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Co-Existence of Hyperkeratosis of the Nipple and Supernumerary Nipple in a Young Woman: Clinical and Characteristics
No full textAn Analysis of Children’s Books Explaining Abstract Concepts in the Context of Visual Communication
No full textconcepts are one of the topics that are frequently covered in children’s books. The illustrations of the story are as important as the story in conveying these concepts. The aim of this study; is to examine children’s books that tell children about abstract concepts through the process of storytelling. The information from the sources that will provide the examination on the subject of “abstract concept perception in children” will form the scientific basis of the study. In the review of the books, an evaluation will be made in the context of visual communication design elements. At the end of this research, which was carried out in the name of bringing to the literature, a short children’s story study will be carried out based on one of the abstract concepts examined in the sample. © 2023, Ataturk Universitesi. All rights reserved
Identification of Tle Focus From Eeg Signals by Using Deep Learning Approach
No full textTemporal lobe epilepsy, a neurological disease that causes seizures as a result of excessive neural activities in the brain, is the most common type of focal seizure, accounting for 30-35% of all epilepsies. Detection of epilepsy and localization of epileptic focus are essential for treatment planning and epilepsy surgery. Currently, epileptic focus is decided by expert physician by examining the EEG records and determining EEG channel where epileptic patterns begins and continues intensely during seizure. Examination of long EEG recordings is very time-consuming process, requires attention and decision can vary depending on physician. In this study, to assist physicians in detecting epileptic focus side from EEG recordings, a novel deep learning-based computer-aided diagnosis system is presented. In the proposed framework, ictal epochs are detected using long short-term memory network fed with EEG subband features obtained by discrete wavelet transform, and then, epileptic focus identification is realized by using asymmetry score. This algorithm was tested on EEG database obtained from the Ankara University hospital. Experimental results showed ictal and interictal epochs were classified with accuracy of 86.84%, sensitivity of 86.96% and specificity of 89.68% on Ankara University hospital dataset, and 96.67% success rate was obtained on Bonn EEG dataset. In addition, epileptic focus was identified with accuracy of 96.10%, sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 93.80% by using the proposed deep learning-based algorithm and university hospital dataset. These results showed that proposed method can be used properly in clinical applications, epilepsy treatment and surgical planning as a medical decision support system
Sözleşmesel Sorumluluk Bağlamında Kölenin Hukukî Statüsünden Yapay Zekânın Hukukî Statüsüne Bakış
No full textRoma hukuku, sistematik, kavramlar, ilkeler ve kurumlar düzleminde modern hukuku etkilemiştir. Roma hukuku, modern hukukun yapısı, bu yapının nasıl geliştiği ve pratik hayatta nasıl bir yön aldığı hakkında bize bilgi verir. Kıta-Avrupası hukuk sistemi, Roma hukuku temeli üzerine kurulmakla kalmamış, sürekli olarak da ondan beslenmiştir. Roma hukuku metinlerinden günümüze kalan en önemli miraslardan birisi de bu metinlerin bize hukukî düşünüşü öğretmesidir. Zamana meydan okuyan bazı hukukî sorunlar, ekonomik ve toplumsal yapıdaki farklılıklara rağmen, teknik hukuk açısından benzerlikler gösterirler. Romalı hukukçuların bu sorunları nasıl gördükleri ve bunları hangi araçlarla çözüme kavuşturdukları, günümüz hukuk bilimi için büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın hareket noktası, hukuken kişi olarak kabul edilmeyen kölenin akdettiği sözleşmelerden efendisini sorumlu tutan ek davaların yapay zekanın sözleşmesel sorumluluğuna uygulanıp uygulanmayacağı sorusudur
Endülüs Emevi Devletinde Convivencia (bir Arada Yasama) Deneyimi: Madalyonun İki Yüzü: Altin Çag ve Kaos (711-1031)
No full textİslam, Hıristiyan ve Yahudi dünyası için son derece önemli olan Endülüs tarihi, Americo Castro'nun 1948 yılında bir arada yaşamak anlamında ortaya koymuş olduğu "convivencia" terimi ile, Avrupa'da önemli bir noktaya ulaşmıştır. Ancak terimin ortaya çıkması ile, yapılmış olan pek çok çalışmada bir altın çağ ya da tam tersi bir arada yaşama ortamının yanlışlandığı mitolojik bir çağ perspektifleri çoğunlukla hâkim olmaya başlamıştır. Son yıllarda farklı kaynaklarda bahsettiğimiz perspektiflerin ötesine geçmek üzere çalışmalar yapılmış olsada, fark ettiğimiz, tek boyutlu bir bakış açısı ile ilerlenmiş olduğudur. Bu noktada ilk olarak tezimizde Endülüs'ün Emevi hanedanının sonuna kadar olan siyasi süreç ele alınarak konunun daha iyi anlaşılması amaçlanmıştır. Ardından convivencia kavramı ve Endülüs'teki kaos olayları çok boyutlu bir şekilde analiz edilerek mevzubahis çalışmalara katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmamız neticesinde Endülüs Emevi Devletinin bir arada yaşama kavramını pragmatik bir şekilde toplumu kontrol altında tutarak devletin çıkarına kullandığı, altın çağ mı mitoloji mi tartışmasında ne efsanevi bir dönem olduğu ne de sekiz yüz yıllık sorunsuz bir altın çağ olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Altın çağ kavramının Endülüs'teki tüm toplumlar açısından bakıldığında özünde güçlü birkaç yönetici döneminde ortaya çıktığı ve Yahudiler ile sınırlı kaldığı görülmüştür. Son olarak da kaos olaylarının bir arada yaşama kavramını etkilediği ve bu olaylara sebep unsurun ise Arap asabiyeti ve ülkede tetiklediği zincirleme reaksiyonlar olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.The history of Andalusia, which is very important for the Islamic world reached an important point in Europe also with the convivencia period coined by Americo Castro which means coexistence. However, with the emergence of the convivencia period two perspectives emerged in the scholarly studies. A golden age and a mythological age which began to predominate most of the studies we encountered. Although studies in recent years go beyond the perspectives mentioned in different sources have been carried out, we have noticed that progress has been made with a one-dimensional perspective. At this point, our thesis, aimes to better understand our subject by considering the political process of Andalusia until the end of the Umayyad dynasty. Then, the concept of convivencia and the events of chaos in Andalusia were analyzed in a multidimensional way and it was aimed to fill in the missing places in the aforementioned studies. As a result of our study, it has been determined that the al-Andalus used the concept of coexistence pragmatically for the benefit of the state by keeping the society under control and that there was neither a legendary an eight-hundred-year trouble-free golden age period nor a mythological period to debate. When the concept of the golden age is considered for all societies in Andalusia, it is seen that it emerged in the era of a few powerful rulers and the term remained exclusively for the Jews. Finally, it was concluded that the events of chaos affected the concept of coexistence and the factor that caused these events was the Arab tribalism and the chain reactions it triggered in the country
Bi-Rads Categories and Breast Lesions Classification of Mammographic Images Using Artificial Intelligence Diagnostic Models
No full textAccording to BI-RADS criteria, radiologists evaluate mammography images, and breast lesions are classified as malignant or benign. In this retrospective study, an evaluation was made on 264 mammogram images of 139 patients. First, data augmentation was applied, and then the total number of images was increased to 565. Two computer-aided models were then designed to classify breast lesions and BI-RADS categories. The first of these models is the support vector machine (SVM) based model, and the second is the convolutional neural network (CNN) based model. The SVM-based model could classify BI-RADS categories and malignant-benign discrimination with an accuracy rate of 86.42% and 92.59%, respectively. On the other hand, the CNN-based model showed 79.01% and 83.95% accuracy for BI-RADS categories and malignant benign discrimination, respectively. These results showed that a well-designed machine learning-based classification model can give better results than a deep learning model. Additionally, it can be used as a secondary system for radiologists to differentiate breast lesions and BI-RADS lesion categories
Capital Flight and the Real Exchange Rate: Evidence From Resource Scarce Mena Countries
No full textWe analyze the determinants of capital flight in three resource scarce MENA countries namely Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. Our methodology involves both the linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration approaches, with a focus on asymmetric relationships between capital flight and the real exchange rate, to distinguish the impact of real appreciation and depreciation of domestic currency on capital flight. The results based on nonlinear ARDL approach using annual data between 1977 and 2019 indicate that in Egypt, financial openness is negatively related with capital flight, while real depreciation seems to increase it in the long run. Our findings also reveal that the real GDP growth rate, institutional quality as well as inflation are important factors affecting capital flight in Morocco, whereas financial openness and the real exchange rate influence capital flight significantly in Tunisia.We are grateful for the anonymous reviewers for their extremely useful comments and suggestions. This work was sponsored by the Economic Research Forum (ERF) and has benefited from both financial and intellectual support. The contents and recommendations do not necessarily reflect the ERF's views.Economic Research Forum (ERF); Economic Research Forum (ERF
Memristör Modeli Elde Etme ve Gerçek Cihazların Analog Eşik Altı Devrelerde Kullanımı
No full textIt was understood that the memristor could model synapses facilitating transmission between neurons, enabling the creation of artificial neural networks. The use of memristors could simplify the hardware implementation of neural artificial networks, which are otherwise challenging to construct in hardware. Additionally, due to its capacity to provide switching capabilities akin to transistors while occupying less space and consuming lower energy, memristors are envisaged for use in circuits where transistors are currently employed for switching purposes. This positioning has rendered memristors significant in the field of neuromorphic engineering. One of the bio-inspired circuits where memristors could be employed is the central pattern generator (CPG) circuit, introduced by Nakada et al. This circuit, akin to neurological patterns in animals' brains, generates signals for rhythmic movements like walking, running, and breathing. Transistors in this circuit operate in subthreshold regions and consume minimal energy. Köymen highlighted the advantages of incorporating memristors in this circuit. Measurements have been taken from memristors which in two different structures: Au/TiO2/TiO2-x/Au and Pt/TiO2/TiO2-x/Pt. These results have been analyzed. Accurate simulations are essential for the effective integration of the produced devices into circuits. Accurate simulations, in turn, necessitate a proper modeling of the fabricated devices. In this thesis, SPICE and Verilog-A models were derived for the generated devices, using curve fitting, phenomenological modeling, parametric analysis and utilizing equations from the quasi-static memdiode (QMM) model introduced by Saludes-Tapia et al. due to its similar behavior. Subsequently, the utilization of these models within circuits was investigated. The effects of serial and parallel connections, depending on the circuit's nature, were explored. They were applied to both CPG and the CPG's constituent HCO circuits, and their impacts were assessed. Following the memristor-embedded circuit simulations, layouts for the circuits were created. An optimization process was performed to fit these layouts into an even smaller area, revealing the potential for further reduction in size for these circuits.Memristörün nöronlar arasındaki iletimi sağlayan sinapsları modelleyebileceği ve bu özelliğini kullanarak yapay nöral ağlar kurulabileceği anlaşılmıştır. Donanımsal olarak kurulması bir hayli zor olan nöral yapay ağların, memristörlerin kullanılmasıyla donanımsal şekilde uygulanması kolaylaşır. Aynı zamanda transistörlerin sağladığı anahtarlama özelliğini sağlayabilmesi, daha az yer kaplaması ve daha düşük enerji ile çalışması sayesinde transistörlerin anahtarlama özelliği ile yer aldığı devrelerde kullanılabileceği öngörülmüştür. Bundan dolayı nöromorfik mühendislik açısından memristörler önemli bir konuma gelmiştir. Memristörün kullanılabileceği biyo-esinli devrelerden biri de Nakada v.d. tarafından ortaya konan CPG devresidir. Bu devre normalde hayvanların beyninde nörolojik olarak bulunan ve yürüme, koşma, nefes alma gibi ritmik hareketlerin sinyallerini üreten merkezi patern oluşturucu devresidir. Bu devrede transistörler eşik altı bölgede çalışırlar ve az enerji tüketirler. Köymen tarafından bu devrede memristörlerin kullanılmasının faydaları ortaya konmuştur. Au/TiO2/TiO2-x/Au ve Pt/TiO2/TiO2-x/Pt yapılarındaki iki farklı üretimi tamamlanmış memristörlerden ölçümler alınmıştır ve bu sonuçlar incelenmiştir. Üretilen cihazların devrelerde kullanabilmesi için isabetli simülasyonlar gerekir ve isabetli simülasyonlar için de üretilen cihazların iyi modellenmesi gerekir. Bu tez çalışmasında üretilen cihazların, eğri uydurma, fenomenolojik modelleme, parametrik analiz ve benzer davranış sergilemesi açısından Saludes-Tapia v.d. tarafından ortaya konan yarı statik memdiyot (QMM) modelinin denklemlerinden faydalanılarak, SPICE ve Verilog-A modelleri elde edilmiştir. Ardından bu modellerin devre içindeki kullanımları araştırılmıştır. Devrenin özelliğine göre seri veya paralel bağlanmalarının asıl etkiler göstereceği incelenmiştir. CPG ve CPG'nin içinde bulunan HCO devrelerinde kullanılmış ve etkileri incelenmiştir. Devrelerin memristörlü simülasyonları yapıldıktan sonra üretilmek için devrelerin layoutları yapılmıştır ve bu layoutların daha da küçük bir alana sığması için optimizasyon çalışması yapılmıştır ve bu devrelerin küçültülebileceği ortaya koyulmuştur
A Genealogy of the Concept of Civilization (medeniyet) in Ottoman Political Thought: A Homegrown Perception?
No full textSince the first translation of the concept of civilization into Turkish as medeniyet in 1837 by Sadik Rifat Pasha, the then Ottoman Ambassador to Vienna, this coinage has turned out to be an essential component of Turkish modernization. This paper aims to establish a genealogy of the concept of medeniyet to demonstrate the divergences of Ottoman perceptions in different periods throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It argues that civilization was first perceived by a group of Ottoman intellectuals as a tool to reach an ideal state of being (c. 1840-1860). The next generation of Ottoman intellectuals (c. 1860-1890) defined civilization as the ideal state of being, yet they had different views on the concept, particularly concerning the distinction between material and moral elements of civilization. Finally, the third generation of Ottoman intellectuals (c. 1890-1920), whose thoughts were more or less crystallized under three broad political currents labeled as Westernism, Islamism, and Turkism, had different and sometimes contradicting perceptions of civilization based on their political outlooks. By referring to the writings of these intellectuals, the paper will discuss central debates on civilization in the late Ottoman Empire, such as the singularity/plurality of civilization(s), the existence of Islamic civilization as an alternative to European civilization, the degree of importing from European civilization, and the distinction between culture and civilization. Moreover, it argues that the Turkish perception of medeniyet is different from the European perception of civilization ; in other words, while the Ottoman perception of the concept of civilization is not homeborn, it is homegrown. Accordingly, Ottoman intellectuals not only divided the material and moral elements of civilization and opted for importing the former, but they also questioned the singularity and supremacy of European civilization by referring to Islamic civilization either as an extinct yet once-present form of civilization or as a potential rival to European civilization