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EasyDRAM: An FPGA-Based Infrastructure for Fast and Accurate End-to-End Evaluation of Emerging DRAM Techniques
No full textDRAM is a critical component of modern computing systems. Recent works propose numerous techniques (that we call DRAM techniques) to enhance DRAM-based computing systems' throughput, reliability, and computing capabilities (e.g., in-DRAM bulk data copy). Evaluating the system-wide benefits of DRAM techniques is challenging as they often require modifications across multiple layers of the computing stack. Prior works propose FPGA-based platforms for rapid end-to-end evaluation of DRAM techniques on real DRAM chips. Unfortunately, existing platforms fall short in two major aspects: (1) they require deep expertise in hardware description languages, limiting accessibility; and (2) they are not designed to accurately model modern computing systems.We introduce EasyDRAM, an FPGA-based framework for rapid and accurate end-to-end evaluation of DRAM techniques on real DRAM chips. EasyDRAM overcomes the main drawbacks of prior FPGA-based platforms with two key ideas. First, EasyDRAM removes the need for hardware description language expertise by enabling developers to implement DRAM techniques using a high-level language (C++). At runtime, EasyDRAM executes the high-level software-defined memory system design in a programmable memory controller. Second, EasyDRAM tackles a fundamental challenge in accurately modeling modern systems: real processors typically operate at significantly higher clock frequencies than DRAM, a disparity that is difficult to replicate on FPGA platforms. EasyDRAM addresses this challenge by decoupling the processor-DRAM interface and advancing the system state using a novel technique we call time scaling, which faithfully captures the timing behavior of the modeled system.We validate EasyDRAM's evaluation accuracy by comparing the memory latency profile of a real CPU-based system and its modeled implementation using EasyDRAM. We demonstrate the ease of use of EasyDRAM by evaluating two DRAM techniques end-to-end in a real FPGA-based system: (1) in-DRAM bulk data copy (i.e., RowClone) and (2) reduced-latency DRAM access that exploits the latency variation across DRAM cells. Implementing these two techniques requires no hardware modifications and only 325 lines of C++ code over EasyDRAM's extensible code base. We compare our results to prior FPGA-based platforms. EasyDRAM yields more accurate results (e.g., by ≈20× for execution time) than the state-of-the-art related platform. We believe and hope that EasyDRAM will enable innovative ideas in memory system design to rapidly come to fruition. To aid future research, we open-source our EasyDRAM implementation at https://github.com/CMU-SAFARI/EasyDRAM. © 2025 IEEE
Erratum to: Search for (Formula Presented.) Production in the Multilepton Final State in Proton–Proton Collisions at (Formula Presented.) = 13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector (Journal of High Energy Physics, (2023), 2023, 7, (203), 10.1007/jhep07(2023)203)
No full textCorrection to one figure and the corresponding numbers in the text are noted for the paper. A wrong cross-section was used for the theory prediction of t¯tA(→ t¯t), which was estimated to differ by around 1% with respect to the one of t¯tH(→ t¯t). It was found later that the production cross-section for t¯tA(→ t¯t) can be up to 60% higher than the one of t¯tH(→ t¯t) for tan β ∼ 1. This affects the theoretical prediction shown in figure 7, and the limits in the tan β vs mH/A plane shown in figure 8(a). The changes in the text are noted for sections 8 and 9. • In the scenario where the scalar H and pseudo-scalar A bosons have equal masses and both contribute to BSM t¯tt¯t production, values of tan β below 1.9 and 0.7 are excluded for mH/A between 400 GeV and 1000 GeV, respectively, at 95% CL instead of 1.6 and 0.6. • In the scenario where only the pseudo-scalar A boson contributes to BSM t¯tt¯t production, values of tan β below 1.5 and 0.5 are excluded for mA between 400 GeV and 1000 GeV, respectively, at 95% CL instead of 1.2 and 0.5. The original plot for this scenario is not included in the paper as it was nearly identical to the one where only the scalar H boson contributes to BSM t¯tt¯t production, and was therefore omitted. After correction, the updated limits in the tan β vs mA plane are shown in figure 8(c). © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Providing QoS and Resiliency for Video Streaming Over MPTCP
No full textThe performance of Internet applications can be improved by using multipath transport protocols such as Multipath TCP (MPTCP), which leverages aggregated bandwidth from multiple paths for improved throughput. MPTCP can be utilized to apply Quality of Service (QoS) and address network resiliency in order to increase the Quality of Experience (QoE) of video streaming applications. This paper introduces a novel approach for providing service differentiation to video streaming clients across different classes, while ensuring robust communication to mitigate link failures. The proposed method aims to deliver seamless streaming sessions by enhancing resilience and maintaining QoS under challenging network conditions. We evaluate the proposed approach using Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), a widely used video streaming application that delivers high-quality media content over the Internet. The aim is to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach by focusing on user groups belonging to different service classes, each with varying QoE requirements. Additionally, we assess the resiliency of the proposed algorithm in scenarios involving subflow failures within the MPTCP connection. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms alternative methods in maintaining network connectivity and sustaining a high level of QoE, even in the event of subflow disconnections.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK) Electric, Electronic and Informatics Research Group (EEEAG) [121E033]This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK) Electric, Electronic and Informatics Research Group (EEEAG) under Grant 121E033
Katı Yakıtlı Roket Motorlarında Astar Arayüz Ayrılmasının Modellenmesi için Yeni Bir Yaklaşım Geliştirilmesi
No full textKatı yakıtlı roket motorları, taktik füze sistemlerinde yaygın olarak kullanılan ve füzeye gerekli itkiyi sağlayan alt sistemdir. Yakıtın gövdeye yapışık olduğu motor konfigürasyonunda, motor gövdesi yalıtıldıktan ve astar uygulandıktan sonra yakıt, gövde içerisine dökülerek üretim gerçekleştirilir. Gövde/yalıtım ile yakıt arayüzüne uygulanan astar, yakıtın yapışmasını sağlar. Astar arayüzünde gerçekleşecek bir ayrılma, motoru başarısızlığa götürebilmektedir. Motor, üretiminden ateşlenmesine kadar geçen sürede bu arayüzde ayrılmaya sebep olabilecek pek çok zorlayıcı ortama maruz kalmaktadır ve süreç boyunca motorun bütünlüğünün korunması kritiktir. Bu sebeple astar arayüzünün karakteristik malzeme özelliklerini belirlemek önem kazanmaktadır. Bu arayüz yapıştırıcı özellik gösterdiği için yapıştırıcı gibi modellenebilmektedir. Yapıştırıcı arayüzün modellenmesi; yapışma mukavemeti, kırılma enerjisi ve başlangıç modülü üzerinden tanımlanan ve yaygın olarak kullanılan kohezif bölge modeli ile gerçekleştirilebilmektedir. Bu model ile kırılma bölgesinde çekme ve ayrılma arasında bir yasa tanımlanır. Bu yasada çekme, bir eşik değerine kadar ayrılma arttıkça artar ve sonrasında ayrılma arttıkça azalır. Bu tezin amacı, katı yakıtlı roket motorunda astar arayüzünü sonlu elemanlar analizinde kohezif bölge modeli ile modellemek ve bu modelde soyulma testinin kullanılabilirliğini araştırmaktır. Bu yaklaşımla kohezif bölge modeli oluşturma sürecinin, numune seviyesi testlerdeki verilerin direkt kullanımı ile yalınlaştırılması hedeflenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında ilk olarak literatürde yakıt, yalıtım ve astar malzeme modellerinin kullanıldığı çalışmanın doğrulaması yapılmıştır. Doğrulama sonrasında yapışma çekme ve soyulma testleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Soyulma testinden elde edilen çıktılar ve enerji denklemleri kullanılarak astarın kırılma enerjisi hesabı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapışma çekme testinden elde edilen yapışma mukavemeti ve soyulma testinden elde edilen kırılma enerjisi parametreleri ile astarın kohezif bölge modeli oluşturulmuştur. Oluşturulan kohezif bölge modeli ile soyulma testinin sonlu elemanlar analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizden elde edilen kuvvet-deplasman grafiği ile test sonucu karşılaştırılmıştır. Ek olarak analizde elde edilen çekme-ayrılma eğrisi ile kohezif bölge modeli ile tanımlanan çekme-ayrılma eğrisi karşılaştırılmıştır. Her iki karşılaştırmada da analiz sonuçlarıyla test sonucu arasında yeterli seviyede benzerlik görülmüştür. Soyulma testinin literatürde yaygın kullanılan çift ankastre sandviç kiriş testi yerine kullanılabillirliğini değerlendirmek için soyulma testi ile elde edilen kohezif bölge modeli ile çift ankastre sandviç kiriş testi sonlu elemanlar analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda arayüzde elde edilen çekme-ayrılma eğrileri karşılaştırılmıştır ve yeterli seviyede benzerlik görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak astar arayüzünün kohezif bölge modeli ile modellenmesinde soyulma testinin kullanılabileceği değerlendirilmiştir ve kohezif bölge modeli oluşturma sürecinin yalınlaşması sağlanmıştır. Daha uygulanabilir bir test yöntemine geçilmesi sayesinde; maliyetin azalması ve model oluşturma süreci açısından verimliliğin artırılması sağlanmıştır.Solid propellant rocket motors are subsystems widely used in tactical missile systems and provide the required thrust for the missile. In case bonded motor configuration, propallant is casted into the case after being insulated and application of liner. Liner is applied into case/insulation and propellant interface to ensure the bonding of the propellant. Debonding occuring at the liner interface may lead to failure of the motor. Motor is exposed to various challenging environment which may cause debonding of the interface throughout the time between production and fire. It is important to maintain the structural integrity of the motor during this time. Therefore, determining the characteristic properties of the liner gains prominence. Since liner acts as an adhesive, it can be modeled as an adhesive. Commonly, adhesive interface can be modeled via cohesive zone model which is defined with adhesive strength, fracture energy and initial modulus.The aim of this study is to model the liner interface with cohesive zone model in solid rocket propellant motors and to examine the usage of peel test for this model. It is aimed to simplify the creation of cohesive zone model by direct usage of specimen level test data. Initially; propellant, insulation and liner material models are validated with a study from literature for this study. After the validation, bond in tension and peel tests are performed. Liner's fracture energy is calculated with outputs of peel test and energy equations. Cohesive zone model of liner is created with adhesive strength obtained from the bond in tension tests and fracture energy obtained from the peel tests. Finite element analysis of the peel test is performed with the created cohesive zone model. Force-displacement graphics obtained from the analysis and test output are compared. In addition, traction-separation curves obtained from the analysis and defined with cohesive zone model are compared. It is observed that sufficient similarity is accomplished between analyses and tests for the both of the comparisons. Finite element analysis of double cantilever sandwich beam test is performed that includes the cohesive zone model created via peel test to evaluate the usage of peel test instead of commonly used double cantilever sanwich beam. Traction-separation curves obtained from the analysis are compared and sufficient similarity is accomplished. As a conclusion, it is evaluated that peel test can be used for modeling the cohesive zone model of the liner interface and process of creating cohesive zone model is simplified. Due to switch to a more feasible test method, the cost is reduced and efficiency is increased in terms of model development process
Measurement of Jet Track Functions in pp Collisions at S=13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector
No full textMeasurements of jet substructure are key to probing the energy frontier at colliders, and many of them use track-based observables which take advantage of the angular precision of tracking detectors. Theoretical calculations of track-based observables require ‘track functions’, which characterize the transverse momentum fraction rq carried by charged hadrons from a fragmenting quark or gluon. This letter presents a direct measurement of rq distributions in dijet events from the 140 fb−1 of proton–proton collisions at s=13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector. The data are corrected for detector effects using machine-learning methods. The scale evolution of the moments of the rq distribution is sensitive to non-linear renormalization group evolution equations of QCD, and is compared with analytic predictions. When incorporated into future theoretical calculations, these results will enable a precision program of theory-data comparison for track-based jet substructure observables. © 2025 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS CollaborationMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, MCIU; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo; BSF-NSF; BNL; Australian Research Council, ARC; DRAC; La Caixa Banking Foundation; Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique, CNRST; NAWA; Center for African Studies, CAS; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT; European Union, Future Artificial Intelligence Research; Göran Gustafssons Stiftelser; European Organization for Nuclear Research; Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca, MUR; MINERVA , Israel; Polish National Science Centre; Georgia Health Initiative, HGF; Narodowe Centrum Nauki, NCN; Grantová Agentura České Republiky, GACR; National Science Foundation, NSF; Baden-Württemberg Stiftung; Science and Technology Facilities Council, STFC; Carl Tryggers Stiftelse för Vetenskaplig Forskning; H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, MSCM; Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, FAPERJ; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, NWO; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MCIN; Ministry of Science and Innovation; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Ministry of Science and Higher Education; Leverhulme Trust; Baden-Württemberg Stiftung, BWS; Research Council of Norway; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; MVZI; PROMETEO; Spine Education and Research Institute, SERI; Neubauer Family Foundation, NFF; The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency, ARRS; IDUB AGH; Generalitat de Catalunya; Neubauer Family Foundation; Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft, BMWFW; Austrian Science Fund, FWF; BCKDF; Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej, NAWA; GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana , Spain; Yerevan Physics Institute; Leverhulme Trust; ERDF; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo, ANID; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Slovenian Research Agency; Canada Foundation for Innovation, FCI; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond, DNRF; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq; Forskningsrådet för hälsa, arbetsliv och välfärd, FORTE; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT; GridKA; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; Göran Gustafssons Stiftelser; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG; United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation, BSF; Generalitat de Catalunya; European Commission, EU; European Social Fund Plus, CSE; European Cooperation in Science and Technology, COST; EU-ESF; Horizon 2020 , ICSC-NextGenerationEU; COST; Generalitat Valenciana; International Council of Shopping Centers, ICSC; RGC; Duchenne Research Fund, DRF; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP; PRIMUS; Agencia Estatal de Investigación, AEI; Islamic Scholarship Fund, ISF; ICSC; ANR; Institutul de Fizică Atomică, IFA; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, CRSNG; Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology; Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for Neurological Diseases, Weizmann Institute of Science; Swiss National Science Foundation; Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; National Science and Technology Council, NSTC; EU; FONDECYT; Irish Rugby Football Union, IRFU; Cantons of Bern and Geneva; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Defence Science Institute, DSI; National Natural Science Foundation of China; European Union , Future Artificial Intelligence Research; MSTDI; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; MNE; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, ANPCyT; Royal Society; Minerva Foundation; Marcus och Amalia Wallenbergs minnesfond, MMW; Royal Society; CERN-CZ; National Research Foundation, NRF; Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki, MNiSW; FAPERJ; European Research Council; Generalitat Valenciana, GVA; CERN, CERN; Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy, MEYS; European Union; National Research Council Canada, CNRC; Vetenskapsrådet, VR; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, AvH; Multiple Sclerosis Scientific Research Foundation, MSSRF; DFG; AvH Foundation; Horizon 2020; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN; British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund, BCKDF; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, MEXT; UK Research and Innovation, UKRI; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, SNF, (PCEFP2_194658, RPG-2020-004, NIF-R1-231091); Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, SNF; FEDER, (IDIFEDER/2018/048); FORTE, (CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004632, PRIMUS/21/SCI/017); FAIR-NextGenerationEU, (PE00000013); Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYT, (1240864, 1230987, 1230812); Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYT; NextGenerationEU, NGEU, (PE00000013); NextGenerationEU, NGEU; U.S. Department of Energy, (ECA DE-AC02-76SF00515); H2020 European Research Council, (ERC - 101002463); ERC, (101089007); DNSRC, (IN2P3-CNRS); Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange, (PPN/PPO/2020/1/00002/U/00001); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, JSPS, (JP22KK0227, JP22H04944, JP23KK0245, JP22H01227); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, JSPS; European Research Council, ERC, (948254, 101089007); European Research Council, ERC; U.S. Department of Energy, ENERGYGOV, (ECA DE-AC02-76SF00515); U.S. Department of Energy, ENERGYGOV; MCIN, (RYC2019-028510-I, PCI2022-135018-2, RYC2021-031273-I, RYC2020-030254-I, RYC2022-038164-I, PID2021-125273NB); National Natural Science Foundation of China, NNSFC, (12275265, 12175119, NSFC-12075060); National Natural Science Foundation of China, NNSFC; NCN, (2022/47/B/ST2/03059, UMO-2023/49/B/ST2/04085, 2021/42/E/ST2/00350, UMO-2019/34/E/ST2/00393, H2020 MSCA 945339, UMO-2023/51/B/ST2/00920, UMO-2022/47/O/ST2/00148, UMO-2021/40/C/ST2/00187, UMO-2020/37/B/ST2/01043); Investissements d'Avenir Labex, (ANR-11-LABX-0012); European Regional Development Fund, FEDER, (IDIFEDER/2018/048); European Regional Development Fund, FEDER; Czech Science Foundation, (GACR - 24-11373S); GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, (CIDEGENT/2019/027); Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, MOST, (MOST-2023YFA1609300, MOST-2023YFA1605700); Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, MOST; North Dakota Game and Fish Department, NDGF, (CC-IN2P3); North Dakota Game and Fish Department, NDGF; H2020 European Research Council, CER, (ERC - 101002463); H2020 European Research Council, CER; Norges Forskningsråd, (RCN-314472); Norges Forskningsråd; Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca, (PRIN - 20223N7F8K - PNRR M4.C2.1.1); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, (DFG - CR 312/5-2, DFG - 469666862); Swedish Research Council, (VR 2023-03403, VR 2022-04683, VR 2018-00482, 2023-04654, 2021-03651, VR 2022-03845); Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, (KAW 2018.0157, KAW 2018.0458, KAW 2019.0447, KAW 2022.0358); Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR, (ANR-20-CE31-0013, ANR-21-CE31-0013, ANR-22-EDIR-0002, ANR-21-CE31-0022); Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR; Carl Trygger Foundation, (CTS 22:2312); Center for Advancing Research Impact in Society, ARIS, (J1-3010); Center for Advancing Research Impact in Society, ARIS; MUCCA, (CHIST-ERA-19-XAI-00
Eser Sözleşmesinde Yüklenicinin Uygun Olmayan Talimat İle Bağlılığı
No full textEser sözleşmesinde, işin uzmanı kabul edilen yüklenicinin sözleşmenin niteliği gereği iş sahibinin talimatlarıyla bağlı kılınması beraberinde birtakım problemler getirmekte, özellikle iş sahibinin uygun olmayan talimatı konusunda uyarılmasına rağmen işe aynı şekilde devam konusunda ısrar etmesi halinde bu talimata uyma yükümlülüğünün olup olmadığı sorusunun cevaplanması gerekmektedir. TBK m. 476 hükmünün sadece ayıp sorumluluğunu ortadan kaldıran düzenlemesi karşısında, yüklenicinin talimata uymak ve işe devam etmek zorunda olduğu sonucuna varılabilir. Ancak, hükümde yüklenicinin ayıplı olacağını bile bile işe devam etmek zorunda olup olmayacağı, bu durumun işleri geçici süreyle durdurmayı sağlayacak bir def’i hakkı sağlayıp sağlamayacağı veya haklı nedenle fesih sebebi oluşturup oluşturmayacağı konusunda açıklama yapılmamıştır. Kanaatimizce farklı gerekçelere dayansa da yargı kararlarından yola çıkılarak bu imkânlar yükleniciye sağlanabilir. Ancak nihai olarak yüklenicinin içinde bulunduğu belirsizliği ortadan kaldıracak açık bir düzenleme getirilmeli, Alman hukukunda VOB/B (die Verdingungsordnungen für Bauleistungen) düzenlemesinde olduğu gibi yükleniciye işe devam etmeme ve edimini ifa etmekten geçici süreyle kaçınma hakkı tanınmalıdır
Optimizing Blister Packaging Design for Solid-Form Pharmaceuticals
No full textThis study addresses an integrated optimization problem in pharmaceutical blister packaging operations, combining three interdependent decision layers: packaging design, machinery and mold investment, and longterm production planning. These decisions are critical for balancing material efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and operational feasibility under time-varying demand. While existing literature typically treats these components in isolation, we propose a novel mixed-integer programming model that captures their interactions within a unified framework. Solving this problem exactly is computationally challenging for real-world instances; thus, we develop a tailored metaheuristic approach based on Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS), enhanced with problem-specific heuristics and local search. Computational experiments on realistic data from a leading Turkish pharmaceutical company demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in generating high-quality solutions across different planning horizons and demand scenarios. Additionally, our model supports sustainability goals by reducing raw material usage in packaging design, contributing to lower carbon emissions during production
Çatışma Bölgelerinde STK Operasyonlarında İstihbaratın Rolü
No full textBu tez, çatışma bölgelerinde faaliyet gösteren sivil toplum kuruluşlarında (STK'lar) istihbaratın rolünü incelemektedir. İstihbaratın, STK'ların operasyonel verimliliğini artırmak, riskleri yönetmek ve stratejik kararlar almak için nasıl yardımcı olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Geleneksel olarak devlet aktörleri tarafından kullanılan istihbarat, günümüzde STK'ların güvenlik tehditleri, siyasi istikrarsızlık ve lojistik sorunlarla başa çıkması için vazgeçilmez hale gelmiştir. Araştırma, Risk Transferi Teorisi ve Optimizasyon Teorisi'ni kullanarak STK'ların açık kaynak istihbaratı (OSINT), insan istihbaratı (HUMINT) ve yapay zeka analitiği gibi farklı istihbarat yöntemlerini nasıl uyguladıklarını incelemektedir. Bu yöntemler, STK'ların değişen koşullara uyum sağlamasına ve insani operasyonları korumasına yardımcı olmaktadır. Tez ayrıca şeffaflığın korunması, verilerin etkin yönetimi ve siyasi açıdan hassas ortamlarda tarafsız kalma gibi STK'ların karşılaştığı operasyonel zorlukları da ele almaktadır. Suriye ve Irak'tan vaka çalışmaları, doküman incelemeleri ve uzman mülakatları gibi nitel yöntemler kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen araştırma, istihbaratın STK'ların çatışma bölgelerindeki çalışmalarını önemli ölçüde güçlendirdiğini göstermektedir. Araştırma, kapsamlı istihbarat uygulamalarının STK faaliyetlerine entegrasyonunun dayanıklılığı, sürdürülebilirliği ve insani sonuçları olumlu yönde etkilediği sonucuna varmaktadır.This thesis investigates the function of intelligence within non-governmental organizations (NGOs) operating in conflict areas. It demonstrates how intelligence enables these organizations to enhance operational efficiency, mitigate risks, and make informed strategic decisions. Although intelligence has historically been the domain of state actors, it is now crucial for NGOs confronting security challenges, political instability, and logistical complications. Employing Shifting Risk Theory and Optimization Theory, the research examines how NGOs utilize various intelligence techniques—such as open-source intelligence (OSINT), human intelligence (HUMINT), and AI-driven analytics—to adapt to evolving conditions and safeguard humanitarian operations. The study also addresses the operational hurdles that NGOs face, including the need for transparency, effective data management, and maintaining neutrality in politically charged settings. Drawing on qualitative research—including case studies in Syria and Iraq, in-depth document reviews, and expert interviews—the study demonstrates that effective intelligence practices significantly reinforce NGO operations in conflict zones. In conclusion, the thesis asserts that the systematic integration of comprehensive intelligence strategies into NGO activities not only enhances resilience and sustainability but also leads to more successful humanitarian outcomes
Climate Change and Cultural Heritage: Educational and Research Approaches in Architecture Departments in Turkish Cities with High Climate-Induced Risks
No full textClimate change is one of the most critical issues of our age and defines a global problem area that needs to be addressed through interdisciplinary cooperation. This study examines how architecture departments in universities found in Turkish cities with high climate-induced risks address cultural heritage as a critical and specialized aspect of climate change. It aims to identify current approaches and levels of integration through an in-depth analysis of undergraduate and graduate courses, master's and PhD theses, research projects, and articles conducted within the scope of educational and research activities in architecture departments. Thus, it attempts to review existing approaches while identifying gaps and potential for developing specialized research and educational content for future interdisciplinary studies. The results reveal a lack of focus on the intersection of climate change and cultural heritage in education and research in architecture departments. While there is a growing interest, direct engagement at this intersection remains limited. A comprehensive, integrated and interdisciplinary approach has not yet gained significant prominence. Another aspect of this issue is that international/national documents/academic studies carried out in recent years declare that climate change should be addressed in a multidimensional way within a holistic approach. It is argued that the struggle against climate change can be weakened if different disciplines and institutions at local, subnational, national, regional and international levels do not cooperate sufficiently and if there is no holistic perspective to ensure coordination between all stakeholders. One critical element of this broad and comprehensive subject is the cultural heritage that unites individuals and contributes to social cohesion and sustainable development. National climate change documents in T ; uuml;rkiye, such as the recently released Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan (2024-2030), draw more attention than ever to the issue of cultural heritage. It is crucial to realize the potential of cultural heritage as a tool in climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. In that sense, this study has a critical significance in pointing to the existing potential of cultural heritage in architectural departments of universities to create a more effective program of awareness and struggle against climate change. By revealing the current education and research studies, it creates a holistic perspective in line with the climate policy to address the deficiencies and makes suggestions to fill the gap
Search for a New Pseudoscalar Decaying Into a Pair of Bottom and Antibottom Quarks in Top-Associated Production in S=13 TeV Proton–Proton Collisions With the ATLAS Detector
No full textA search for a pseudoscalar a produced in association with a top-quark pair, or in association with a single top quark plus a W boson, with the pseudoscalar decaying into b-quarks (a→bb¯), is performed using the full Run 2 data sample using a dileptonic decay mode signature. The search covers pseudoscalar boson masses between 12 and 100 GeV and involves both the kinematic regime where the decay products of the pseudoscalar are reconstructed as two standard b-tagged small-radius jets, or merged into a large-radius jet due to its Lorentz boost. No significant excess relative to expectations is observed. Assuming a branching ratio BR(a→bb¯)=100%, the range of pseudoscalar masses between 50 and 80 GeV is excluded at 95% confidence level for a coupling of the pseudoscalar to the top quark of 0.5, while a coupling of 1.0 is excluded at 95% confidence level for the masses considered, with the coupling defined as the strength modifier of the Standard Model Yukawa coupling. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved