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SARS-COV-2 Spike Proteininin Evrimsel Yollarının Değişebilirlik Haritaları ile Tahmini
No full textViruses are known as infectious agents and can cause diseases and deaths in humans. Although vaccines and drugs have been developed to prevent these effects, mutations occurring in the genetic structures of viruses may enable them to acquire characteristics such as evading the immune system and binding more effectively to host cells, thereby becoming resistant to existing treatments. The global COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the necessity of monitoring and predicting genetic changes in the virus quickly, reliably, and effectively as new SARS-CoV-2 variants emerge. Developing new drugs and vaccines that match the virus's updated genetic content is costly and time-consuming. Therefore, predicting possible mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome and their potential effects before they occur, and taking the necessary precautions, is of great importance. In this thesis, the aim is to study the evolutionary process of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19 pandemic, and to predict significant future mutations. To achieve this, genetic sequences of the spike protein region, which is responsible for the virus infecting human cells, were first obtained from the GISAID database. These sequences were then aligned using various multiple sequence alignment methods (such as Clustal Omega, MAFFT, and T-Coffee). Subsequently, these alignments were used to calculate mutability scores for each amino acid based on different scoring functions (such as Karlin, Sander, Valdar, etc.). By examining the correlation between the obtained scores, regions of the virus that are either conserved or prone to change were identified. Using the calculated mutability scores and experimental mutation rates, potential future mutations were predicted through a random walk method. The studies conducted in this thesis are expected to contribute to the prediction of the evolutionary trajectory of the SARS-CoV-2.Virüsler, bulaşıcı ajanlar olarak insanlarda hastalıklara ve ölümlere yol açabilmektedir. Bu olumsuz etkileri önlemek için aşılar ve ilaçlar geliştirilmiş olsa da virüsün genetik yapısında meydana gelen mutasyonlar sebebiyle virüs, bağışıklık sisteminden kaçma ve konak hücreye daha iyi bağlanma gibi özellikler kazanarak tedavilere karşı dirençli hale gelebilir. Küresel COVID-19 pandemisi, yeni SARS-CoV-2 varyantları ortaya çıktıkça virüsün genetik materyalinde meydana gelen değişikliklerin hızlı, güvenilir ve etkili bir şekilde izlenmesi ve tahmin edilmesi gerekliliğini ortaya koymuştur. Virüsün yeni genetik yapısına uygun ilaç ve aşıların geliştirilmesi maliyetli ve zaman alıcıdır. Bu nedenle, SARS-CoV-2'nin genomunda meydana gelebilecek mutasyonları ve bu mutasyonların etkilerini henüz gerçekleşmeden önce tahmin etmek ve gerekli önlemleri almak kritik önem taşımaktadır. Bu tezde, COVID-19 pandemisine yol açan SARS-CoV-2 virüsünün evrimsel süreci incelenmiş ve gelecekte meydana gelebilecek önemli mutasyonların tahmin edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, öncelikle virüsün insan hücrelerini enfekte etmesinden sorumlu Spike (S) proteini bölgesine ait gen dizileri GISAID veri tabanından temin edilmiş ve ardından bu diziler çeşitli çoklu hizalama yöntemleri (Clustal Omega, MAFFT, TCoffee, vb.) ile hizalanmıştır. Daha sonra bu hizalamalar, çeşitli skor fonksiyonları (Karlin, Sander, Valder, vb.) kullanılarak her bir amino asit için değişebilirlik skorları hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen değişebilirlik skorları arasındaki korelasyon analiz edilerek S proteininde korunmaya ve değişmeye yatkın bölgeler belirlenmiştir. Hesaplanan değişebilirlik skorları ve deneysel mutasyon oranı kullanılarak, rastgele yürüyüş yöntemi ile gelecekte meydana gelebilecek mutasyonlar tahmin edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın, SARS-CoV-2 virüsünün evrimsel dinamiklerinin anlaşılmasına katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir
Measurements of WH and ZH Production with Higgs Boson Decays into Bottom Quarks and Direct Constraints on the Charm Yukawa Coupling in 13 TeV pp Collisions with the ATLAS Detector
No full textRompotis, Nikolaos/0000-0003-2577-1875A study of the Higgs boson decaying into bottom quarks (H -> b (b) over bar) and charm quarks (H -> c (c) over bar) is performed, in the associated production channel of the Higgs boson with a W or Z boson, using 140 fb(-1) of proton-proton collision data at root s = 13 TeV collected by the ATLAS detector. The individual production of WH and ZH with H -> b (b) over bar is established with observed (expected) significances of 5.3 (5.5) and 4.9 (5.6) standard deviations, respectively. Differential cross-section measurements of the gauge boson transverse momentum within the simplified template cross-section framework are performed in a total of 13 kinematical fiducial regions. The search for the H -> c (c) over bar decay yields an observed (expected) upper limit at 95% confidence level of 11.5 (10.6) times the Standard Model prediction. The results are also used to set constraints on the charm coupling modifier, resulting in vertical bar kappa(c)vertical bar 4.2 at 95% confidence level. Combining the H -> b(b)over bar> and H -> c (c) over bar measurements constrains the absolute value of the ratio of Higgs-charm and Higgs-bottom coupling modifiers (vertical bar kappa(c)/kappa(b)vertical bar) to be less than 3.6 at 95% confidence level.ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW; FWF, Austria; ANAS; CNPq; FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC; CFI, Canada; NSFC, China; MEYS CR, Czech Republic; DNRF; DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS; CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; BMBF; MPG, Germany; RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT; JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MSSR, Slovakia; SRC; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSTC, Taipei; STFC/UKRI, United Kingdom; DOE; NSF, United States of America; BCKDF; CANARIE; CRC; DRAC, Canada; FORTE; PRIMUS, Czech Republic; ERC; ERDF; Marie Skodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex, Investissements d'Avenir Idex; ANR, France; DFG; AvH Foundation, Germany - EU-ESF; Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF; NCN; La Caixa Banking Foundation; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya; PROMETEO [CIDEGENT/2019/027]; Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Goran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; Royal Society [NIF-R1-231091, ECA DE-AC02-76SF00515]; Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; Armenia: Yerevan Physics Institute (FAPERJ); CERN: European Organization for Nuclear Research; Chile: Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (FONDECYT) [1230812]; FONDECYT [1240864]; China: Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology [MOST-2023YFA1605700, MOST-2023YFA1609300]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [NSFC - 12175119, NSFC 12275265, NSFC-12075060]; Czech Republic: Czech Science Foundation [GACR - 24-11373S]; Ministry of Education Youth and Sports [FORTE CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004632]; PRIMUS Research Programme [PRIMUS/21/SCI/017]; EU [ERC - 101002463]; European Union: European Research Council [ERC - 948254, 101089007, MUCCA - CHIST-ERA-19-XAI-00]; European Union [FAIR-NextGenerationEU PE00000013]; France: Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR-20-CE31-0013, ANR-21-CE31-0013, ANR-21-CE31-0022, ANR-22-EDIR-0002]; Investissements d'Avenir Labex; Germany: Baden-Wurttemberg Stiftung; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [DFG - 469666862]; Ministero dell'Universita e della Ricerca [20223N7F8K - PNRR M4.C2.1.1]; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS KAKENHI) [JP22H01227, JP22H04944, JP22KK0227, RCN-314472, 9722]; Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange [PPN/PPO/2020/1/00002/U/00001]; Polish National Science Centre [NCN 2021/42/E/ST2/00350]; NCN OPUS [2022/47/B/ST2/03059, UMO-2020/37/B/ST2/01043, UMO-2021/40/C/ST2/00187, UMO-2022/47/O/ST2/00148, UMO-2023/49/B/ST2/04085, UMO-2023/51/B/ST2/00920]; Slovenian Research Agency [J1-3010]; Spain: Generalitat Valenciana; FEDER [IDIFEDER/2018/048, NextGenEU PCI2022-135018-2]; MICIN FEDER [PID2021-125273NB, RYC2019-028510-I, RYC2020-030254-I, RYC2021-031273-I, RYC2022-038164-I]; Swedish Research Council (Swedish Research Council) [2023-04654, VR 2018-00482, VR 2022-03845, VR 2022-04683, VR 2023-03403]; VR [2021-03651]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation [KAW 2018.0157, KAW 2018.0458, KAW 2019.0447, SNSF - PCEFP2_194658]; United Kingdom: Leverhulme Trust (Leverhulme Trust) [RPG-2020-004]; Neubauer Family FoundationWe gratefully acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; Minciencias, Colombia; MEYS CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany; GSRI, Greece; RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MSTDI, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARIS and MVZI, Slovenia; DSI/NRF, South Africa; MICIU/AEI, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSTC, Taipei; TENMAK, Turkiye; STFC/UKRI, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. Individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, CRC and DRAC, Canada; CERN-CZ, FORTE and PRIMUS, Czech Republic; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, ICSC-NextGenerationEU and Marie Skodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex, Investissements d'Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and MINERVA, Israel; NCN and NAWA, Poland; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Goran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. In addition, individual members wish to acknowledge support from Armenia: Yerevan Physics Institute (FAPERJ); CERN: European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN PJAS); Chile: Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (FONDECYT 1230812, FONDECYT 1230987, FONDECYT 1240864); China: Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST-2023YFA1605700, MOST-2023YFA1609300), National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC - 12175119, NSFC 12275265, NSFC-12075060); Czech Republic: Czech Science Foundation (GACR - 24-11373S), Ministry of Education Youth and Sports (FORTE CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004632), PRIMUS Research Programme (PRIMUS/21/SCI/017); EU: H2020 European Research Council (ERC - 101002463); European Union: European Research Council (ERC - 948254, ERC 101089007), Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (MUCCA - CHIST-ERA-19-XAI-00), European Union, Future Artificial Intelligence Research (FAIR-NextGenerationEU PE00000013), Italian Center for High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing (ICSC, NextGenerationEU); France: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-20-CE31-0013, ANR-21-CE31-0013, ANR-21-CE31-0022, ANR-22-EDIR-0002), Investissements d'Avenir Labex (ANR-11-LABX-0012); Germany: Baden-Wurttemberg Stiftung (BW Stiftung-Postdoc Eliteprogramme), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG - 469666862, DFG - CR 312/5-2); Italy: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (ICSC, NextGenerationEU), Ministero dell'Universita e della Ricerca (PRIN - 20223N7F8K - PNRR M4.C2.1.1); Japan: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS KAKENHI JP22H01227, JSPS KAKENHI JP22H04944, JSPS KAKENHI JP22KK0227, JSPS KAKENHI JP23KK0245); Netherlands: Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO Veni 2020 - VI.Veni.202.179); Norway: Research Council of Norway (RCN-314472); Poland: Ministry of Science and Higher Education (IDUB AGH, POB8, D4 no 9722), Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (PPN/PPO/2020/1/00002/U/00001), Polish National Science Centre (NCN 2021/42/E/ST2/00350, NCN OPUS nr 2022/47/B/ST2/03059, NCN UMO-2019/34/E/ST2/00393, NCN ; H2020 MSCA 945339, UMO-2020/37/B/ST2/01043, UMO-2021/40/C/ST2/00187, UMO-2022/47/O/ST2/00148, UMO-2023/49/B/ST2/04085, UMO-2023/51/B/ST2/00920); Slovenia: Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS grant J1-3010); Spain: Generalitat Valenciana (Artemisa, FEDER, IDIFEDER/2018/048), Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN ; NextGenEU PCI2022-135018-2, MICIN ; FEDER PID2021-125273NB, RYC2019-028510-I, RYC2020-030254-I, RYC2021-031273-I, RYC2022-038164-I), PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2019/027); Sweden: Carl Trygger Foundation (Carl Trygger Foundation CTS 22:2312), Swedish Research Council (Swedish Research Council 2023-04654, VR 2018-00482, VR 2022-03845, VR 2022-04683, VR 2023-03403, VR grant 2021-03651), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW 2018.0157, KAW 2018.0458, KAW 2019.0447, KAW 2022.0358); Switzerland: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF - PCEFP2_194658); United Kingdom: Leverhulme Trust (Leverhulme Trust RPG-2020-004), Royal Society (NIF-R1-231091); United States of America: U.S. Department of Energy (ECA DE-AC02-76SF00515), Neubauer Family Foundation
Design Optimization of a Multi-Layer Aircraft Canopy Transparency Plate Against Bird Strike
No full textBird strikes in aviation affect flight safety and can lead to financial losses or even fatalities. In this study, a machine learning based optimization approach is used to carry out design optimization of a canopy transparency plate for a fighter aircraft against bird strike. The canopy plate is designed to have a multi-layered structure such that polycarbonate (PC) and stretched polymethyl methacrylate (SPMMA) materials are laminated with a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) adhesive. To model PC and SPMMA materials, the Johnson-Cook material model is used. A finite element model is generated for the canopy plate subject to bird strike test conditions, and the lightest structure that provides good collusion performance is investigated. For this purpose, a training data set is created with the Latin hypercube sampling method and a support vector machine (SVM) model that could predict the collision outcome is created. Using the constructed SVM model, optimization is made using genetic algorithm and the optimum transparency design is determined. Finally, the optimum design is subjected to bird strike tests for validation. It is found that the optimum transparency design successfully satisfies the test requirements.The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK)The authors acknowledge the Turkish Aerospace Industries, Inc. for sharing the material parameters. The authors also acknowledge the Roketsan Missile Industries, Inc. for sharing their gas gun test system facility
Farklı Mekanik Özelliklere Sahip Kafes Yapıların Homojenizasyon Yöntemi ile Eşdeğer Katı Modellemesi
No full textKafes hücreler hafif ve düşük ağırlıklı olmalarının yanı sıra yüksek mukavemet ve enerji emme özelliklerine sahip, farklı mekanik davranış özelliği gösterebilen birbirine bağlı çubuk elemanlarına sahip özel yapılardır. Karmaşık geometrilerinden dolayı kafes yapılarla oluşturulan tasarımların, sonlu eleman analizleri süre ve işlemci gücü göz önünde bulundurulduğunda zahmetli ve pahalı olmaktadır. Bu sebeple homojenizasyon yöntemleri ile kafes hücrelerin efektif özellikleri belirlenerek analizler için gerekli maliyet azaltılabilmektedir. Ayrıca, her bir kafes hücre kübik simetriye sahip olsa da her yönde aynı mekanik davranışa sahip olmayacağından izotropik özellik göstermemektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, biri izotropik olmayan bir diğeri ise izotropik efektif özelliklere sahip iki adet kafes hücre türünün, eşdeğer katı modellerinin izotropik özelliklerle oluşturulduğunda sonlu elemanlar analizleri sonuçlarında meydana gelen farkı inceleyen bir çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kullanılan kafes birim hücreler izotropik olmayan özelliklere sahip Hacim Merkezli Kübik (HMK) ve izotropik özelliklere sahip Yüzey ve Basit Merkezli Kübik (YBMK) hücrelerdir. Bu çalışmada, kafes birim hücre yapıların mekanik özelliklerini tanımlamak için ele alınan eşdeğer mekanik özellikler sırasıyla eşdeğer elastisite modülü, eşdeğer kesme modülü ve eşdeğer Poisson oranıdır. HMK ve YBMK kafes hücrelerin bu efektif özellikleri, farklı çubuk çapları ve hücre uzunluklarında modellemeler sonucu homojenizasyon yöntemi ile belirlenerek, efektif özelliklerin çubuk çapının hücre uzunluğuna oranı arasındaki ilişki modellenmiştir. Bu ilişki modellemelerinde regresyon ve yapay sinir ağı modelleri kullanılarak, iki farklı sayısal tahmin yönteminin tahmin performansları incelenmiştir. Sayısal tahmin yöntemlerinin sonuçları, sonlu elemanlar analizleri sonuçları ile karşılaştırılarak doğrulanmıştır. Ayrıca, sayısal tahmin yöntemlerinden tahmin edilen efektif özellik değerleri kullanılarak bir basma testi numunesinin eşdeğer katı modeli oluşturulmuş ve bu modelin sonlu elemanlar analizi sonuçlarının detaylı kafes yapı modeli analiz sonuçları ile tutarlılığı gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda, izotropik olmayan HMK hücre için izotropik efektif özelliklerle oluşturulan eş değer katı modelinin doğru sonuçlar vermediği, izotropik olan YBMK hücre için ise izotropik efektif özelliklerle oluşturulan katı modelinin doğru sonuçlar verdiği ve regresyon yöntemi ile eşdeğer mekanik özelliklerin farklı çap ve uzunluktaki kafes hücreler için yüksek doğrulukta eşdeğer mekanik özelliklerin tahmin edilebileceği gösterilmiştir.Lattice cells are unique structures with interconnected strut elements that exhibit different mechanical behaviors, possessing high strength and energy absorption properties while being light and low in weight. Due to their complex geometries, finite element analysis of lattice designs is expensive in terms of time and processing power. Therefore, by homogenization methods, the effective properties of the lattice cells can be determined and the cost required for the analysis can be reduced. Even if each lattice cell has cubic symmetry, it does not have the same mechanical behavior in all directions, which means that it is not isotropic. In this study, a comparison was made between the results of finite element analysis when the equivalent solid models are created using isotropic effective properties for two types of lattice cells, one with non-isotropic and the other with isotropic effective properties. These lattice unit cells are Body Centered Cubic (BCC) with non-isotropic properties and Face- and Simple-Centered Cubic (FSCC) cells with isotropic properties. The equivalent mechanical properties considered to define the mechanical properties of lattice unit cells are the equivalent elasticity modulus, equivalent shear modulus and equivalent Poisson's ratio. The effective properties of BCC and FSCC lattice cells were determined using the homogenization method based on models with different strut diameters and cell lengths, and the relationship between the effective properties and the ratio of the strut diameter to cell length was modeled. In these relationship modeling processes, regression and artificial neural networks were used and the prediction performances of these two methods were examined. The results of these methods were verified by comparing them with the results of finite element analyses. In addition, an equivalent solid model of a compression test specimen was created using the effective property values predicted by the numerical prediction methods, and the consistency of the finite element analysis results of this model with the analysis results of the detailed lattice structure model was demonstrated. As a result of this study, it was shown that the equivalent solid model created with isotropic effective properties for the non-isotropic BCC cell did not yield accurate results, while the solid model created with isotropic effective properties for the isotropic FSCC cell gave accurate results and that equivalent mechanical properties could be predicted with high accuracy for lattice cells with different diameters and lengths using the regression method
Güncel Mimarlıkta Yeni Teknolojilerin Mimari Tasarım, Üretim ve Mimarın Rolüne Etkisi; Mimarlıkta Değişen Düşünce Setleri
No full textMimarlık, teknolojik, sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel dönüşümler tarafından sürekli olarak şekillenen ve evrim geçiren bir disiplindir. Bu dönüşümler, mimari süreçleri yeniden tanımlarken, bu gelişmelerin mimari düşünce ve pratiği nasıl etkilediğini incelemek önemli hale gelmektedir. Bu çalışma, düşünce setleri kavramını ele alarak, bu bilişsel ve metodolojik çerçevelerin güncel mimari tasarım, üretim süreçleri ve mimarın rolünü nasıl yeniden tanımlayabileceğini araştırmaktadır. Düşünce setlerinin oluşumu ve evrimi incelenerek, çağdaş mimari yöntemler ve mesleki pratikler üzerindeki olası etkilerini eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirmek amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırma, çağdaş düşünce setlerinin entegrasyonunun mimarlıkta bir paradigma değişimi mi yoksa mevcut metodolojilerin bir evrimi mi olduğunu irdelemektedir. Bu çalışma, çok katmanlı bir araştırma metodolojisi benimseyerek kapsamlı bir literatür taraması, paradigma değişimlerinin kronolojik haritalandırılması ve deneysel bir vaka çalışmasını içeren bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır. Literatür taraması, düşünce setlerinin kuramsal temellerini ortaya koyarak, bu kavramın tarihsel gelişimini ve tasarım metodolojileri üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. Kronolojik haritalandırma yöntemi, düşünce setlerinin evrimindeki kritik dönüm noktalarını belirleyerek, mimari pratik üzerindeki dönüştürücü etkilerini anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Deneysel vaka çalışması ise, TOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi Mimarlık Bölümü'nde yürütülen 'st1 | y ı k ı m e k i b i' Mimari Tasarım Stüdyosu bağlamında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda, önerilen yeni tasarım dili ve çağdaş mimari düşünce seti pratikte ele alınmış ve tasarım metodolojileri üzerindeki etkileri test edilmiştir. Çalışma, önerilen düşünce setinin doğrusal olmayan beş aşamalı bir süreç olarak nasıl yapılandırıldığını ve mimari düşünme ile mekânsal üretimi nasıl yeniden tanımlayabileceğini incelemektedir. Bu çerçevede, önerilen düşünce setinin mimari tasarım süreçlerine nasıl yön verdiği analiz edilerek, yenilikçi, uyarlanabilir ve teknoloji odaklı çerçeveler aracılığıyla çağdaş mimari metodolojilerin yeniden yapılandırılmasına ilişkin ampirik bulgular sunulmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, bu çalışma çağdaş düşünce setlerinin geleneksel sınırlamaları aşma potansiyelini ele alarak, mimari tasarıma daha dinamik ve süreç odaklı bir yaklaşım kazandırabileceğini tartışmaktadır. Önerilen beş aşamalı düşünce seti modeli, mikro kuram, düşüncenin temsili, olanakların araştırılması, mimari program ve ölçek, mekânın üretimi gibi temel bileşenleri içeren yapılandırılmış ancak esnek bir metodoloji sunmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu model, mimari pratiğin kapsamını geleneksel yöntemlerin ötesine taşıyarak, tasarımı keşif odaklı ve disiplinlerarası bir süreç olarak konumlandırmayı ve gelişen teknolojik ve kavramsal değişimlere yanıt verebilen bir çerçeve oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır. Kesin ve sabit bir çerçeve sunmak yerine, bu araştırma evrimsel bir bakış açısı önererek, gelecekteki çalışmalar ve tartışmalara katkı sağlayabilecek esnek bir perspektif sunmaktadır. Düşünce setlerini kavramsal ve metodolojik bir temel olarak ele alan bu çalışma, dijitalleşmenin mimari tasarım süreçleri üzerindeki etkisini eleştirel bir yaklaşımla değerlendirerek, dijital çağda mimarlığın yönelimleri hakkında yeni sorular ortaya koymayı ve mimari düşünce ile pratiğin geleceğine ilişkin ilerici bir söyleme katkıda bulunabilir.Architecture is a continuously evolving discipline shaped by technological, social, economic, and cultural transformations. As technological, social, economic, and cultural transformations reshape architectural processes, it becomes essential to examine how these developments influence architectural thought and practice. This study explores the concept of thinking sets—cognitive and methodological frameworks that may redefine contemperory architectural design, production, and the architect's role. By investigating the formation and evolution of thinking sets, the research aims to provide a critical understanding of their potential impact on contemporary architectural methodologies and professional practices. The research explores whether integrating contemperory thinking sets represents a paradigm shift in architecture or an evolution of existing methodologies. The study employs a multifaceted research methodology, integrating a comprehensive literature review, chronological mapping of paradigm shifts, and an experimental case study within the 'st1 | y ı k ı m e k i b i' Architectural Design Studio at TOBB University of Economics and Technology. The literature review establishes the theoretical foundation of thinking sets, exploring their historical development and influence on design methodologies. The chronological mapping method identifies key turning points in the evolution of thinking sets, providing insights into their transformative impact on architectural practice. The case study examines the proposed new design language and contemporary architectural thinking set in practice, testing its implications on design methodologies within the 'st1 | y ı k ı m e k i b i' Architectural Design Studio at TOBB University of Economics and Technology. This experimental framework explores how the proposed thinking set, structured as a non-linear five-phase process, redefines architectural cognition and spatial productionBy analyzing how this proposed thinking set influenced architectural design processes, the study provides empirical insights into how contemporary architectural methodologies can be restructured through innovative, adaptive, and technology-driven frameworks. Furthermore, this study examines the potential of contemporary thinking sets to challenge traditional constraints, fostering a more dynamic, process-oriented approach to architectural design. The proposed five-phase thinking set model aims to provide a structured yet adaptable methodology for engaging with micro theory, representation of thought, search for possibilities, architectural program and size, and production of space. This approach can expand the scope of architectural practice beyond conventional methods, positioning design as an exploratory and interdisciplinary process that responds to emerging technological and conceptual challenges. Rather than presenting a definitive framework, this research proposes an evolving perspective that can inform future studies and discussions on how architects may critically engage with digital advancements. By situating thinking sets as a conceptual and methodological foundation, the study can contributing to a progressive discourse on the future of architectural thought and practice by raisingnew questions about architecture's trajectory in the digital age
Dialoxygenation: a Preclinical Trial for Transforming the Artificial Kidney Into an Oxygenator
No full textBEDIR, ESRA/0000-0002-7416-0256; karacanoglu, dilek/0009-0001-9062-345X; Duran Durmus, Hatice/0000-0001-6203-3906Critically ill patients sometimes require tandem application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) which is easier and cheaper. We aimed to transform the kidney membrane into a lung membrane by adding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to the dialysate as the oxygen source. A solution containing H2O2 and a dialysate fluid mixture was used as the final dialysate. Starting with 100% H2O2 solution and gradually reducing the volume of H2O2, respectively: 50%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, and 1%. PRISMAFLEX system, Prismaflex M60 set and a bag of packed red blood cells (pRBCs) were the prototype. blood flow rate was about 40 ml/minute and the dialysis rate was about 200 ml/m2/minute/1.73 m2. blood sampling times were; at the beginning (T0), at 15th (T1), 30th (T2), 60th (T3) minutes. Amongst eight attempts H2O2 concentration that increased the partial oxygen pressure (pO2) level significantly in a reasonable period, without any bubbles, was 3%. Methemoglobinemia was not observed in any trial. After the test with 3%, H2O2 in the dialysate fluid decreased progressively without any H2O2 detection at post-membrane blood. Three percent H2O2 solution is sufficient and safe for oxygenation in CRRT systems. With this new oxy-dialysate solution, both pulmonary and renal replacement can be possible via a single membrane in a simpler manner
Rare Trigeminovascular Signs During Migraine Attack
No full textSevere headache and physical findings in the face and neck area may imply serious intracranial pathology and warrant further investigations including laboratory tests and imaging. We present two migraine cases with unusual trigeminovascular cutaneous findings (i.e., periorbital bruising and facial swelling). Recognition of these rare manifestations of migraine may help the clinician in differential diagnosis and prevent unnecessary investigations. A pathophysiological discussion of these signs is provided
ECG Signal Analysis for Detection and Diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Leveraging Deep Learning and Machine Learning Techniques
No full textBackground: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious psychiatric condition that can lead to severe anxiety, depression, and cardiovascular complications if left untreated. Early and accurate diagnosis is critical. This study aims to develop and evaluate an artificial intelligence-based classification system using electrocardiogram (ECG) signals for the detection of PTSD. Methods: Raw ECG signals were transformed into time-frequency images using Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) to generate 2D scalogram representations. These images were classified using deep learning-based convolutional neural networks (CNNs), including AlexNet, GoogLeNet, and ResNet50. In parallel, statistical features were extracted directly from the ECG signals and used in traditional machine learning (ML) classifiers for performance comparison. Four different segment lengths (5 s, 10 s, 15 s, and 20 s) were tested to assess their effect on classification accuracy. Results: Among the tested models, ResNet50 achieved the highest classification accuracy of 94.92%, along with strong MCC, sensitivity, specificity, and precision metrics. The best performance was observed with 5-s signal segments. Deep learning (DL) models consistently outperformed traditional ML approaches. The area under the curve (AUC) for ResNet50 reached 0.99, indicating excellent classification capability. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that CNN-based models utilizing time-frequency representations of ECG signals can effectively classify PTSD with high accuracy. Segment length significantly influences model performance, with shorter segments providing more reliable results. The proposed method shows promise for non-invasive, ECG-based diagnostic support in PTSD detection
Information Is Essential for Competitive and Cost-Effective Public Procurement
No full textPublic authorities promote transparent public procurement practices to increase competition and reduce public procurement costs. In this article, we focus on public procurement of the European Union (EU). We employ a multidisciplinary approach to analyse economic effects of information in public procurement. We quantify the information content of 2,390,630 EU public procurement notices published in 22 different languages using natural language processing techniques. Subsequently, we examine the impact of the information content on public procurement outcomes. We find that higher information levels have significant positive effects. Competition is considerably higher when notices contain more information. On average, contract prices would be 6%–8% lower if notices were to contain adequate information. EU governments could save up to (Formula presented.) 80 billion if all public procurement notices were to have detailed information. Based on our comprehensive analysis, we believe that authorities should regulate the information content of notices to promote competition and cost-effectiveness in public procurement. © The Author(s) 2022.Scientific Research Council of Turkey; Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, TÜBİTAK, (119K986); Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, TÜBİTA
Assessment of the External Construct Validity of the Brief International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health Core Set for Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease in a Turkish Population
No full textObjectives: This study aimed to validate the Brief International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) Core Set for chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD) in a Turkish patient population, identifying the most common problems in ICF categories and testing its construct validity. Patients and methods: A total of 85 patients (28 males, 57 females; mean age: 64.4±12.2 years; range, 37 to 88 years) diagnosed with CIHD who were referred to our cardiac rehabilitation outpatient clinic were included in the cross-sectional study between February 2014 and August 2015. Brief ICF Core Set for CIHD, which includes 36 second-level categories, was used to assess the most common impairments. Correlations between these impairments and various clinical assessment scales were analyzed to test construct validity. Results: The most impaired categories in body functions were heart functions, blood pressure functions, exercise tolerance functions, blood vessel functions, sensations associated with cardiovascular and respiratory functions, and energy and drive functions. In the body structure component, the structure of the cardiovascular system was identified as a problem in 97.6% of patients. The activities and participation component revealed that moving around, remunerative employment, and carrying out daily routines were frequently problematic. All of the environmental factors were identified as both barriers and facilitators. Significant correlations were found between these categories and various clinical assessment scales. Conclusion: The Brief ICF Core Set for CIHD is a valid tool for assessing the multifaceted impact of CIHD in a Turkish patient population. This validation supports its use for comprehensive, patient-centered evaluations in clinical settings, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach to managing CIHD