop an alternating optimization algorithm, obtaining the active and passive beamforming vectors that maximize the sensing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) under minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) constraints for the communication users and finite power budget. We also investigate the destructive potential of the RIS by devising a RIS phase-shift optimization algorithm that minimizes the sensing SNR while preserving the same minimum communication SINR previously guaranteed by the system. We further investigate the impact of the RIS's individual element failures on the system performance. The simulation results show that the RIS performance-boosting potential is as good as its destructive one and that both of our optimization strategies are hindered by the investigated impairments. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved