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Bio-Recycling Hazelnut Shells to Improve Antioxidant Properties of Lentinus tigrinus Sporophore
Get PDFLentinus tigrinus is a wood-decay fungus known for its nutritional, culinary,
and medicinal benefits. It contains bioactive compounds like polyphenols, terpenes, and
flavonoids that exhibit antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory effects. These
natural antioxidants are increasingly recognized for their potential to prevent oxidative
damage linked to aging and chronic diseases. This study investigates the antioxidant
activity of hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from L. tigrinus sporophores cultivated on
hazelnut shells (Lt1_HS), a waste material rich in phenolic compounds, and sporophores
cultivated on sawdust (Lt1_S). Bioactivity tests, including DPPH, TBARS, MTT, and DCFHDA
assays, were performed to assess the hydroalcoholic extracts’ efficiency. The results
showed that all the extracts contained various bioactive compounds, primarily polyphenols.
Notably, the caffeoylquinic acids present in HS and Lt1_HS are linked to anti-peroxidant
effects. Biological analyses demonstrated that the Lt1_HS extract has higher anti-peroxidant
activity (IC50 0.77 ± 0.01 mg/mL) compared to Lt1_S (IC50 1.36 ± 0.01 mg/mL) and reduces
the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in HaCaT cells by 80%. However, the specific
bioactive compounds responsible for these antioxidant effects are still unclear, and further
analysis will be conducted. Additionally, this study promotes recycling hazelnut shells as a
valuable substrate for fungal cultivation, supporting sustainable waste management.This work was funded by (1) National funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC): CIMO,
UIDB/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/00690/2020) and UIDP/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/
00690/2020), and SusTEC, LA/P/0007/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/0007/2020), to National funding
by FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology, through the institutional scientific employment
program-contract with S.A. Heleno and through the individual scientific employment programcontract
with M. Carocho (CEECIND/00831/2018); (2) As regards University of Pavia funding (P.I. Prof. P. Rossi), this publication was funded by the European Union—NextGenerationEU, Mission 4
Component 1.5—ECS00000036—CUP F17G22000190007.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Quality grade evolution and health claim fulfillment of olive oils under simulated domestic consumption: kinetic modelling and shelf life predictions
No full textMestrado de dupla diplomação com a Université Libre de TunisOlive oil has always played a vital role in the Mediterranean diet, well renowned for its
nutritional properties and related health benefits. This is largely attributed to its high
concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids and bioactive minor compounds, such as
polyphenols. This study aimed to assess how typical household consumption conditions
influence the physicochemical and sensory properties of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), as well
as its compliance with the European Union (EU) health claim. The results of the analysis of ten
bottles stored in darkness and exposed to light under simulated household conditions,
demonstrated an increase in PV and extinction coefficients over the 9-week period, with a more
pronounced rise in the light-exposed samples. In these samples, PV increased by 81.2%, and at
6 weeks it exceeded the legal EU thresholds for EVOO/VOO classification. In contrast, oils
stored in darkness kept all physicochemical parameters within legal limits allowing EVOO or
VOO classification, up to or beyond the seventh week, respectively. Also, by the eighth week,
sensory analysis revealed the presence of rancid in light-exposed samples, with intensities
ranging from 3.6 to 6.1, indicating advanced oxidation and rendering the oil unsuitable for
consumption (lampante oil). Kinetic models were developed to predict the shelf life (SL) of
commercial grade EVOO under household conditions, applying zero-, first-, and second-order
kinetic models for PV, K232, and K268 in both dark and light storage conditions. The models
fitted well the experimental data (R-Pearson values ranging from 0.89 to 0.97), with PV
emerging as the most sensitive SL indicator under these conditions. The estimated SL was
approximately 15 days for light-exposed oils and 63 days for oils stored in darkness. The
greatest variation in SL predictions, based on PV, K232, or K268, was observed in the light-
exposed samples. Photo-oxidation led to a rapid increase in PV, in contrast to the slower rise in
extinction coefficients, which are associated with secondary oxidation products that form when
oxygen availability diminishes. Regarding the health claim, the content of hydroxytyrosol and
tyrosol derivatives remained relatively stable throughout the 9-week period in both dark- and
light-stored oils, ranging from 12 to 13 mg/20 g of oil, significantly exceeding the minimum
required by the EU regulation. In conclusion, typical household conditions significantly impact
the quality of olive oil. Storing olive oil in darkness can extend its SL by 3 to 4 times, compared
to light-exposed conditions, in terms of maintaining its EVOO classification.O azeite sempre desempenhou um papel vital na dieta mediterrânica, bem conhecida pelas suas
propriedades nutricionais e benefícios para a saúde. Este facto é largamente atribuído à sua
elevada concentração de ácidos gordos monoinsaturados e de compostos menores bioativos,
como os polifenóis. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar de que forma as condições típicas
de consumo doméstico influenciam as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais do azeite
virgem extra (AVE), bem como a sua conformidade com a alegação de saúde da União Europeia
(UE). Os resultados da análise de dez garrafas armazenadas na escuridão e expostas à luz em
condições domésticas simuladas demonstraram um aumento dos coeficientes de extinção e do
IP ao longo do período de 9 semanas, com um aumento mais pronunciado nas amostras expostas
à luz. Nestas amostras, o IP aumentou 81.2% e, às 6 semanas, excedeu os limiares legais da UE
para a classificação de AVE/AV. Em contrapartida, os azeites armazenados na escuridão
mantiveram todos os parâmetros físico-químicos dentro dos limites legais que permitem a
classificação de AVE ou AV, até à sétima semana ou para além desta, respetivamente. Além
disso, na oitava semana, a análise sensorial revelou a presença de ranço nas amostras expostas
à luz, com intensidades que variam entre 3.6 e 6.1, indicando uma oxidação avançada e tornando
o azeite impróprio para consumo (azeite lampante). Foram desenvolvidos modelos cinéticos
para prever o tempo de vida útil (TVU) da classificação de AVE em condições domésticas,
aplicando modelos cinéticos de ordem zero, primeira e segunda para IP, K232 e K268 em
condições de armazenamento à luz e no escuro. Os modelos ajustaram-se bem aos dados
experimentais (valores de R-Pearson variando de 0.89 a 0.97), com o IP emergindo como o
indicador de TVU mais sensível nestas condições. A estimativa da TVU foi de
aproximadamente 15 dias para os azeites expostos à luz e de 63 dias para os óleos armazenados
no escuro. A maior variação nas previsões de TVU, com base no IP, K232 ou K268, foi observada
nas amostras expostas à luz. A foto-oxidação levou a um aumento rápido do IP, em contraste
com o aumento mais lento dos coeficientes de extinção, que estão associados a produtos de
oxidação secundários que se formam quando a disponibilidade de oxigénio diminui.
Relativamente à alegação de saúde, o teor de hidroxitirosol e derivados de tirosol manteve-se
relativamente estável ao longo do período de 9 semanas, tanto nos azeites armazenados no
escuro como nos azeites armazenados à luz, variando entre 12 e 13 mg/20 g de azeite,
excedendo significativamente o mínimo exigido pelo regulamento da UE. Em conclusão, as
condições domésticas típicas têm um impacto significativo na qualidade do azeite. O armazenamento do azeite no escuro pode prolongar a sua TVU 3 a 4 vezes, em comparação
com as condições de exposição à luz, em termos de manutenção da sua classificação AVE.This work was supported by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) : CIMO, This work was supported by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) :
CIMO, UIDB/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/00690/2020) and UIDP/00690/2020
(DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/00690/2020); and SusTEC, LA/P/0007/2020 (DOI:
10.54499/LA/P/0007/2020).
Agenda VIIAFOOD - Platform for Valorization, Industrialization and Commercial
Innovation in Agrifood project (No. C644929456-00000040) funded by the Recovery and
Resilience Plan. (DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/00690/2020) and UIDP/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/00690/2020); and SusTEC, LA/P/0007/2020 (DOI:
10.54499/LA/P/0007/2020).
Agenda VIIAFOOD - Platform for Valorization, Industrialization and Commercial Innovation in Agrifood project (No. C644929456-00000040) funded by the Recovery and Resilience Plan
Comparison of the Active Drag and Passive Drag Coefficients at the same Swimming Speed Through Experimental Methods
Get PDFStudies about drag in swimming usually report or put the focus on its absolute value. However, it is being claimed that the drag coefficient better represents the hydrodynamic profile of a swimmer. Drag is strongly dependent on speed. Thus, increases in speed will lead to increases in drag. This could lead to misleading interpretations since drag is the water resistance that makes the swimmers’ displacement difficult. Conversely, the drag coefficient is less dependent on speed, which can be seen as a more appropriate measure of the swimmers’ hydrodynamic profile. This study used a complete experimental methodology (experimental and cross-sectional study) to determine the resistive forces in crawl swimming at the same speed (i.e., 1.00, 1.05, 1.10 m/s, etc.). In 10 proficient non-competitive adult swimmers (seven men and three women), the drag coefficient (CD ) was compared and the difference between using the technical drag index (TDI) with drag (D, passive or active) or with its respective CD 's. Measurements of active drag (DA ), passive drag (DP ) and CD (CDA and CDP ) were carried out. The TDI was calculated as a measure of swimming efficiency and the frontal surface area (FSA) obtained in active conditions. The active FSA was 20.73 ± 5.56% greater than the passive FSA (large effect size), the propulsion was 58.29 ± 69.61% greater than drag and CDA was 24.60 ± 46.55% greater than CDP (moderate effect size). TDI was significantly lower, but with a small effect size when measured with CD values compared to drag. TDID vs TDICD revealed strong agreement (> 80% of plots were within IC95). This study concludes that proficient swimmers presented a CDA greater than the CDP, but with strong agreement between them, probably due to FSA during active conditions. CD data appears to be a more absolute indicator of drag than TDI.This work is supported by national funds (FCT - Portu-
guese Foundation for Science and Technology) under the
project UIDB/DTP/04045/2020
Dynamics of Soil Carbon Average Content Insights from a Global Approach to Climate Change Mitigation
Get PDFThis study provides an in-depth examination of the average values of gravi-
metric carbon content, measured in grams per kilogram (g/kg), and the
organic Carbon (OC) content, quantified in kilograms per square meter (kg/
m2), within various soil classifications and depths. Highlighting the relevance
of such research, it delves into the intricacies of soil OC dynamics across
diverse depth strata and offers a comparative analysis of different soil types,
each with distinct carbon sequestration capacities. Utilizing the latest version
of the world soil database, the research integrates three interconnected data
sets: soil classification, density, and OC. In total, the study includes 51,507 soil
profile layers to calculate the average gravimetric OC content in the fine-
earth fraction. In parallel, the average OC content in the fine-earth fraction
was determined across 6,197 soil profile layers. This comprehensive data is
organized into 34 separate soil units, each dissected across four depth
categories: 0–30 cm, 0–100 cm, 0–200 cm and 0–2590 cm. The findings
from this analysis reveal a consistent pattern: as depth increases, both the
gravimetric content and average OC content tend to decrease. However, it is
noteworthy that this trend is not universal. Certain soil units demonstrate an
opposing behavior, with an increase in average OC content observed at
greater depths, contradicting the prevailing trend. This divergence under-
scores the complexity of soil OC dynamics and the inherent variability across
different soil units.L.J.R.N. was supported by proMetheus, Research Unit on Energy, Materials and Environment for Sustainability—UIDP/
05975/2020, funded by national funds through FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia. Fundacao para a Ciencia
e Tecnologia [UIDP/05975/2020
Determinants of the Intention to Purchase Organic Food Products among Portuguese Consumers
Get PDFThe demand for organic food products has been increasing over the last few years in Portugal and worldwide because consuming these products benefits health and the environment. Also, its production values animal welfare and promotes economic development, improving the living conditions of rural communities in low population-density territories. Thus, the general objective of this research was to identify sustainable factors that impact the intention to purchase organic food products, allowing the production of knowledge about the attitudes, preferences, habits, and behaviors of Portuguese consumers about these types of products. To achieve this objective, a digital questionnaire was applied between January 9, 2024, and February 6, 2024, to collect the data. It was possible to select a sample of 413 consumers of Portuguese nationality, whose ages varied between 19 and 67 years old. The majority of respondents lived in urban communities (69.2%) of the Bragança (64.0%), Porto (10.4%), and Vila Real (5.1%) districts; had a positive nowledge level about organic food products (83.8%); and, recognized the European Union organic logo 68.0%). The most frequently consumed organic food products were fresh vegetables (62.7%) and fresh fruits 59.6%), which were usually purchased directly from the producer (50.5%). The results revealed that attitudes, environmental concerns, health awareness, and perceived price determine the intention to purchase organic food products. In addition to having a positive impact, these factors explained 57.5% of the variance of this variable, revealing that other equally important factors that were not considered in this study may impact the intention to purchase organic food products
A Spray Foliar Containing Methylobacterium symbioticum Did Not Increase Nitrogen Concentration in Leaves or Olive Yield Across Three Rainfed Olive Orchards
Get PDFBiological nitrogen (N) fixation has been advocated in agricultural fields due to being considered a more sustainable way to introduce N into agrosystems than industrial N fertilizers. In this study, a foliar spray inoculant containing the microorganism Methylobacterium symbioticum was applied. This microorganism is known for fixing N in the phyllosphere, regardless of the cultivated species. This study was conducted in three rainfed olive orchards over three years. In two orchards managed according to European Union (EU) integrated production rules, the experiment was organized as a factorial design with inoculant (applied at two levels, yes and no) and N fertilization (applied to the soil at three levels, 0, 40, and 80 kg ha−1 of N). The third trial, managed according to EU organic farming rules, was organized in a completely randomized design with three treatments: with (yes) and without (no) inoculant and with a treatment involving a seaweed extract, also for foliar application. The microbiological inoculant did not consistently influence olive yield or N concentration in leaves across the three trials. Conversely, N application to the soil significantly influenced N concentration in leaves and olive yield. In one of the trials, in the third year of the study, soil N application (80 kg ha−1) resulted in an olive yield of ~eight times higher than the unfertilized control treatment. The seaweed extract also did not lead to significant differences in leaf mineral composition or olive yield compared with the other treatments. These findings from the on-farm research highlight the importance of accurately determining the conditions under which commercial products can deliver effective results. It is crucial to acknowledge that these products involve expenses not only in their acquisition but also in their application.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for
financial support from national funds FCT/MCTES, to CIMO (UIDB/AGR/00690/2020), SusTEC
(LA/P/0007/2020) and CITAB (UIDB/04033/2020
Chemical Characterization and Differential Lipid-Modulating Effects of Selected Plant Extracts from Côa Valley (Portugal) in a Cell Model for Liver Steatosis
No full textCôa Valley, located in the northeast of Portugal, harbors more than 500 medicinal plant species. Among them, four species stand out due to their traditional uses: Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. (hemorrhages, urethritis, hepatitis), Rumex scutatus L. subsp. induratus (Boiss. and Reut.) Malag. (inflammation, constipation), Geranium purpureum Vill., and Geranium lucidum L. (pain relief, gastric issues). Given their rich ethnomedicinal history, we evaluated their protective effects on an in vitro model of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Methods: Decoction (D) and hydroalcoholic (EtOH80%) extracts were prepared and chemically characterized. Their safety profile and effects on lipid accumulation were assessed in palmitic acid (PA)-treated HepG2 cells using resazurin, sulforhodamine B, and Nile Red assays. Results: Chemical analysis revealed diverse phenolic compounds, particularly kaempferol derivatives in E. ramosissimum. All extracts showed minimal cytotoxicity at 25–50 µg/mL. At 100 µg/mL, only E. ramosissimum extracts maintained high cell viability. In the lipotoxicity model, E. ramosissimum decoction demonstrated the most potent effect, significantly reducing PA-induced neutral lipid accumulation in a dose-dependent manner, while other extracts showed varying degrees of activity. Conclusions: These findings highlight E. ramosissimum’s decoction, rich in kaempferol derivatives, as particularly effective in reducing lipid accumulation in this MASLD cell model while also providing a comprehensive characterization of traditionally used plants from the Côa Valley region.This work was funded by the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Por-
tugal) through the following projects: UIDB/04539/2020—DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/04539/2020,
UIDP/04539/2020—DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/04539/2020, LA/P/0058/2020—DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/
04539/2020, CôaMedPlants project: COA/BRB/0019/2019—DOI: 10.54499/COA/BRB/0019/2019,
and through national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020 and UIDP/00690/2020) and
SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2020) and M.I.D and L.B contracts (CEEC Institutional
Exploring the Biochemical Profile of Beta vulgaris L.: A Comparative Study of Beetroots and Swiss Chard
Get PDFIn this study, leaves and roots from three beetroot cultivars (cv. Albina Vereduna (white roots), cv. Burpee’s Golden (golden roots), and cv. Pablo F1 (red roots)), as well as Swiss chard leaves (also known as “rhubarb chard”, or Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla var. flavescens) were evaluated in terms of their chemical profile and bioactive properties. Roots were characterized by high carbohydrate content, which also contributed to greater energy values. In contrast, fibers were the predominant macronutrient in leaves, followed by carbohydrates. In both leaves and roots, the most abundant organic acids were quinic and oxalic, while the major free sugar was sucrose. The profile of fatty acid varied between the studied plant parts, with saturated fatty acids prevailing in root samples, while leaves exhibited higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Regarding phenolic composition, a total of 19 compounds were tentatively identified in leaves (including derivatives of vitexin, isorhamnetin, quercetin, and ferulic, sinapic, and p-coumaric acids), while the roots exhibited a less diverse composition, with a total of eight compounds identified (e.g., derivatives of ferulic, sinapic, p-coumaric and caffeic acids). A total of eight betalains were also identified, out of which seven were classified as betacyanins and one as betaxanthin. The leaves of Swiss chard presented compounds from both classes, while the roots and leaves of cv. Pablo F1 were characterized only by the presence of betacyanins, and those of cv. Burpee’s Golden only by betaxanthin. All samples exhibited relevant activity against Y. enterocolitica, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus, although leaf samples demonstrated better antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, beetroot leaves outperformed their corresponding roots in terms of chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity, suggesting their high potential as nutrient-rich and functional ingredients in a diverse and well-balanced diet.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology
(FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC): CIMO,
UIDB/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/00690/2020) and UIDP/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/
00690/2020); and SusTEC, LA/P/0007/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/0007/2020), and for the Na-
tional funding by FCT, through the institutional and individual scientific employment program
contract with L. Barros (CEEC-INST, DOI: 10.54499/CEECINST/00107/2021/CP2793/CT0002) and
A. Fernandes (2023.08113.CEECIND), respectively
The Impact of a Western Diet and Resistance Training in a Rat Model of Mammary Cancer
Get PDFThis study aimed to investigate the impact of a Western diet and resistance training on cardiac remodeling in a rat model of chemically induced mammary cancer. Fifty-six female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of eight experimental groups, evaluating the impact of Western and standard diets, exercise and sedentarism, and the induction of mammary cancer. Mammary cancer was induced via the intraperitoneal administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) (50 mg/kg) at seven weeks of age. The resistance training protocol consisted of ladder climbing three times per week for an 18-week period, with a gradual increase in load over time. At the end of the 20-week experimental period, the animals were anesthetized and underwent echocardiography. Subsequently, the animals were euthanized, and organs and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were collected and analyzed. A histopathological examination was performed on the mammary tumors. The Western diet increased relative VAT and contributed to cardiovascular and tumor-related changes, including an increase in interventricular septum thickness (IVS) and left ventricle posterior wall thickness (LVPW) at end-systole. Exercise reduced fat accumulation, improved cardiac performance, and helped regulate cardiovascular function, as indicated by a higher eccentricity index (EI) in the WD+EX group compared to the WD group. The WD was associated with increased VAT accumulation and initially delayed tumor initiation; however, over time, it contributed to bigger tumor aggressiveness. This diet also delayed tumor initiation but increased LVPW. Exercise, when combined with a WD, accelerated tumorigenesis, malignant transformation and invasiveness, resulted in the higher prevalence of invasive tumors. These findings underscore the complex and potentially compounding effects of diet and exercise on cancer progression.This work was supported by national funds from the FCT—Portuguese Foundation for
Science and Technology, under the projects UIDB/04033/2020 (CITAB, https://doi.org/10.54499
/UIDB/04033/2020), LA/P/0126/2020 (INOV4AGRO, https://doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0126/2
020), UIDB/00772/2020 (CECAV, https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/00772/2020), LA/P/0059/2020
(AL4AnimalS, https://doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0059/2020), UIDB/00690/2020 (CIMO; https://doi.
org/10.54499/UIDB/00690/2020), and UIDP/00690/2020 (CIMO; https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/
00690/2020), and the doctoral grants awarded to J.S. (2020.07999.BD; https://doi.org/10.54499/2020.
07999.BD) and T.A. (2023.01329.BD; https://doi.org/10.54499/2023.01329.BD)
Influência do estilo de liderança no empoderamento estrutural de enfermeiros: um estudo transversal
No full textAvaliar os estilos de liderança em enfermagem, o empoderamento estrutural de enfermeiros na prática clínica e a associação entre os estilos de liderança e o empoderamento estrutural dos enfermeiros. Método: estudo observacional e correlacional, realizado entre dezembro de 2023 e fevereiro de 2024. Trezentos e oito enfermeiros de organizações de saúde de Portugal responderam à Escala de Avaliação do Estilo Gerencial e ao Conditions of Workplace Effectiveness Questionnaire II. Análise de dados com estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: reportado nível moderado de empoderamento estrutural (16,66±3,88). O estilo de liderança mais pontuado foi o direcionado para as relações (32,31±9,24). Há correlações positivas entre os diferentes estilos de liderança e o nível de empoderamento estrutural. A liderança direcionada para as relações é a que apresenta a correlação mais forte (r=0,446; p=0,000). Conclusão: os estilos de liderança em enfermagem são determinantes na construção de ambientes de prática que facilitam o acesso às estruturas de capacitação.To evaluate nursing leadership styles, the structural empowerment of nurses in clinical practice, and the
association between leadership styles and nurses’ structural empowerment. Method: observational and correlational study
carried out between December 2023 and February 2024. Three hundred and eight nurses from health organizations in
Portugal answered the Management Style Assessment Scale and the Conditions of Workplace Effectiveness Questionnaire
II. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: a moderate level of structural empowerment
was reported (16.66±3.88). The highest-scoring leadership style was relationship-oriented (32.31±9.24). There are positive
correlations between the different leadership styles and the level of structural empowerment. Relationship-oriented
leadership has the strongest correlation (r=0.446; p=0.000). Conclusion: Nursing leadership styles are decisive in building
practice environments facilitating access to training structuresevaluar los estilos de liderazgo en enfermería, la capacitación estructural de los enfermeros en la práctica clínica y
la asociación entre los estilos de liderazgo y la capacitación estructural de los enfermeros. Método: estudio observacional
y correlacional, realizado entre diciembre de 2023 y febrero de 2024. Trescientas ocho enfermeras de organizaciones
sanitarias de Portugal respondieron a la Escala de Evaluación del Estilo de Gestión y al Cuestionario de Condiciones de
Eficacia Laboral II (Conditions of Workplace Effectiveness Questionnaire II). Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística
descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: se registró un nivel moderado de capacitación estructural (16,66±3,88). El estilo
de liderazgo con mayor puntuación fue el orientado a las relaciones (32,31±9,24). Existen correlaciones positivas entre
los diferentes estilos de liderazgo y el nivel de capacitación estructural. El liderazgo orientado a las relaciones tuvo la
correlación más fuerte (r=0,446; p=0,000). Conclusión: Los estilos de liderazgo en enfermería son decisivos para crear
entornos de práctica que faciliten el acceso a las estructuras de formación