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The Sustainability Consciousness Questionnaire: Validation Among Portuguese Population
Full text linkThe primary objective of this study is to validate the Sustainability Consciousness Questionnaire (SCQ) for the Portuguese population, ensuring its reliability and applicability across the dimensions of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours related to sustainability. This validation is crucial for ensuring the SCQ captures local cultural nuances and provides reliable data to inform educational and policy strategies for promoting sustainability. To achieve this goal, a quantitative methodology was adopted, involving the translation and cultural adaptation of the SCQ into Portuguese. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 630 participants, aged 17 to 83, using an online platform. Ethical procedures were rigorously followed, including obtaining informed consent from all participants and ensuring data confidentiality. The factor structure of the SCQ was analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM). The analysis confirmed a three-dimensional factor structure aligned with the environmental, social, and economic pillars of sustainability, as well as significant correlations between these dimensions and real-world sustainable practices such as recycling and energy conservation. The results confirmed the construct validity of the SCQ, demonstrating robust reliability indicators across its scales and acceptable model fit indices (CFI = 0.860; TLI = 0.851; RMSEA = 0.045). These findings highlight the questionnaire’s utility as a measurement tool for sustainable consciousness in the Portuguese context. The SCQ provides a valuable resource for educators, policymakers, and researchers. For instance, educators can use the SCQ to identify gaps in students’ sustainability knowledge, policymakers can prioritise areas for intervention based on public attitudes, and researchers can explore relationships between awareness and sustainable behaviours to design effective programs. Furthermore, this study contributes to Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education) by enabling data-driven strategies to integrate sustainability education into curricula, fostering a deeper understanding of sustainable practices and behaviours essential for achieving global education goals
Eficacia Comparativa del Entrenamiento con Peso en Hockey Sobre Patines
Full text linkThis study evaluated the impact of an 8-week training program on two groups of players, one performing free weights
training and the other bodyweight training. The sample consisted of 14 athletes with a mean age of 22.6 years. Assessments
of shooting strength were conducted before and after the program, measuring shot speed, acceleration, and strength. The
free weights training included exercises with dumbbells and barbells, while the bodyweight training included squats, push-
ups, and planks. Sessions occurred twice a week, with gradual progress in the number of sets and repetitions. Statistical
analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism software, with significance set at p<0.05. Data distribution was tested
using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and comparisons between pre- and post-intervention assessments were made with paired t-
tests. Results showed significant improvements in shot speed, acceleration, and strength in the free weights training group,
while the bodyweight training group showed no significant changes. It was concluded that free weights training is more
effective for improving shooting strength in roller hockey players.Este estudio evaluó el impacto de un programa de entrenamiento de 8 semanas en dos grupos de jugadores, uno que
realizó entrenamiento con pesas libres y el otro entrenamiento con peso corporal. La muestra consistió en 14 atletas con una edad media de 22,6 años. Se realizaron evaluaciones de la fuerza de tiro antes y después del programa, midiendo la
velocidad, la aceleración y la fuerza del tiro. El entrenamiento con pesas libres incluyó ejercicios con mancuernas y barras,
mientras que el entrenamiento con peso corporal incluyó sentadillas, flexiones y planchas. Las sesiones se realizaron dos
veces por semana, con un progreso gradual en el número de series y repeticiones. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron
utilizando el software GraphPad Prism, con una significancia establecida en p < 0,05. La distribución de los datos se probó
utilizando la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk, y las comparaciones entre las evaluaciones previas y posteriores a la intervención
se realizaron con pruebas t pareadas. Los resultados mostraron mejoras significativas en la velocidad, la aceleración y la
fuerza del tiro en el grupo de entrenamiento con pesas libres, mientras que el grupo de entrenamiento con peso corporal
no mostró cambios significativos. Se concluyó que el entrenamiento con pesas libres es más eficaz para mejorar la fuerza
de tiro en jugadores de hockey sobre patines.This research received no funding
Pathogens-in-Foods (PIF): An open-access European database of occurrence data of biological hazards in foods
No full textThe collection of occurrence data of foodborne pathogens in foods faces the hindrances of dispersion of information,
lack of standardisation and harmonisation, and ultimately, high expenditure in time and resources. The
Pathogens-in-Foods (PIF) database was conceived as a solution to centralise published data on prevalence and
concentration of pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites occurring in foods, obtained through systematic
review (SR), and categorised in harmonised data structures under controlled terminologies. The present article
outlines how PIF was constructed to adhere to the FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability and reusability)
principles for scientific data management; and proceeds with a description of the PIF concept, which
entails two phases: the SR process and the population of PIF. The protocolled SR process is supported by a welldefined
search strategy, inclusion criteria, and rules for internal validation assessment; whereas the population of
PIF with new data relies in data extraction, validation and release. The article then introduces a novel data
quality approach, named as the CCC approach (data consistency, conformity and completeness), which ensures
proper interpretation of data, richness of data, and flawless transcription of data. After a brief explanation of the
three PIF components – database, back-end and front-end – the article proceeds with the exposition of the data
model, as well as the capabilities of the front-end, including data search, insertion and curation. The future of PIF
lies in expanding its capabilities, addressing emerging challenges, and leveraging technological advancements to
maintain its relevance and utility in the evolving landscape of food safety.This work was funded by EFSA through GP/EFSA/BIOHAW/2022/ 01 and GP/EFSA/BIOHAW/2023/05. This work was also supported by National Funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC): CIMO, UIDB/00690/ 2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/00690/2020) and UIDP/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/00690/2020); and SusTEC, LA/P/0007/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/0007/2020). National funding by FCT, Foundation for Science and Technology, through the individual scientific employment program-contract with Ursula Gonzales-Barron. The authors acknowledge former project´s member Moez Sanaa for his valuable inputs in the progression of the concept of the Pathogen-in-Foods (PIF) database, and Diogo Cadavez, Marcos Pereira and Enzo Dornelles Italiano for ensuring the technical operability and maintenance of PIF between January 2022 and July 2024. The authors also acknowledge EFSA staff members Fulvio Barizzone, Frank Boelaert and Irene Mu˜noz-Guajardo for their methodological input
PROMORE: a procedural modeler of virtual rural environments with artificial dataset generation capabilities for remote sensing contexts
Full text linkRemote sensing (RS) is a rapidly evolving field that facilitates the study of phenomena on the Earth’s surface. Through various platforms, including satellites, manned aircraft, and remotely piloted aerial vehicles (RPAV), RS has been strategically applied to critical sectors like agriculture and forestry, which are essential for humanity’s sustenance. Key applications include crops classification, yield estimation and livestock monitoring and quantification. In the era of artificial intelligence (AI), the development of deep
learning (DL) models for such applications often requires extensive field data collection and labor-intensive image labeling, which are both time-consuming and resource-intensive. To address these challenges, this paper presents Procedural Modeling of Rural Environments (PROMORE), a parameterizable, ontology driven system designed to generate 3D virtual environments encompassing forestry, farmland – mainly focused on vineyards – and village settings. This system also implements functionalities to automate
the extraction of training data for deep learning applications in remote sensing, with the declared aim of providing complementary capabilities to data augmentation techniques, encompassing both traditional methods (e.g., flips, rotations, zooming) and advanced approaches such as generative adversarial networks (GANs). By simulating RPAV flights and managing virtual object visibility, PROMORE enables the automatic labeling, delineation, and highlighting of elements of interest (e.g., vine plants, trees, buildings),
facilitating the generation of datasets tailored for tasks such as semantic segmentation, and object detection.The authors would like to acknowledge the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia-FCT), under the projects UIDB/04033/2020, LA/P/0126/2020, GreenBotics (ref. PTDC/EEI-ROB/2459/2021), UIDB/00048/2020 and the PhD grant with reference 2021.06492.BD
Wild Myrtus communis L. Fruit By-Product as a Promising Source of a New Natural Food Colourant: Optimization of the Extraction Process and Chemical Characterization
No full textMyrtus communis L., as a wild underutilized fruit, was analyzed for its physicochemical properties and bioactive composition, revealing a high anthocyanin content principally concentrated in the peel. Therefore, the anthocyanin extraction conditions through ultrasound-assisted extraction from Myrtus communis L. fruit peels (MCP), considered a by-product, were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), evaluating four independent extraction variables with total anthocyanin content as the response criterion. As a result, optimal extraction conditions were determined to be 20 min, pH 6, 500 W, and 19.68 g/L, yielding a total anthocyanin content of 47.51 mg cya-3-glu/g. In addition, the optimized colourant extract presented a higher content of bioactive compounds compared to the fruit itself, with 1.4 times higher polyphenols and 1.8 times higher total anthocyanin content, with malvidin-3-O-glucoside as the predominant anthocyanin, evidencing the effectiveness of the proposed extraction process. In conclusion, applying the optimal extraction conditions for MPC enables the production of an extract with remarkable anthocyanin content and other phenolic compounds, making it an excellent candidate as a natural food colourant.The authors are grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innova-
tion for E.N.V. FPI contract (PRE2020-092030), Fundación Rafael Folch for L.G.Z. Predoctoral
Scholarship (2023/E01) and to ALIMNOVA Research Group 951505 (UCM, GNFR-32/23). The
author is also grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for its
support from the FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) national funds to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020 (DOI:
10.544 99/UIDB/00690/2020) and UIDP/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.544 99/UIDP/00690/2020)), SusTEC
(LA/P/0007/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/0007/2020)); L.B. (CEEC-INST, DOI: 10.54499/CEECINST/
00107/2021/CP2793/CT0002) contract through the institutional scientific employment programme-
contract. To the Agenda VIIAFOOD–Platform for Valorization, Industrialization and Commercial
Innovation for Agrifood (no. C644929456-00000040) for T.F.F.d.S. contract, a project supported un-
der the PRR (Plano de Recuperação e Resiliência) and financed by the European Union /Next
Generation EU
Antioxidant Properties and Microbiological Stability of Yogurt Enriched with Elderberry Extract
Full text linkThis study examines the impact of added elderberry (EDB) extract on the physico-chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of yogurt over a 21-day storage period. Two separate experiments were conducted: the first focused on testing concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.5% (w/w) EDB extract for impoving antioxidant properties and replacing potassium sorbate, a chemical preservative commonly used in dairy products, while the second aimed to enhance the bioactive compounds’ concentration by adding 0.5% EDB extract, and to assess the effect of a sweetener (agave syrup) on the sensory profile. Both experimental approaches demonstrated a significant increase (p < 0.01) in total phenolic content. In the first experiment, there was approximately 2.6 times more total phenolic content compared to the control (with a maximum of 11.71 mg GAE/100 g for the sample with 0.2% EDB extract), and about 6 times more with the addition of 0.5% EDB extract and agave syrup (with a maximum of 25.29 mg GAE/100 g). Additionally, the IC50 value decreased for all samples with EDB extract, suggesting enhanced antioxidant activity. Specifically, the antioxidant activity was approximately 3.3 times higher for the control for samples obtained from homemade yogurt with EDB extract, and about 8 times higher for samples obtained by adding EDB extract to commercial yogurt, compared to their respective controls. The high stability of bioactive compounds during the storage period highlights the potential of EDB extract as a functional antioxidant ingredient. Microbiological analysis confirmed the safety of the yogurt, with lactic acid and mesophilic bacteria showing stable counts and minimal declines over time. In the first experiment, a reduction of about 2.3 CFU/g was observed from day 0 to day 21 in samples with 0.1% and 0.2% EDB extract, while the control sample showed a reduction of 1.84 CFU/g. However, the control sample recorded the growth of psychrophilic bacteria, yeasts, and molds. In the second experiment, the samples with 0.5% EDB extract showed an average reduction of approximately 0.35 CFU/g, while the control showed a reduction of 0.51 CFU/g, maintaining stable counts and no detectable growth of psychrophilic bacteria, yeasts, molds, or coliforms. Additionally, the inclusion of different concentrations of EDB extract, along with the combination of a higher concentration of EDB extract and agave syrup, improved the yogurt’s sensory attributes, thereby enhancing consumer acceptance. For the first experiment, 68% of the panelists expressed their preference for the samples with EDB extract, and 10% preferred the control sample. In the second experiment, 49% preferred the sample with 0.5% EDB extract and agave syrup, while 23% preferred the control sample. These findings support the integration of EDB extract into yogurt formulations to boost antioxidant properties while preserving microbiological stability. Future research should explore the potential health benefits and long-term effects of these functional dairy products
Advancing Pickering emulsions with natural-based solid dispersion particles: Particle screening and design of pectin-based emulsions
No full textGiven the evolving trends in consumption, Pickering emulsions are emerging as a promising solution for functional and healthier foods, highlighting the need to diversify particle stabilisers. This study assessed the potential of curcumin-based solid dispersions (SDs) prepared with natural polymers (pectin, maltodextrin, Arabic gum, potato starch, and k-carrageenan) as Pickering stabilisers. Among these, pectin-curcumin SDs (contact angle = 48.0 ± 3.6◦) demonstrated effective emulsion stabilisation, as confirmed by confocal microscopy. The impact of oil volume fraction (φ = 0.20–0.70) and SD concentration (1.0–5.0 % wt.) on emulsion stability was evaluated.
An intermediate φ (0.45) consistently minimised creaming index (CI = 0–16.67 %) and droplet size (D[4,3] =2.53–4.12 μm). Complete reduction of creaming (CI = 0 %) was achieved at high SD concentration with low φ or low SD concentration with high φ, leading to improved stability. The three produced optimised formulations exhibited distinct colour properties (L* = 64.06–72.00, a* = 11.09–12.50, b* = 55.10–60.70), with hues ranging from yellow to orange, highlighting their potential for natural colouring applications. Rheological
behaviour varied from gel-like (G’ > G”) to viscoelastic (G’ = G”), broadening their potential in food formulations. Higher SD concentrations with lower/intermediate φ produced structured, gel-like emulsions suitable for sauces or spreads. In contrast, lower SD concentrations with higher φ yielded fluid emulsions for dressings or beverages. These findings highlight the feasibility of SD-based Pickering emulsions for designing stable (≥30 days), visually appealing, and texturally versatile food products.FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) support to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020 (DOI:10.54499/UIDB/00690/2020), UIDP/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/00690/2020)); SusTEC, LA/P/0007/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/
0007/2020); LSRE-LCM (UIDB/50020/2020 (DOI:10.54499/UIDB/50020/2020) and UIDP/50020/2020 (DOI:10.54499/UIDP/50020/2020)); ALiCE LA/P/0045/2020 (DOI:10.54499/LA/P/0045/2020).
FCT, for Stephany Cunha de Rezende’s individual research grant (DOI:10.54499/SFRH/BD/147326/2019), the institutional scientific employment program contract with Arantzazu Santamaria-Echart, and
A. Ribeiro CEEC (DOI: 10.54499/2022.00798.CEECIND/CP1733/CT0009
Bacterial cellulose biosynthesis in the presence of raw moist olive pomace: A green sustainable approach that enhances biopolymer production and properties
Full text linkIn this study, the biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose (BC) by Komagataeibacter intermedius strain isolated from
Kombucha tea in the presence of raw moist olive pomace (MOP) (concentration up to 40 % in the fermentation
media) was studied. The BC membranes were characterized by their antioxidant activity, structural character-
istics, crystallinity, thermal stability, and mechanical behavior. Using raw MOP activated the inherent activity of
the phenolic compounds, leading to cellular adaptation under unfavorable conditions and increased BC pro-
duction for all tested MOP concentrations (p < 0.0001). This led to a 166.61 % increase for the 20 % MOP group
compared to the control (HS medium). For this sample, enhanced antioxidant activity (~40-fold higher than the
control) was found, which might be associated with the molecular interactions established between hydroxyls of
BC and phenolic compounds. Moreover, an increase of 603.03 % in strain capacity, and a 376.01 % improvement
in stress at break compared to the control was observed. The study confirmed that BC can be synthesized using
MOP in its natural state, supporting a sustainable circular economy while enhancing the biosynthesis of a value-
added product. By reducing synthetic media and utilizing MOP, a greener bioprocess can be achieved, and BC’s
applicability can be expanded.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds
FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) support to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/00690/2020), UIDP/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/00690/2020)) and SusTEC, LA/P/0007/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/0007/2020). Pedro J.L. Crugeira acknowledges the financial support to the project “OleaChain: Competencies for sustainability and innovation in the traditional olive grove value chain in the North Interior of Portugal” (NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000188)
Plastic waste-derived carbon nanotubes: Influence of growth catalyst and catalytic activity in CWPO
Full text linkLow-density polyethylene (LDPE) was used in this work to grow carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) over catalysts based on Ni, Fe and Al, synthesized either by co-precipitation (C) or wet impregnation (I) methods, with CNT yields in the range of 16–33 %. The morphology of the CNTs was directly influenced by the route used for the CVD catalyst synthesis, with co-precipitation-derived CVD catalysts resulting in CNT samples with curly walls. CNTs were purified with H2SO4 (10–50 wt.%) to remove attached metal particles. All synthesized materials (CVD-catalysts, as-synthesized CNTs, and purified CNTs) were tested as catalysts in the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of paracetamol (PCM), chosen as a model pharmaceutical compound. Removals of 100 % of PCM in 8 h and 71 % of total organic carbon (TOC) in 24 h were achieved, with an H2O2 consumption efficiency of 76 % in 24 h for purified CNT (CNT@NiFeAl-C-P). The same CVD-catalyst (NiFeAl-C) was used to grow CNTs using real LDPE waste, and it was tested under the same reaction conditions, resulting in a PCM and TOC abatement of 90 % and 65 %, respectively. The synthesis of CNTs using LDP waste was a good alternative, given the environmental benefits associated with its reintroduction into the economic cycle as a material with higher value than initially (upcycling).This work was financially supported by project "PLASTIC_TO_-
FUEL&MAT – Upcycling Waste Plastics into Fuel and Carbon Nano-
materials" (PTDC/EQU-EQU/31439/2017), and by national funds
through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC): CeDRI, UIDB/05757/2020 (DOI:
10.54499/UIDB/05757/2020) and UIDP/05757/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/
UIDB/05757/2020); CIMO, UIDB/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/
00690/2020) and UIDP/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/00690/
2020); SusTEC, LA/P/0007/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/0007/2020);
LSRE-LCM, UIDB/50020/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/50020/2020)
and UIDP/50020/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/50020/2020); ALiCE,
LA/P/0045/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/0045/2020); and PTDC/CTA-
AMB/3489/2021 - RECY-SMARTE (DOI 10.54499/PTDC/CTA-AMB/
3489/2021). Fernanda F. Roman acknowledges the national funding by
FCT and the European Social Fund, FSE, through the individual research
grant SFRH/BD/143224/2019. Adriano S. Silva was supported by the
doctoral Grant SFRH/BD/151346/2021 financed by FCT with funds
from NORTE2020, under MIT Portugal Program. Jose L. Diaz De Tuesta
acknowledges the financial support through the program of Atracci´on al
Talento of Comunidad de Madrid (Spain) for the individual research grant
2022-T1/AMB-23946. The authors are also grateful for the finantial
support provided by Sociedade Ponto Verde for the project “Estudo
técnico-económico para a valorização de resíduos de embalagens plásticas na
produção de nanotubos de carbono”
Aproveitamento de águas pluviais em edifícios escolares com coberturas verdes ou convencionais: contributos para uma drenagem urbana sustentável
Full text linkMestrado de dupla diplomação com a Universidade Tecnológica Federal do ParanáA água é um recurso essencial para a vida e o desenvolvimento sustentável, mas a sua escassez, agravada pelo crescimento populacional, urbanização e mudanças climáticas, representa um desafio global. Soluções como os sistemas de aproveitamento de águas pluviais (SAAP) e as coberturas verdes (CV) emergem como estratégias promissoras promovendo benefícios ambientais, sociais e econômicos.
Assim, este estudo avaliou o consumo de água em dois edifícios escolares em Bragança (Portugal), propondo medidas de eficiência hídrica por meio da implementação de SAAP, CV, integração dessas tecnologias e substituição das torneiras existentes por modelos mais eficientes. O Centro Escolar de Santa Maria (CESMaria) consome 2.820,2 m³/ano de água no período com rega, e o Centro Escolar da Sé (CESé), 5.260,5 m³/ano.
O Cenário 1 (substituição de torneiras) mostrou-se a opção mais viável a curto prazo, com retorno do investimento em 1 ano, reduzindo o consumo de água em aproximadamente 30% e gerando economias anuais de cerca de 3.700 € + IVA em ambos os edifícios escolares. Já o Cenário 3 (combinação de torneiras eficientes e SAAP em coberturas convencionais (CC)), mostrou-se ideal a longo prazo, com reduções de consumo de até 60% e economias anuais superiores a 7.000 € + IVA, com retorno do investimento em 8 (CESMaria) e 7 anos (CESé).
Outros cenários, que variam a proporção de CV e combinam SAAP com torneiras eficientes, também apresentaram reduções de consumo (até 58,83% no CESMaria e 60,73% no CESé) e economias financeiras (25%-60%).
As CC mostraram maior eficiência na captação de água, com 93,84% de aproveitamento no CESMaria e 94,65% no CESé, utilizando reservatórios de 60 m³ e 70 m³, respectivamente. Já as CV’s reduziram a captação para 70%-90% devido à retenção de água pela vegetação, retendo entre 18,8% e 37,5% da água da chuva.
Logo, as propostas promovem gestão hídrica sustentável, alinhando-se a objetivos econômicos e ambientais.Water is an essential resource for life and sustainable development, but its scarcity, aggravated by population growth, urbanization and climate change, represents a global challenge. Solutions such as rainwater harvesting systems (SAAP) and green roofs (CV) are emerging as promising strategies promoting environmental, social and economic benefits.
Therefore, this study evaluated water consumption in two school buildings in Bragança (Portugal), proposing water efficiency measures through the implementation of SAAP, CV, the integration of these technologies and the replacement of existing taps with more efficient models. The Santa Maria School Center (CESMaria) consumes 2,820.2 m³/year of water during the irrigation period, and the Sé School Center (CESé), 5,260.5 m³/year.
Scenario 1 (replacing taps) proved to be the most viable option in the short term, with a return on investment in 1 year, reducing water consumption by approximately 30% and generating annual savings of around €3,700 + VAT in both school buildings. Scenario 3 (combination of efficient taps and SAAP on conventional roofs (CC)) proved to be ideal in the long term, with consumption reductions of up to 60% and annual savings of over €7,000 + VAT, with a return on investment in 8 (CESMaria) and 7 years (CESé).
Other scenarios, which vary the proportion of CV and combine SAAP with efficient taps, also showed reductions in consumption (up to 58.83% in CESMaria and 60.73% in CESé) and financial savings (25%-60%).
The CCs showed greater efficiency in water collection, with 93.84% utilization at CESMaria and 94.65% at CESé, using 60 m³ and 70 m³ reservoirs, respectively. The CVs, on the other hand, reduced water collection to 70%-90% due to water retention by vegetation, retaining between 18.8% and 37.5% of rainwater.
The proposals therefore promote sustainable water management, in line with economic and environmental objectives