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Processor Security: Detecting Microarchitectural Attacks Via Count-Min Sketches
No full textThe continuous quest for performance pushed processors to incorporate elements such as multiple cores, caches, acceleration units, or speculative execution that make systems very complex. On the other hand, these features often expose unexpected vulnerabilities that pose new challenges. For example, the timing differences introduced by caches or speculative execution can be exploited to leak information or detect activity patterns. Protecting embedded systems from existing attacks is extremely challenging, and it is made even harder by the continuous rise of new microarchitectural attacks (e.g., the Spectre and Orchestration attacks). In this article, we present a new approach based on count-min sketches for detecting microarchitectural attacks in the microprocessors featured by embedded systems. The idea is to add to the system a security checking module (without modifying the microprocessor under protection) in charge of observing the fetched instructions and identifying and signaling possible suspicious activities without interfering with the nominal activity of the system. The proposed approach can be programmed at design time (and reprogrammed after deployment) in order to always keep updated the list of the attacks that the checker is able to identify. We integrated the proposed approach in a large RISC-V core, and we proved its effectiveness in detecting several versions of the Spectre, Orchestration, Rowhammer, and Flush + Reload attacks. In its best configuration, the proposed approach has been able to detect 100% of the attacks, with no false alarms and introducing about 10% area overhead, about 4% power increase, and without working frequency reduction
Local Epidermal Growth Factor Delivery Using Nanopillared Chitosan-Gelatin Films for Melanogenesis and Wound Healing
No full textEpidermal growth factor (EGF) is required for various regulations of skin tissue including wound healing; however, it has limited stability due to the physicochemical conditions of the wound milieu. The lack of functional EGF within the wound can cause permanent tissue defects and therefore, current wound patch designs involve EGF-releasing components. Consequently, the focus of such systems is to improve the wound healing mechanism, with minimal attention on melanogenesis of the scar tissue. The present study investigates in vitro/in vivo wound healing and melanogenesis potential of the EGF-doped films comprised of arrays of chitosan:gelatin nanopillars (nano C:G films) prepared by using nanoporous anodic alumina molds. The potential of EGF-doped films in wound healing was examined with individual and coculture systems of fibroblasts and melanocytes to mimic the wound conditions. The outcomes demonstrated that compared to the control groups, the combination of EGF doping and nanotopography consistently provided the highest levels of melanogenic activity-related genes, melanin contents as well as EGFR expressions for both melanocyte-only and coculture setups. Proteomic, genomic and histological analysis of the excisional wound model further demonstrated that if EGF was present within the nanostructured films, the performance of these substrates in terms of wound closure, collagen thickness as well as melanin deposition was considerably improved. Furthermore, when compared with the control saline treatment and healthy mice groups, significant differences for such parameters were obtained for the nano C:G films, irrespective of their EGF contents. Overall, the results indicate that EGF-doped nano C:G films are good candidates as wound patches that not only provide desirable healing characteristics but also cause improved melanogenic outputs.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey TUBITAK BIDEB 2214-A Program; [1059B141601323]S. A. would like to thank grants from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey TUBITAK BIDEB 2214-A Program (no. 1059B141601323)
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma With Lymphomeningothelial Lesion of the Dura
No full textMucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) was first described as low-grade lymphoma associated with the stomach mucosa. Although the stomach and ocular adnexa are the most common localizations of MALT lymphoma, it has also been described in many other organs, including the head and neck, lungs, thyroid, breast, bladder, saliva glands, conjunctiva, and tear glands. MALT lymphoma originating from the dura is rare. The case is here presented of an 83-year-old female operated on with an initial diagnosis of acute subdural hematoma. In the histopathological examination, there was seen to be lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the dura and a lymphomeningothelial lesion. Immunohistochemically, low-grade MALT lymphoma showing B-cell phenotype was considered. This is the first reported case of lymphomeningothelial lesion in MALT lymphoma originating from the dura
Fotoelektrokimyasal Sistemler için İleri Malzemeler Geliştirilmesi: Üretim, Karakterizasyon ve Sistem Entegrasyonu
No full textIn conventional batteries, the storage takes place in the static solid electrode. The storage capacity is directly proportional to the volume of the electrodes and hence, the energy storage capacity is limited. Redox flow batteries, in which energy is stored in liquid electrolytes, have large-scale energy storage capacity. The storage capacity is directly related with the electrolyte volume, concentration and redox couple, whereas the power density is determined by the electrode area and current density. Properties such as flexible design, high efficiency and long lifetime make the redox flow battery a substantial storage method. Various redox couples have been studied to date, and vanadium redox flow battery has found one of the most prominent among them. Unlike other redox couples, the use of the same type of redox couples (V2+-V3+ and V4+-V5+) in the anolyte and catholyte brings many advantages. Vanadium redox flow batteries are generally used to store solar energy. The conversion and storage of solar energy in different systems creates a low-efficiency integration problem by increasing the cost and complicating the system. Due to this problem, the conversion and storage of solar energy in a single system has become a popular research topic. In this system, by integrating the Vanadium redox flow cells with the photoelectrochemical cell, the sunlight absorbed by the photoelectrode is converted into electrochemical energy. Simultaneously, it can be stored in the cell in the form of chemical energy. In the first chapter of the thesis, moderate band gap and non-toxic indium sulfide (In2S3) and hybrid titanium dioxide-indium sulfide (TiO2-In2S3) semiconductors are integrated as photoelectrode materials into the solar vanadium redox flow batteries. The dense and mesoporous layer of TiO2 semiconductor have been deposited via RF magnetron sputtering and spin coating method, respectively. On the other hand, the In2S3-based photoelectrodes have been fabricated via the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) method, which is a cost-effective, non-vacuum solution-based method. Basic characterizations of the thin films have been performed to correlate between material properties and photoelectrochemical performance in solar vanadium flow batteries. Maximum performance in photoelectrochemical tests has been obtained with 75 pass In2S3 photoanode. Moreover, resistance to the acidic nature of the vanadium solution increased after depositing the TiO2 layer. In the last chapter of the thesis, X-ray absorption and interatomic bond lengths of ZnO thin films have been analyzed. ZnO semiconductors have been prepared in different morphologies via solution-based chemical bath deposition. Zinc oxide (ZnO), one of the most common metal oxide materials, is a semiconductor with many properties such as high conductivity, and non-toxicity. Electronic and crystal structure properties of metal oxide materials are determined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). In this method, it is absorbed by the atom by excitation by X-ray. X-ray absorption varies according to the structure of the atom and the bond length. The absorption spectrum gives information about many properties such as coordination number of atoms in the material, distance between neighboring atoms, chemical bond structure. In this context, the effects of the change in nanostructure on X-ray absorption have been determined by processing X-ray absorption data and the bond lengths between atoms have been compared.Geleneksel bataryalarda depolama, statik katı elektrotta gerçekleşmektedir. Depolama kapasitesinin elektrotların hacmi ile doğru orantılı olması nedeniyle enerji depolama kapasitesi sınırlıdır. Enerjinin sıvı elektrolitlerde depolandığı redoks akış bataryaları ise büyük ölçekli enerji depolama kapasitesine sahiptir. Depolama kapasitesi, elektrolit hacmi, konsantrasyonu ve redoks çiftlerinin çeşidi ile, güç yoğunluğu ise elektrot alanı ve akım yoğunluğuyla belirlenmektedir. Esnek tasarım, yüksek verimli ve uzun ömürlü olması gibi özellikleri redoks akış bataryasını önemli bir depolama yöntemi yapmaktadır. Günümüze kadar birçok farklı redoks çiftleri üzerinde çalışmalar yapılmakla birlikte, bunlardan en dikkat çekeni vanadyum redoks akış bataryası olmuştur. Diğer redoks çiftlerinin aksine, anolitte ve katolitte aynı türden redoks çiftlerinin (V2+-V3+ ve V4+-V5+) kullanılması birçok avantajı beraberinde getirmektedir. Vanadyum redoks akış bataryaları genellikle güneş enerjisini depolamak için kullanılmaktadır. Güneş enerjisinin dönüşümünün ve depolamasının farklı sistemlerde gerçekleşmesi maliyeti arttırmakta, ayrıca sistemi kompleksleştirerek düşük verimli entegrasyon sorunu oluşturmaktadır. Bu soruna istinaden, güneş enerjisinin dönüşümü ve depolanmasının tek bir sistemde meydana gelmesi, enerji araştırma ve uygulamaları alanında ivme kazanan bir konu haline gelmiştir. Vanadyum redoks akış bataryalarının fotoelektrokimyasal hücre ile birleşimiyle, fotoelektrotun soğurduğu güneş ışığı elektrokimyasal enerjiye dönüştürülmektedir. Eş zamanlı olarak aynı sistemde kimyasal enerji formunda depolanabildiği görülmektedir. Bu kapsamda gerçekleştirilen tez çalışmasında ilk olarak, solar vanadyum redoks akış bataryalarına dar bant aralığına sahip ve toksik olmayan indiyum sülfür (In2S3) ve hibrit titanyum dioksit-indiyum sülfür (TiO2-In2S3) yarı iletkenleri entegre edilmiştir. TiO2 yarı iletkenin yoğun katmanı saçtırma, mezofor katmanı spin kaplama yöntemi ile üretilmiştir. In2S3 katmanı ise solüsyon temelli maliyet etkin bir yöntem olan ultrasonik sprey piroliz yöntemi ile üretilmiştir. Fotoelektrokimyasal testlerde maksimum performans 75 pas In2S3 fotoanot ile elde edilmiştir. TiO2 yapısı eklenmesi ile akım yoğunluğu değerlerinde artış görülürken vanadyum çözeltisinin asidik yapısına direnci artarak stabilite performansı gelişmiştir. Tez çalışmasının son bölümünde, solüsyon temelli kimyasal banyo yönetimi ile farklı morfolojideki üretilen ZnO ince filmlerin X-ışını soğurmasını ve atomlar arası bağ uzunlukları incelenmiştir. En yaygın metal oksit malzemelerden biri olan çinko oksit (ZnO); yüksek iletkenliği, toksik olmaması gibi birçok özelliğe sahip bir yarı iletkendir. Fotoelektrokimyasal hücrelerden ışık yayan diyotlara (LED) kadar birçok uygulamada kullanılmaktadır. Metal oksit malzemelerin elektronik ve kristal yapı özellikleri X-ışını soğurma spektroskopisi (XAS) ile ayrıntılı olarak belirlenmektedir. X-ışını gönderildiğinde, ışın madde içindeki atom tarafından soğurulmaktadır. Soğurma, atomun yapısına ve düzenine göre değişiklik göstermektedir. Soğurma sonrası çıkan spektrum malzemedeki atomların koordinasyon sayısı, komşu atomlar arasındaki mesafesi, kimyasal bağ yapısı gibi birçok özellik hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Bu bağlamda yapılan tez çalışması ile X-ışını soğurma verilerini analiz edilerek nano yapıdaki değişimin X-ışını soğurmasına etkisi belirlenmiş ve atomlar arası bağ uzunlukları karşılaştırılmıştır. ANAHTAR KELİMELER: Solar vanadyum redoks akış bataryası, İndiyum sülfür, Titanyum dioksit, Sprey piroliz, XAS, EXAFS, XANE
The Left-Cons2 Constraint
No full textWe propose a new generalization over determiner denotations. We claim that, for any determiner Det, Det(P)(Q) entails Det(P⋂ Q)(Q) (the left-CONS2 Constraint, as we elaborate in the paper). We discuss potential counterexamples to the validity of this constraint including restricted universals (e.g. every ... but John, approximately/almost all/every...) and proportional expressions with an upper bound (e.g. fewPROP, at most one-third..., fewer than seventy percent...). Following earlier proposals, we provide evidence that problematic inferences associated with determiners arise not from their denotations but either from the operator Exh or from degree operators
Dogal Afet Ardindan Etkili Bir Planlama Yöntemi için Yol Temizleme ve Yardim Araçlarinin Eszamanli Rotalanmasi Problemi
No full textNatural disasters are large-scale natural events that are unpredictable and cause physical, economic and social losses. Disasters leave residues called debris, whose content can change. The debris can block roads and hinder transportation in the disaster area. However, it is necessary to reach the disaster area as quickly as possible after the disaster. Thus, the quality of life will be increased by delivering aid to the disaster victims. In this study, a problem that deals with the processes of opening the roads closed due to debris in the disaster area and delivering the relief materials to the needed nodes as quickly as possible in a synchronized manner is discussed. It is assumed that there is one road cleaning vehicle and more than one aid delivery vehicle within the scope of the problem. A mixed integer linear programming model has been developed to solve the problem. Since the developed model could not find a solution in an acceptable time for realistic sized problems, a heuristic algorithm was developed to solve the problem. Nodes that are important to reach such as hospitals and schools in the disaster area are considered as critical nodes. Within the scope of the model, the fastest routes for the delivery of relief materials to critical nodes are determined, and if there is a road closed due to debris on the route, the road in question is cleared of debris. Vehicles start their tours simultaneously and perform their tasks synchronously. Relief delivery vehicles cannot use that road until the road clearing vehicle completely clears a road of debris. The cleaning time of the road affects the arrival time of the relief materials. In the context of testing the performance of the developed mixed integer linear programming model and the heuristic algorithm two different data sets were used. In addition, solutions with different road blockage rates and variable number of relief vehicles were considered in order to understand the effect of road closure rate and number of relief delivery vehicles on the solutions developed. In addition, the effect of different iteration numbers on the performance of the heuristic algorithm is also analyzed. The main contribution of this study to the literature is the synchronization of road cleaning and relief material distribution processes. Due to the limited resources in the literature in the subject area, it is considered that the developed model can be beneficial.Doğal afetler, meydana gelecekleri zaman öngörülemeyen, fiziksel, ekonomik ve sosyal kayıplar doğuran büyük çaplı doğa olaylarıdır. Afetler artlarında muhteviyatı değişebilen enkaz ismi verilen artıklar bırakmaktadır. Oluşan enkaz afet bölgesinde yolları kapatabilmekte ve ulaşıma engel olabilmektedir. Ancak, afet ardından afet bölgesine olabildiğince hızlı ulaşmak gerekmektedir. Böylelikle afetzedelere yardım ulaştırılarak hayat kaliteleri yükseltilebilecektir. Bu çalışmada afet ardından afet bölgesinde enkaz nedeniyle kapanan yolların açılması ve yardım malzemelerinin ihtiyaç duyulan düğümlere olabildiğince hızlı ulaştırılması süreçlerini senkronize bir şekilde ele alan bir problem ele alınmıştır. Problem kapsamında bir adet yol temizleme aracı ve birden fazla yardım malzemesi dağıtım aracı bulunduğu kabul edilmiştir. Problemin çözümüne yönelik karma tamsayılı doğrusal programlama modeli geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen model gerçekçi boyutlardaki problemler için kabul edilebilir sürede çözüm bulamadığından problemin çözümü için bir sezgisel algoritma geliştirilmiştir. Afet bölgesinde yer alan hastane ve okullar gibi ulaşılması önemli bölgeler kritik düğümler olarak kabul edilmiştir. Model kapsamında kritik bölgelere yardım malzemesi ulaştırılmasına yönelik en hızlı rotalar belirlenmekte, rotada enkaz nedeniyle kapalı bir yol var ise söz konusu yol enkazdan temizlenmektedir. Araçlar turlarına eş zamanlı olarak başlamakta ve görevlerini senkronize icra etmektedir. Yol temizleme aracı bir yolu enkazdan tamamen temizlemeden yardım malzemesi dağıtım araçları o yolu kullanamamaktadır. Yolun temizlenme zamanı yardım malzemelerinin ulaşma zamanını etkilemektedir. Geliştirilen karma tamsayılı doğrusal programlama modeli ve sezgisel algoritmanın farklı boyutlardaki veri setleri ile performanslarının test edilmesi bağlamında iki farklı veri seti ile çalışılmıştır. Buna ek olarak, tanımlanan problem kapsamında değişkenlik gösterebilecek olan enkaz nedeniyle yol kapanma oranı ve yardım malzemesi dağıtım aracı sayılarının geliştirilen çözümlere etkisinin anlaşılabilmesi maksadıyla farklı yol kapanma oranları ve değişken yardım malzemesi araç sayıları ile çözümler denenmiştir. Ayrıca, farklı iterasyon sayılarının sezgisel algoritmanın performansına etkisi de analiz edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın literatüre temel katkısı yol temizleme ve yardım malzemesi dağıtım süreçlerini senkronize ele almasıdır. Bahse konu alanda literatürde sınırlı kaynak olması sebebiyle, geliştirilen modelin fayda sağlayabileceği değerlendirilmektedir
Minorities and Minority Rights in Turkey: From the Ottoman Empire To the Present State
No full text[No Abstract Available
Pysqif, a Statistical Analysis Tool for Bi-Squid Magnetometers
No full text34th International Symposium on Superconductivity, ISS 2021 -- 30 November 2021 through 2 December 2021 -- -- 182010Superconductor loops with Josephson junctions such as SQUIDs and Bi-SQUID have unique properties that can be used as quantum accurate magnetometers, amplifiers, and many more applications. However, due to quantum interference between junctions and their nonlinear nature, their interaction with magnetic fields is hard to analyze. In this work, we introduce an open-source library titled PySQIF that determines the voltage response of the SQUIDs and Bi-SQUIDs in the presence of the external magnetic flux and can determine the design parameter margins by a statistical approach. This library was used to design and fabricate a Bi-SQUID magnetometer. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd
Search for Flavour-Changing Neutral-Current Interactions of a Top Quark and a Gluon in Pp Collisions at Root S=13 Tev With the Atlas Detector
No full textA search is presented for the production of a single top quark via left-handed flavour-changing neutralcurrent (FCNC) interactions of a top quark, a gluon and an up or charm quark. Two production processes are considered: u + g -> t and c + g -> t. The analysis is based on proton-proton collision data taken at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb(-1). Events with exactly one electron or muon, exactly one b-tagged jet and missing transverse momentum are selected, resembling the decay products of a singly produced top quark. Neural networks based on kinematic variables differentiate between events from the two signal processes and events from background processes. The measured data are consistent with the background-only hypothesis, and limits are set on the production cross-sections of the signal processes: sigma(u + g -> t) x B(t -> Wb) x B(W -> l nu) 3.0 pb and sigma(c + g -> t) xB(t -> Wb) xB(W -> l nu) 4.7pb at the 95% confidence level, with B(W -> l nu) = 0.325 being the sum of branching ratios of all three leptonic decay modes of the W boson. Based on the framework of an effective field theory, the cross-section limits are translated into limits on the strengths of the tug and tcg couplings occurring in the theory: vertical bar C-uG(ut)vertical bar Lambda(2) 0.057 TeV-2 and vertical bar C-uG(ct)vertical bar Lambda(2) 0.14 TeV-2. These bounds correspond to limits on the branching ratios of FCNC-induced top-quark decays: B(t -> u + g) 0.61 x 10(-4) and B(t -> c + g) 3.7 x 10(-4).ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, Brazil; FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, Canada; CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, China; MOST, China; NSFC, China; Minciencias, Colombia; MSMT CR, Czech Republic; MPOCR, Czech Republic; VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, France; CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, Germany; HGF, Germany; MPG, Germany; GSRI, Greece; RGC, China; HongKong SAR, China; ISF, Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT, Japan; JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MEiN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; JINR; MES of Russia; NRCKI, Russian Federation; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DSI/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, Switzerland; Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE, United States of America; NSF, United States of America; BCKDF, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; CRC, Canada; COST; ERC; ERDF; Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions; European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex; Investissements d'Avenir Idex; ANR, France; DFG, Germany; AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes - EU-ESF; Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF, Israel; GIF, Israel; Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014-2021, Norway; NCN, Poland; NAWA, Poland; La Caixa Banking Foundation; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya; PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Goran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; Royal Society; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomWe thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; Minciencias, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPOCR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany; GSRI, Greece; RGC and HongKong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MEiN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; JINR; MES of Russia and NRCKI, Russian Federation; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DSI/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, Compute Canada and CRC, Canada; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex, Investissements d'Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014-2021, Norway; NCN and NAWA, Poland; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Goran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, theATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF(Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [99]
The Effects of Pre-Stressed Rods Contoured by Different Bending Techniques on Posterior Instrumentation of L4-L5 Lumbar Spine Segment: a Finite Element Study
No full textPosterior pedicle screw instrumentation (PPSI) is a well-known method in lumbar spine surgery. Understanding how PPSI affects the biomechanics of the lumbar spine is an important issue. In particular, during PPSI operations, surgeons bend rods according to the patients' spinal curvatures based on their own experiences. As a result, residual stresses develop on the rods due to this bending. Although many finite element-based biomechanical studies have been performed for PPSI, studies comparing the effects of residual stresses arising from rod contouring on the construct stresses are lacking. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of residual stress in PPSI using rods contoured with a French bender and an in-situ bender, as well as comparing the differences in stress increment with straight and contoured rods for different physiological motions. Accordingly, a finite element (FE) model of the L4-L5 lumbar spine segment was developed for PPSI and the effects of residual stresses on rods were investigated by using different bending methods. In the simulations, it was found that rods contoured with a French bender with residual stress resulted in significantly more increased stress in PPSI compared to those contoured with an in-situ bender. The results of this study emphasize that increased stress in PPSI due to the residual stresses for different physiological motions may increase the risk of PPSI failures. Additionally, the finite element modeling approach employed here could be used as a fundamental tool for further investigations of topics such as PPSI fatigue life and failure studies