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Intelligent systems for defect monitoring and diagnosis in the body shop of a automotive assembly line
No full textMestrado de dupla diplomação com a UTFPR - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do ParanáThis study investigates data analysis techniques and the development of two analytical tools in the openZDM project for the body shop and final assembly measurement stations of a automotive industry plant. These systems were designed to generate quality information, helping the industry to achieve the Zero Defect Manufacturing (ZDM) goals. The use case section provides essential background for understanding the nuances and limitations of the case study. Next sections devised the tools to apply the Zero Defect Manufac-
turing strategies, firstly the proposed rule-based monitoring framework, which enables quick adaptation of context-specific and general rules for statistical, trend, and Machine Learning based monitoring. Two micro-services serve as the diagnostic tool, evaluating the car and measurement quality while classifying defects, and generating their causes, consequences, and process implications. The tests carried out demonstrated the system’s effectiveness in handling a high-frequency data environment having a processing time 30
times faster than the required by the use case, and offering reliable outputs for proactive decision-making. The tools development was a collaborative effort within the industry partners, this concern with the operator comfort reinforces mainly the adaptation to the existing industrial process.Este estudo investiga técnicas de análise de dados e o desenvolvimento de duas ferramentas de analise de dados no projeto openZDM para as estações de medição da montagem final e da funilaria em uma fábrica automotiva. Esses sistemas foram projetados para gerar informações de qualidade, ajudando a indústria a alcançar os objetivos do Zero Defect Manufacturing (ZDM). A seção do caso de estudo fornece o contexto essencial para compreender as nuances e limitações do estudo de caso. As próximas seções detalham
as ferramentas aplicadas para implementar as estratégias de ZDM, começando com o framework de monitoramento baseado em regras, que permite a rápida adaptação de regras específicas e gerais para o monitoramento estatístico, de tendências e baseado em aprendizado de máquina. Dois microsserviços funcionam como ferramentas de diagnóstico, avaliando a qualidade do carro e das medições, classificando defeitos e gerando suas causas, consequências e implicações nos processos. Os testes realizados demonstraram a eficácia do sistema em lidar com um ambiente de dados de alta frequência, com um tempo de processamento 30 vezes mais rápido que o necessário para o caso de uso, além de fornecer saídas confiáveis para decisões proativas. Este desenvolvimento foi fruto da colaboração entre o autor e os parceiros da indústria, e a preocupação com o conforto do operador reforça a viabilidade e qualidade do sistema no ambiente de manufatura
Endophytes induce volatile emission in olive trees with repellent activity against Bactrocera oleae
No full textThe olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), is a key pest of the olive tree worldwide. This study explores whether the endophytes Alcaligenes faecalis, Aureobasidium pullulans, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Penicillium commune can trigger the emission of repellent volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in olive trees, targeting B. oleae. Accordingly, olive trees were inoculated with each endophyte or with buffer (control), and after 3 months, both fruits and leaves were collected to perform olfactometer assays and to evaluate VOCs by HS-SPME and GC-MS. Alcaligenes faecalis, A. pullulans, and B. amyloliquefaciens were found to significantly repel B. oleae females, with each treatment inducing a distinct VOC profile. Alcaligenes faecalis and B. amyloliquefaciens were characterized by higher levels of alkenes, including o-cymene and d-limonene, while P. commune and A. pullulans induced the emission of alkanes. Six VOCs were found to be negatively correlated with fly entries in the olfactometer assays, with beta-myrcene being the most prominent, followed by d-limonene, o-cymene, and 5-octadecene (E). These repellent VOCs were positively correlated with each other, indicating that their combined emission may produce synergistic effects, potentially enhancing their repellency. In contrast, 1, 4-hexadiene, 5-methyl-3-(1-methyl ethylidene) was identified as an attractant, showing a strong positive correlation with fly entries, and appeared to be produced through different biosynthetic pathways than the repellent VOCs. Overall, this work identifies three endophytes and a combination of repellent VOCs as promising new strategies for sustainable management of the olive fruit fly.Open access funding provided by FCT|FCCN (b-on). This work was supported by the Recovery and Resilience Plan (PRR) within the project “Bio4Med—implementation of innovative strategies to increase sustainability in perennial Mediterranean crops” (PRR-C05-i03-I-000083) and the project “SustainOlive—Organic Olive Oil: implementation of innovative strategies for sustainable production, recovery and consumption,” as well as the Mountain Research Center—CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020 and UIDP/00690/2020) and SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2020). Ana Cunha also acknowledges the PhD research grant (2021.08576.BD.) provided by the Foundation for Science and Technology
A new vision for agri-food waste from bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production: a potential source of bioactive compounds
No full textAgri-food waste and loss has become a pressing and urgent problem with notable
environmental and economic consequences. Among various sectors, the fruit and vegetable
industry, particularly the bell pepper industry, stands out as a major contributor to food waste
and by-products. This industry generates substantial amounts waste, which presents an
opportunity to showcase the potential of the circular economy through valorization of bio-
waste.
Over the past two decades, there has been a concerted effort to study the biochemical
composition of various natural matrices, aiming to discover new functional compounds. Among
these, the bell pepper has emerged as a particularly interesting vegetable, in terms of its
nutritional value and its biochemical characteristics. However, a significant quantity of waste
is generated during production, which is considered an excellent source of bioactive compounds
of high interest. These waste fruits and their by-products, namely stalks and seeds, contain a
wide range of phytochemicals, including capsaicinoids, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and
vitamins, which exhibit important biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and
anti-inflammatory. These bioactive compounds hold promise for utilization in food, cosmetic
and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, the valorization of agri-food waste has become an
area of great interest in biotechnology and innovation, with beneficial effects not only for the
environment but also for the economy and the population.
In this sense, the present study aimed to evaluate the proximal and biochemical
composition of waste-green, orange, and red fruits of Capsicum annuum L. Additionally, the
bioactive potential of the fruit, stalk, and seed hydroethanolic extracts obtained from the waste-
colored bell peppers was equally assessed.
Moisture, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and energy contents were determined
following official AOAC analysis methodologies. The quantification of free sugars was
performed using a HPLC-RI system, organic acids by UHPLC-DAD, fatty acids by GC-FID
and volatile organic compounds by a GC-MSD system. The phenolic composition of waste-
colored bell peppers was determined by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS. Furthermore, different
biological activities (antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial) were analyzed through different
in vitro assays.
Overall, the proximal and chemical assessment revealed that carbohydrates were the
predominant macronutrient in the analyzed samples, with fructose standing out as the main free
sugar in two different waste-colored bell peppers (orange and red), whilst glucose was the main present free sugar in green bell peppers. Four organic acids were identified in the samples, of
which oxalic acid was presented greater content in orange and red bell peppers, whilst malic
acid was the most abundant in green bell peppers. Regarding fatty acids, fifteen compounds in
total were identified being palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid present in major
quantities, verifying the prevalence as well of PUFAs. In the assessment of phenolics, twenty-
two compounds were identified in waste-colored bell peppers including seven phenolic acids,
fourteen flavonoids and one stilbene. Moreover, the analysis of volatile organic compounds
revealed the presence of thirty-four compounds, including eight heterocyclic compounds, seven
acids, six esters, three alcohols, two amines, two alkanes, one acetal, one aldehyde, one ether,
one glyceride, one ketone, one ketose.
Concerning the bioactive properties assessment, the extracts of stalks, fruits, and seeds
revealed antioxidant capacity, with extracts from waste-green bell peppers presenting the best
result (0.36±0.01 mg/mL, 0.44±0.02 mg/mL, and 0.21±0.01 mg/mL, respectively). All the
extracts demonstrated no cytotoxicity activity at the maximum concentration tested
(GI50>400μg/mL). Fruit extracts demonstrated superior antibacterial activity when compared
to extracts of stalks and seeds with best results identified against food contaminants Y.
enterocolitica, B. cereus, S. aureus (MIC = 5 mg/mL), and clinical isolates E. faecalis and
MRSA (MIC = 5 mg/mL). Furthermore, all the extracts revealed no bactericidal effects for any
bacteria up to the maximum concentration tested (MBC>10 mg/mL). In the antifungal activity
assessment, the fungal strain A. brasiliensis was the most susceptible to the tested samples,
especially against the extracts of the fruits, with waste-red bell pepper demonstrating superior
inhibitory effects (MIC = 1.25 mg/mL). Moreover, all the extracts showed no fungicidal effects
for both fungal strains up to the maximum concentration tested (MFC>10 mg/mL).
In general, this study aimed to valorize waste-colored bell peppers as natural source of
bioactive compounds that can be exploited by different industries, through their conversion into
value-added products, contributing simultaneously to the implementation of circular economy
guidelines.O desperdício e as perdas de alimentos na indústria agrícola tornaram-se um problema
premente e urgente, com consequências ambientais e económicos notáveis. Entre vários
setores, a indústria agroalimentar, em particular a indústria do pimento, destaca-se como um
dos principais contribuidores para a geração de subprodutos agroalimentares. Esta indústria
gera quantidades substanciais de resíduos proporcionando assim, uma excelente oportunidade
para demonstrar o potencial da bioeconomia circular, através da valorização de biorresíduos.
Ao longo das últimas duas décadas, tem havido um esforço concertado para estudar a
composição bioquímica de várias matrizes naturais, com o objetivo de descobrir novos
compostos funcionais. Entre estes, o pimento surgiu como um vegetal particularmente
interessante, tanto em termos do seu valor nutricional bem como das suas características
bioquímicas. No entanto, durante a sua produção, é gerada uma quantidade significativa de
biorresíduos, que são considerados uma excelente fonte de compostos bioativos de alto
interesse. Estes biorresíduos (fruto e seus subprodutos) contêm uma ampla gama de
fitoquímicos, incluindo compostos fenólicos, capsaicinoides, carotenoides e vitaminas, que
exibem importantes atividades antioxidantes, antimicrobianas anti-inflamatórias, entre outras.
Estes compostos bioativos são altamente promissores para a sua utilização em diversos setores
como a indústria alimentar e farmacêutica. Assim, a valorização do desperdício no setor
alimentar tornou-se uma área de grande interesse no âmbito da biotecnologia e inovação, com
efeitos benéficos não somente para o ambiente, mas também para a economia e a população.
Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve como principal objetivo avaliar a composição
proximal e bioquímica de pimentos laranja, vermelho e verde (Capsicum annuum L.) que foram
desperdiçados. Suplementarmente, também foi objeto de estudo o potencial bioativo dos
extratos hidroetanólicos obtidos dos diferentes pimentos desperdiçados, incluindo os talos e as
sementes.
Os teores de humidade, cinzas, proteínas, gorduras, hidratos de carbono e energia foram
determinados seguindo metodologias oficiais de análise de alimentos AOAC. A quantificação
dos açúcares livres foi realizada utilizando o sistema HPLC-RI, ácidos orgânicos por UHPLC-
DAD, ácidos gordos por GC-FID, e compostos orgânicos voláteis por GC-MSD. A composição
fenólica das amostras foi determinada por HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS. Além disso, diferentes
atividades biológicas (antioxidante, citotoxicidade e antimicrobiana) foram analisadas através
de diferentes ensaios in vitro. A composição proximal e química revelou que os hidratos de carbono foram o
macronutriente predominante nas amostras analisadas, destacando-se a frutose como o principal
açúcar livre em pimentos laranja e vermelho, por outro lado a glucose foi o principal açúcar
livre presente nas amostras de pimentos verdes. Quatro ácidos orgânicos foram identificados
nas amostras sendo o ácido oxálico o mais abundante em pimentos laranja e vermelho; por
outro lado verificou-se a predominância do ácido málico em pimentos verdes. Quanto aos
ácidos gordos, foram identificados quinze no total sendo os ácidos palmítico, linoleico e α-
linolénico presentes em maiores quantidades nas amostras, verificando a prevalência de ácidos
polinsaturados. Na avaliação dos compostos fenólicos, um total de vinte e dois substâncias
foram identificados nas amostras, incluindo sete ácidos fenólicos, catorze flavonoides e um
estilbenos. A caracterização de compostos voláteis dos pimentos desperdiçados revelou a
presença de trinta e quatro substâncias incluindo oito compostos heterocíclicos, sete ácidos, seis
esteres, três álcoois, duas aminas, dois alcanos, um acetal, um aldeído, um éter, um glicérido,
uma acetona e uma cetose.
Relativamente à avaliação das propriedades bioativas, os extratos hidroetanólicos dos
frutos, talos e sementes dos pimentos desperdiçados revelaram capacidade antioxidante, sendo
o pimento verde aquele que apresentou o melhor resultado (0.36±0.01 mg/mL, 0.44±0.02
mg/mL, e 0.21±0.01 mg/mL, respetivamente). Suplementarmente, todos os extratos
demonstraram ausência de atividade citotóxica. Ainda, os extratos dos frutos também
demonstraram uma superior capacidade antibacteriana em relação aos extratos dos talos e das
sementes, com melhores resultados identificados contra contaminantes alimentares Y.
enterocolitica, B. cereus, S. aureus (MIC = 5 mg/mL), e isolados clínicos E. faecalis and MRSA
(MIC = 5 mg/mL). Além disso, todos os extratos demonstraram não ser bactericidas para
nenhuma bactéria testada até à concentração máxima testada (MBC>10 mg/mL). Na avaliação
da atividade antifúngica, a linhagem fúngica A. brasiliensis revelou-se ser a mais suscetível às
amostras testadas, especialmente nos extratos dos frutos, sendo o pimento verde aquele que
demonstrou efeito inibitório superior (MIC = 1.25 mg/mL). Além disso, nenhum extrato
demonstrou capacidade fungicida para ambos os fungos até à concentração máxima testada
(MFC>10 mg/mL).
De uma forma geral, este estudo teve como objetivo valorizar os pimentos coloridos
como fonte natural de compostos bioativos que podem ser explorados por diferentes indústrias
através da sua conversão em produtos de valor acrescentado, contribuindo simultaneamente
para a implementação de diretrizes da bioeconomia circular.This work is funded by the project “BIOMA – Bioeconomy integrated solutions for the
mobilization of the Agro-food market” (POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046112), by “BIOMA”
Consortium, and financed by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), through the
Incentive System to Research and Technological development, within the Portugal2020
Competitiveness and Internationalization Operational Program
Insect-based biopolymers from Orthoptera: An emerging resource for sustainable and active food packaging
Full text linkThe challenges of the current era in food packaging have led to a continuous diversification of sources of biopolymers. Edible Orthopterans have garnered significant interest worldwide as potential sources of biopolymers for the production of biodegradable and active packaging. These insect species have emerged as a potential and sustainable substitute for conventional protein and chitosan sources due to their high nutritional content and eco-friendly cultivation methods. Scope and approach: This review explores the recent development of sustainable sources of biopolymers, focusing on the edible Orthopterans. We elucidated the main edible Orthoptera species used as the sources of biopolymers for food packaging, extraction methods of biopolymers from Orthopterans, fabrication of packaging materials and their characteristics. Moreover, we analyzed the current applications of these packaging materials for food preservation. Furthermore, we proposed a critical analysis of the health issues, consumer acceptance, legislation and commercialization, along with the future directions. Key findings and conclusions: Acheta domesticus, Gryllodes sigillatus and Locusta migratoria are the Orthopterans used as sources of biopolymers for the production of packaging materials. Chitosan and proteins are the major Orthopteran-derived biopolymers used for the production of sustainable, edible and bioactive food packaging materials. Emerging technologies have shown potential to enhance extraction efficiency while preserving the functionality of the biopolymers. These biopolymers exhibit remarkable potential for the development of food packaging materials, due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and functional properties. More research initiatives and awareness are needed to facilitate the implementation of Orthopteran-derived biopolymers as active packaging materials.The development of the Agro Food Waste Recovery: new processing technologies for food Safety and Packaging_FoWRSaP project (PRIMA/2023/Section 2 Call) is funded that the Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA) supported by the European Union H2020 programme. This study was supported by Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under the Grant Number 124N013. The authors thank to TUBITAK for their supports. This work was supported by the Xunta de Galicia through the predoctoral grant awarded to P. Barciela (ED481A-2024-230). This study was funded by national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) CIMO, UIDB/00690/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/00690/2020) and UIDP/00690/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/00690/2020) and SusTEC, LA/P/0007/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0007/2020). Also to FCT for the grant of C.L. Roriz (2023.09104.CEECIND/CP2865/CT000) and the institutional scientific employment program-contract for S.A. Heleno and M. Carocho. J.K. Lopes thanks FoWRSaP PRIMA project for his PhD grant (doi.org/10.54499/PRIMA/0004/2023)
Contrasting whole-genome diversity patterns and adaptation in honeybees from two southern European glacial refugia
Full text linkHuman-driven environmental change makes understanding genetic variation essential for protecting keystone species such as the honeybee, Apis mellifera. We compared whole-genome mitonuclear variation in subspecies inhabiting the Iberian and Italian Peninsulas, which have been shaped by distinct glacial histories and modern beekeeping pressures. Italian honeybees showed a stronger anthropogenic imprint, driven largely by recent human-mediated gene flow. Both subspecies showed mitonuclear asymmetry, approximate south-to-northeast clinal pattern, evidence of ancient or recent admixture with other subspecies and lineages, and genomic signatures of a 20th-century bottleneck. African ancestry was present both, though ancient and predominantly mitochondrial in Iberia, but recent and predominantly nuclear Italy. Italian honeybees also had persistently lower historical effective population sizes, lower nucleotide versity, and higher kinship. Shared and subspecies-specific enriched genes suggest both convergent and unique adaptive responses. These results highlight complex evolutionary dynamics and the significant netic impact of modern beekeeping.The authors are grateful to the many beekeepers who provided samples and metadata from their apiaries. Thanks are also due to Antonio Pajuelo for the information on the beekeeping history in Spain, as well as Thibault Leroy and Pierre Faux for their valuable insights on early versions of the article. We are also grateful to Enrique Santiago Rubio for his valuable insights on GONE calculations. C.A.Y.G. was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through the individual research grant 2021.06948.BD (https://doi.org/10.54499/2021.06948.BD). This research was funded by the project MEDIBEES - Monitoring the Mediterranean Honey Bee Subspecies and their Resilience to Climate Change for the Improvement of Sustainable AgroEcosystems. MEDIBEES is part of the PRIMA program supported by the European Union. This research was also supported by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC): CIMO UID/00690/2025 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UID/00690/2025) and UID/PRR/00690/2025 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UID/PRR/00690/2025); SusTEC, LA/P/0007/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0007/2020)
Automated preprocessing of olive leaf images for cultivar classification using YOLO11
No full textOlive cultivation is a pillar of Mediterranean agriculture, deeply rooted in both tradition and economic importance. This paper presents a novel two-phase methodology for the automated preprocessing of olive leaf images to facilitate accurate cultivar classification. Leveraging the state-of-the-art YOLO11 framework, two models (YOLO11n and YOLO11s) were employed for detection and segmentation tasks. A comprehensive dataset, combining in-situ captured images with publicly available data, was meticulously annotated using both manual and semi-automatic processes. The detection model identifies individual olive leaves, while the segmentation model isolates the leaves by replacing the background with a uniform white, thereby simulating laboratory conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that YOLO11n outperforms YOLO11s in terms of mean Average Precision and F1-score, confirming the feasibility of deploying the system on mobile devices for real-time, in-field classification.This work was supported by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC): CeDRI, UIDB/05757/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/05757/2020) and UIDP/05757/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/05757/2020); and SusTEC, LA/P/0007/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/0007/2020)
Effect of mobility at ICU discharge on mortality and length of post-ICU stay: a retrospective analysis
No full textAdmission to intensive care can be accompanied by significant adverse effects for patients, which last beyond their stay in the unit. Early mobilisation is part of a set of a bundle to minimise these effects and is now unanimously considered to be safe and beneficial. It is therefore important to understand how it is being implemented in practice and what its real benefits are.
Aim/Objective
To characterise mobility in the ICU and correlate the level of mobility at discharge from the ICU with the results of post-intensive care, namely: length of stay after intensive care and hospital mortality.
Methods
This was an observational, retrospective study carried out in the Intensive Care Department of a Local Health Unit located in the Portuguese countryside. A quantitative research methodology was used.
Results
Of the 244 patients included in the sample, 54.5% achieved orthostatism during the ICU stay and 36.5% achieved deambulation. The average length of stay between leaving the ICU and hospital discharge was 8.0 ± 7.5 days. Patients who remained at bed rest at discharge had longer hospital stays than patients who were ambulating (p = 0.014); and patients who performed activities in bed also had longer hospital stays than those who were orthostatic or ambulating (p = 0.026 and 0.002 respectively). Post-ICU mortality was 5.7%, and there was a strong correlation with mobility on discharge from the ICU (p < 0.001), with less mobile patients having a higher mortality rate than expected (odds ratio = 5.13).
Conclusions
The mobility levels founded in this study are in line with international reality. Patients who achieve higher levels of mobility during their stay in intensive care have shorter hospital stays and lower mortality
Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in Teacher Training: Perceptions of Future Teachers
No full textThe growing presence of AI-based tools in teaching practices presents new challenges for training institutions, requiring future teachers to be prepared not only to use these technologies but also to critically understand their implications. This study aims to investigate future teachers’ perceptions of the main challenges of AI in teacher training, focusing on three central dimensions: technological, pedagogical, and ethical challenges. The research employed a quantitative–descriptive approach, utilizing a questionnaire-based method with a sample of 72 participants. The respondents were students enrolled in the Bachelor’s degree in Basic Education and the professional Master’s degree in Teaching at a higher education institution located in northern Portugal. The results not only reveal a widespread perception of the relevance of AI for pedagogical practice but also point to significant limitations. On the technological level, difficulties related to the available infrastructure and the digital training of teachers in training stand out. Pedagogical challenges are associated with the effective integration of AI tools into teaching strategies, as well as the redefinition of the teacher’s role in a technology-mediated setting. Finally, ethical challenges include concerns about data privacy, algorithm transparency, and the risks of dehumanization of the educational process. It is concluded that teacher training should incorporate a critical and interdisciplinary approach to AI, promoting technical, pedagogical, and ethical skills that enable future educators to act responsibly and conscientiously in an increasingly digital and automated educational setting.This work has been supported by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the project scope: UID/05777/2023
Insights on game-based learning for educating on environmental protection and sustainable development
No full textEarth’s life-supporting system is on the verge of falling into non-Holocene-like conditions since humanity continues to have unsustainable behaviors. Humans are poorly involved in protecting the earth’s natural systems and must transform their socioeconomic and cultural practices. Education for sustainable development (ESD) can facilitate these transformations by directing change into a sustainable path. Game-based learning has emerged as a promising tool in ESD, showing effectiveness in analog and digital formats. Bibliometric analyses can reveal insights into future research on shifting human practices through education. Sample was assembled (n = 463) and analyzed using RStudio, Microsoft Excel, and statistical package for the social sciences. Results indicate that the quantity of literature is increasing exponentially (coefficient of determination [R2] = 0.940). While quality standards adopt a decreasing trend through time (β = -0.707, p = 0.001, R2 = 0.754) and correlate negatively with literature accumulation (r = -0.625, Τ = -0.487, ρ = - 0.615, p < 0.05). Multi-correspondent analysis showed conceptual gaps in the literature on ocean literacy, climate change and circular economy subtopics. Digital learning environments account for most reports (n = 311, 67.2%) compared with analog ones (n = 132, 28.5%) or hybrid (n = 20, 4.3%). Digital environments unit good evidence albeit they should not constitute the total period of training. Meanwhile, bibliometric analysis traces a comprehensive map and, at the same time, contributes to the discussion around procedures and metrics for assessing the literature.This research was supported by the Strategic Funding (refs. UID/04423/2025, UID/PRR/04423/2025 and LA/P/0101/2020) through national funds provided by the Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research, and Technology (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [FCT]). Ethical statement: The authors stated that the study does not require any ethical approval. No live subjects were involved during the study