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都市更新程序中實施者之法律地位;
No full text[[abstract]]中文摘要都市更新制度涉及政治、社會、經濟與實質等因素之一項都市計畫事業，影響人民權利義務至深且鉅，早期都市計畫法制僅有於第六章「舊市區之更新」作原則性規定，實有不足。為推動都市更新制度，並基於政策考量之下，引入民間活力，乃將都市更新此一應由國家及地方自治團體為之之公共事務，得由私人擔任實施者推動都市更新，故立法院於民國87年11月11日公布實施「都市更新條例」，期以一套完備的法令規章，有效引導公、私部門共同參與，達到都市更新的目標。又因都市更新引入私人參與更新程序，涉及私人履行行政任務之議題，屬公私協力之範疇，本文認為都市更新條例公私協力之體現展現在二方面，一為私人得以擔任公辦都更之實施者，二為都市更新條例設有民辦都更之都更類型。觀察都市更新條例之體系架構，係建構由機關、土地及合法建築物所有權人、實施者三者間之權利義務關係，且係依據民辦都更之思考模式建構。依據實施者主體之不同，產生公辦都更或民辦都更不同類型，以及不同實施者之都更推動模式。本文嘗試從都市更新條例之基本架構論起，先了解都市更新目前制度程序，進而說明都市更新實施者之基本概念，並分別介紹討論公辦都更與民辦都更不同實施者之推動模式，就公辦都更下實施者由機關自行擔任、公開遴選實施者擔任、同意其他機關構擔任，以及民辦都更下實施者由居民自組更新會、代理實施者擔任、由都市更新事業機構擔任等不同推動模式，分別論述實施者不同時，其於都市更新程序三面關係中，係立於何種角色定位來推動都市更新。都市更新條例自87年修正實施以來，歷經多次修正，102年間更因司法院釋字第709號解釋宣告部分條文違憲後，進行第9次修正，本文一併探討第九次修正草案內容，期以完整本論文之論述。關鍵字：都市更新、實施者、公辦都更、民辦都更、公私協力、角色定
論金融消費者保護法制之研究－以保險人之義務為中心;A Study on the Legal Regime of Financial Consumer Protection – Based on the Obligations of Insurers
No full text[[abstract]]金融消費者保護法制為世界各國均重視之議題，特別於2008年金融海嘯後更顯重要。我國於2011年通過金融消費者保護法，對金融消費者之權益保障雖有更上一層樓之感，惟他山之石，可以攻錯，透過與外國法之比較、分析，能知其中優劣與缺漏，從而加以修正或新增，使我國對金融消費者之保護法制得以更加完整、充足。近年歐盟為避免其會員國間對金融消費者之保護法制皆不相同，使金融消費者之保障有所差別，故積極整合其會員國間對於金融消費者保護法制，訂立相關指令，期使會員國對金融消費者之保護得以統一。英國於歐盟訂立相關指令後，為配合歐盟之政策，亦有訂立相關法令，予以響應之。是以，本文將以歐盟法與英國法作為比較分析之對象，參酌其中之優劣以比較我國法之不同，及其缺漏之處，以提供立法者做為未來修法之借鏡。 觀諸金融消費評議中心對於金融服務業之申訴統計資料，保險案件幾乎是年年奪冠。揆其問題所在，係因保險銷售過程係由保險業務員擔任第一線之銷售人員，而多數保險業務員無於締結契約前踐行適合性原則及告知說明義務，使消費者購買到與自身屬性不相符合之商品，導致嗣後發生與自身期待不符之情況。於此等情況雖對資力充足之消費者影響較小，然大多數消費者之資力並不充足，恐難以承受巨大損失。縱係企業，於我國亦多以中小企業為多數，其能承受風險之能力亦相當有限。準此，本文將以保險商品為主軸，再以保險人之適合性原則與締約前及後之告知說明義務做為研究之重心，希冀對保險消費者之保障能更進一步，從而消弭爭端之發生。
The legal regime of financial consumer protection has been regarded as a crucial issue in every country worldwide, even more so since the 2008 Financial Crisis. In 2011, Taiwan passed the Financial Consumer Protection Act to protect financial consumers further. As the famous Chinese idiom says, “a stone from other mountains can drill into a piece of hard jade.” That is to say. One can always improve by learning from others’ experiences and mistakes. By comparing with and analyzing the laws of foreign countries, the strengths and weaknesses of our legal regime, as well as its defects and omissions, would be shown and accordingly could be either fixed or amended, depending on circumstances. By doing so, the Taiwan legal regime would be much complete and sufficient. By ways of methodology, this thesis selected the laws of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as the “EU”) and the United Kingdom (the “UK”) as the comparative basis. The EU has drafted many directives to unify the protection for financial consumers of each member countries since there were various versions of regulations regarding the protection of financial consumers among the member countries, which had made consumers received a various degree of protection. Correspondingly, the UK also passed related law and regulation. Therefore, this thesis compared the differences, the advantages, and disadvantages among Taiwan legal regime, the EU, and the UK system. It further pointed out the insufficiency of Taiwan regime as a reference for future amendments. Based on the statistical data concerning the total amount of the complaints against financial service providers, collected by the Financial Ombudsman Institution in Taiwan, the complaints related to an insurance dispute has topped the first rank almost every year. The reason why this problem happened was the business practice of insurance sales promotion nowadays. That is, the front line sales personnel is always an insurance representative. Most of them did not follow the doctrine to examine the suitability and comply with the duty of disclosure, which not just caused consumers to purchase the insurance products not suitable for their characteristics but also failed to meet their expectation at a later date. For consumers with deep pockets, the impact of this practice was relatively minor; whereas its damage might be overwhelmingly immense for the majority of consumers with unsatisfying financial situations. It was still the case even for many enterprises, nearly all of which were small and medium-sized enterprises with an only limited capability to assume the risks. Accordingly, this thesis examined insurance products in the market and then studied the suitability doctrine imposed on insurers as well as the duty of disclosure, before and after entering into the contract. This thesis hopes to inspire a further protection for insurance consumers and thus eradicate the possibility of any future disputes
論比例原則於優惠性差別待遇之適用;
No full text[[abstract]]對「正義」此一理念之追求，乃人類社會由古至今不變之共識，亦同為現代民主國家所肯認之基本價值。而憲法除為國家之根本大法外，其核心及功能係即「人民權利之保障書」故於現代法治國，正義此一概念應如何實現，本文以為，理應藉由憲法及各項法治國原則加以落實。優惠性差別待遇(Affirmative Action)的概念源於美國法中，其為補償遭受歧視的族群（主要為黑人）因歷史因素所塑造而成的先天不平等環境及競爭條件，國家給予在各方面條件上較為優惠的措施。因優惠性差別待遇源於美國法，故遵循其案例法的傳統，逐漸累積發展出合理審查標準、嚴格審查標準及中度審查標準三種審查標準，並按該審查標準決定應以何種尺度審視該差別待遇是否符合實質平等，惟此項論證方式是否適合我國憲法體制？本文認為，憲法中所保障之各項基本權利，其價值均應等價，而難以排列一固定的位階順序，當所爭之差別待遇發生基本權利之衝突時，吾人應回歸個案中發生衝突之基本權利加以考量。而另由比較法的立場，德國法上則進一步發展出恣意禁止公式與新公式用以審查差別待遇是否合理。我國通說均認應以平等原則作為其審查模式，因於現代法治國，任何國家行為理應均受憲法相關原理原則之檢視，優惠性差別待遇亦同，故吾人理應同時亦藉由「比例原則」加以審視。而於傳統通說上，比例原則之三個子原則分別為：適當性原則、必要性原則及狹義比例原則，然本文以為，於審視優惠性差別待遇時，得藉由包含「目的正當性原則」之比例原則審查國家之行為是否具備其正當性，同時作為連結平等原則與正義此一憲法價值之樞紐，藉以更精密地審視該差別待遇是否合憲，同時保障受該優惠性差別待遇之族群及非受該優惠性差別待遇之族群，均得同受憲法之保障
高齡少子社會背景下養老信託之法律研究;The Legal Study of Elderly Security Trust on the Background of Low Birthrate and Aging Society.
No full text[[abstract]]摘要 我國人口老齡化現象日趨嚴重，加上少子化現象，獨居的高齡老人生活陷入困境成為貧窮老人（日本稱下流老人），沒有存款沒有收入靠著極少的年金。過著中下階級的生活，罹患疾病後因缺少安養照顧沒人發現無法動彈孤獨而死。 第一章為研究動機及目的。然隨著現代經濟文明的快速發展，醫學進步使人類生命持續延長.在享受長壽人生的同時，本文研究範圍以對於高齡者不能照護自己需仰賴社會福利與國家資源幫助。對於高齡者不能照護自己需仰賴社會福利與國家資源幫助以台、日之高齡安養為探討。 第二章探討信託概念、架構、稅賦對高齡成年監護之財產信託之管理。自信託法及信託業法分別於1996年1月及2000年7月公布施行以來，信託業務蓬勃發展。 第三章為養老信託理論的基礎，信託本是英美社會的產物其被廣泛使用的原因，除了信託具有高度的利用彈性，日本及我國等特別制定信託法以繼受英美信託法制之大陸法系國家而言，因信託在英美乃衡平法所孕育而成。 第四章為台日養老信託法律現狀及問題討論，運用日本國養老信託經驗探討台灣養老方式及商品，信託財產在我國信託法律關係下進行探討。 第五章為結論與建議。對本文個章節探討分析整理去思考對台灣高齡老人適合的安養信託，使對社會有貢獻面臨需被照顧的老人，老有所養，老有所依。關鍵字：高齡、少子化、養老信託、遺囑信託、成年監護
AbstractThe phenomenon of population aging in Taiwan is becoming more and more serious, with the fewer children, the elderly living alone in trouble (Japan called dirty old man),because they have no deposit no income only depend on little annuity. They lead low standard life, suffering from the disease due to the lack of caring, finally can not move and die alone.The first chapter focus on the motive and purpose of this research. With the rapid development of modern economic civilization, medical advances make mankind life prolonged. Enjoying long life, at the same time, we should pay attention to the study for the elderly care, because they have to need the countries' resource and social welfare.So I make a comparative research between Taiwan and Japan to study the social welfare and national resources to help the elderly.The second chapter discusses the concept, structure of trust, study the tax and the management of trust property in the aged guardianship. Trust business and trust industry law had been promulgated since January 1996 and July 2000 respectively, and trust business had been booming since then.The third chapter focus on the theory of the pension trust, the trust law is born in the Anglo American equity law system and it is the product of American society which has been widely used. Because the trust law has the flexible feature, for the civil law countries, like Japan and Taiwan, we make our special trust law by following the Anglo American Trust Law.The fourth chapter discusses the current situation and problems of Taiwan and Japan 's pension trust, and explores the Japanese useful ways of providing care for the aged under the trust property law system and the trust legal relationship of Taiwan.The fifth chapter is the conclusion and suggestion. Analysis each chapter and find useful pension trust way to consolidate the elderly care trust system in Taiwan. Finally reach the aim that the old aged people who have the contribution to the society will be taken care of by the pension trust system and social security.Keywords：old age, fewer younger generation, old age trust, testamentary trust, adult guardianshi
論稅務訴願之不利益變更禁止;A Study on the Principle of Disadvantage Prohibition under Administrative Appeal Related to Taxation Affairs
No full text[[abstract]]在我國，除了民刑事訴訟，行政救濟上亦有不利益變更禁止概念之適用，實務上習慣以「不利益變更禁止原則」稱之，而這樣的一個原則，在行政救濟一環之稅務訴願也被納入思考，意指訴願審理機關在訴願人表示不服範圍內，不得為更不利益之變更或處分。早期實務在訴願法未明文下，將不利益變更禁止視為行政救濟之法理，適用於稅務訴願程序，並及於復查程序。於民國87年，訴願法修法時更明文納入不利益變更禁止規定。儘管不利益變更禁止在法律已有明文，但此一禁止規定於學理上產生極大爭議，否定見解認為稅務訴願採取不利益變更禁止，將犧牲依法課徵、依法行政等要求，而造成租稅不公，因此多主張不利益變更禁止之規定不具正當性。是以，不利益變更禁止之法理依據為何，即有探究必要。本文首先以稅務訴願程序作為範圍，探討不利益變更禁止概念內涵與我國實務見解，以及觀察日本訴願法制上不利益變更禁止運作情形，藉以與我國法制進行比較，釐清殊異所在。其次討論我國肯認及否認不利益變更禁止之法理依據，釐清現行規範是否具有正當性。而後就稅額不足之補徵程序進行比較法觀察，並在國際上確立納稅者權利而整備租稅程序的觀點下，探討比較法規定是否得供我國參酌。結論上，本文認為透過比較法觀察，稅務訴願採取不利益變更禁止之法理依據會因為對於訴願目的認知的不同而有所差異。以我國實務對於訴願程序係以權利保障作為訴願權能概念內涵之立場，足徵權利保護於訴願之重要性，因而日本法以訴願目的主要在於保障人民權益而規定不利益變更禁止的比較法視野，採取不利益變更禁止未必不適宜。但基於依法課稅、租稅公平的觀點，即便於訴願採取不利益變更禁止之日本法，於訴願後對於稅額之不足仍透過更正程序補徵，且在國際上確立納稅者權利而整備租稅程序的觀點下，本文藉由比較模範納稅者權利憲章以及日本相關補徵程序等規定，嘗試在納稅者權利保障下就不利益變更禁止，對我國稅法未來修法方向提出建議。
In Taiwan, the Principle of Disadvantage Prohibition is applied not only to the civil or criminal procedure but to the administrative remedy procedure. Therefore, this principle, meaning that the agency with jurisdiction of administrative appeal shall not make less favorable modification or decision for the appellant than that was sustained in the scope of the objection which the administrative appellant expressed, also functions under administrative appeal related to taxation affairs.Without provisions in the Administrative Appeal Act, this prohibition, which is derived from the Judicial Precedents and interpretations in Taiwan’s early legal practice, is regarded as a jurisprudence of administrative remedy and applies to not only administrative appeal related to taxation affairs but recheck in the Tax Collection Act. This prohibition still has caused fierce controversy among the administrative law academic field in Taiwan ever since article 81 was established in the Administrative Appeal Act in 1998. On the basis of the principle of taxation by law, studies based on German Tax law criticize that article 81 brings tax unfairness and hold that the prohibition is neither a jurisprudence of administrative remedy nor a legal principle of administration remedy and therefore unjustified. Due to the fierce controversy, it is highly necessary to inspect the basis of legal theory of this prohibition.This study, within the scope of the administrative appeal related to taxation affairs, firstly intends to explore the meaning of this prohibition, the judicial decisions as well as the differences between Taiwan and Japan legal practice and theory. After observing and organizing the opinions for and against this prohibition, this study examines the legitimacy of this prohibition, and then compares the provisions in Taiwan and Japan whereby either the Tax Administration correct deficiencies or a Taxpayer may come forward voluntarily to a Tax Officer to correct past tax filings and deficiencies with the international trend towards establishing taxpayer rights.This study concludes that the legal basis of this prohibition differs from the main purpose of the administrative appeal related to taxation affairs. Through an analysis of the Japan experiences and the reflection on the judicial decisions, the main purpose of the administrative appeal related to taxation affairs falling into protecting the rights and interest of the people justifies this prohibition. In Taiwan, it represents the significance of protecting the rights and interest of the people under administrative appeal related to taxation affairs that the judicial decisions comprehend the legal concept Klagebefugnis mainly protecting the rights and interest of the people, instead of ensuring that all administrative acts are carried out based on the principle of administration by law. Hence the prohibition in Taiwan is legitimate from the perspective of the main purpose of the administrative appeal related to taxation affairs falling into protecting the rights and interest of the people. Japan’s legal practice and judicial decisions, which result from the main purpose of the administrative appeal related to taxation affairs falling into protecting the rights and interest of the people, may also help us to propose some suggestions on the reform and amendment of the taxation system in Taiwanese legal system. Howerer, all administrative acts, including collection of taxes, should be carried out in pursuance of a fair, open and democratic process based on the principle of administration by law. In Japan, the tax deficiencies get corrected after the administrative appeal, which this prohibition is applied to. With the international trend towards establishing taxpayer rights, the articles of Model Taxpayer Charter developed by three tax professional bodies in the the world, the Conf?d?ration Fiscale Europ?enne (CFE), the Asia-Oceania Tax Consultants? Association (AOTCA) as well as the Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners (STEP), and the provisions of taxation laws in Japan may help us to propose some suggestions on the reform and amendment of the taxation system in Taiwanese legal system
電腦輔助腎臟腫瘤分割之檢測;The segmentation of renal tumor using Computer assisted detection
No full text[[abstract]]由於影像分割方法大多皆需給予初始位置與輪廓，而影像分割方法的收斂與擴張又與初始位置與輪廓有著極大的相關。本研究提出一種創新的方法，結合卷積神經網路和水平集方法，用於電腦斷層掃描的腹部影像的半自動分割腎臟腫瘤，利用卷積神經網路在目標識別方面的優異表現，獲得腎臟腫瘤初始位置與輪廓，以解決因為人工手動圈選初始位置與輪廓的誤判而導致分割結果的錯誤，進而節省了進行影像判讀的時間與精力。本研究詳細描述了卷積神經網路和水平集算法，並用於電腦斷層掃描的腹部影像之腎臟腫瘤分割。經實驗結果證實，本研究得到了相當高準確的結果，且本研究將所提出的方法與過去文獻所提出的方法做比較，結果顯示本研究提出的方法在靈敏度的部分高於過去文獻的結果。
Due to the image segmentation methods need to be given the initial position and contour, and the convergence and expansion of image segmentation methods also has a strong association with the initial position and contour, this study propose an innovative method. We combine convolutional neural network and level set for semi-automatic segmentation of renal tumors in computer tomography images. Using the advantage of CNN in target recognition to solve the misjudgment caused by manually circle the initial position and contour, and then save the time and energy of image interpretation.In this study, we describe the convolutional neural network and the level set algorithm in detail, and applied them to renal tumor segmentations in abdominal images. The results show that this study has great accuracy. And compared with the literature in the past, the proposed method has higher sensitivity
應用自適應閾值於區域成長法之顱內血腫影像切割;Intracranial hemorrhage Segmentation in Computed Tomography Images Using Region Growing Algorithm with Adaptive Thresholding
No full text[[abstract]]根據我國衛生福利部統計指出，腦血管疾病高居國人十大死因的第三名。而自發性顱內出血，亦即出血性腦中風，屬於腦血管疾病的一種，可能會造成半身不遂、語言困難、意識不清，甚至昏迷死亡，其死亡率更比缺血性腦中風要來得高。電腦斷層掃描為目前臨床上診斷自發性顱內出血的第一線檢查工具，具有能準確地區分中風類型、出血位置及血塊大小等等的特性，且出血在電腦斷層掃描中呈現高密度，較容易被辨識。出血位置與出血體積是醫師決定是否手術之依據，而手術目的主要是減少腦內出血所產生的併發症；目前臨床上測量顱內出血大小的方法是以電腦斷層掃描影像上血塊之長寬高來估計。但由於血塊多呈現不規則的形狀，以長寬高作為評估指標並不能準確地量測血塊的實際大小。因此，本研究提出一套自動化影像切割流程，希望藉此作為醫生診斷之參考依據，並減少圈選血腫的時間。我們將自適應閾值與區域成長法相結合，透過大津算法動態取得之門檻值作為決定種子點強度值之依據，即可對多個初始種子點進行區域成長，實現自動化切割的目的。實驗結果顯示，本研究圈選之區域與醫生手動圈選之輪廓有著極高的契合度，且擁有良好的準確率及特異度。
According to statistics of government, cerebrovascular diseases rank number three among the top ten leading causes of death in Taiwan. Intracranial hemorrhage, or hemorrhagic stroke, is a kind of cerebrovascular diseases. It may lead to hemiplegia, language disorder, unconsciousness, and even death. Moreover, the mortality rate of hemorrhagic stroke is higher than the rate of ischemic stroke.Computed tomography is the main imaging modality used for diagnosis and evaluation of intracranial hemorrhage, which can distinguish the type of stroke and the location and the size of the hematoma. Because hematoma is of high density in computed tomography, it is easy to identify. The location and the volume of the hematoma are the basis for clinicians to decide whether to operate. Due to the irregular shape of hematoma, the volume of hematoma cannot measure accurately if only use its length, width and height to calculate. Therefore, we propose an automatic image processing method that aims to provide a powerful tool for clinicians to evaluate the intracranial hemorrhage in computed tomography, and to reduce the time of manual selection. Combining adaptive thresholding and region growing, we perform otsu’s method to find initial seeds automatically. Through this method, we can determine the gray value of the seed point by dynamic threshold obtained from Otsu’s method. The results show that the region circled by this study and the contour manually circled by the doctor have great similarity, and yield good accuracy and specificity
遞歸神經網路應用於接收訊號強度指標之路徑預測模型;Recursive Neural Network Applied to Receive Signal Strength for Path Prediction Model
No full text[[abstract]]基於低功耗藍牙無線訊號發射器 iBeacon 的微定位技術，相關文獻多在探討解決室內定位 RSS 訊號飄移，產生定位不良的方法。本論文研究應用遞歸神經網路架構的路徑預測模型，將基於接收訊號強度指標定位的路徑資料，結合最近鄰居法及權重演算法，計算歐幾里德距離得出定位點，並可識別訊號飄移的定位點，實現室內定位的目標。輸入具時間序列的 RSSI 訊號強度資料，可得出整個路徑軌跡。
In recently, with the development of the cloud technology and the cloud services requirement, and popularity of mobile devices, EMC Digital Universe study expects data explosion to see ten-fold increase by 2020. The cloud data is lead to explore the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning technology Pass studied, Apply in RSSI of the indoor position system used the BLE devices, iBeacon, most previous relate work were proposed the algorithm or method in order to improve the accuracy of the position.In our research, we proposed training the recursive neural network applied the RSSI signal information and integrate K-NN algorithm and Euclidean Distance, the model can prediction next position with the RSSI signal and the broadcast positio
定型化契約行政規制之研究-以旅遊契約為中心;
No full text[[abstract]]本文之研究架構分為五章，首先在第一章緒論部分，闡述本文的研究動機、預計達成的研究目的、研究範圍、使用的研究方法以及相關文獻回顧。簡單界定出本文的討論主軸，使讀者可以了解本文之重心。第二章將討論定型化契約規制之理論基礎，私法自治與契約自由原則固然體現近代法上自由平等之自由決定並負責之理念，由於經濟活動型態開始轉向「大量生產、大量銷售、大量消費」。此種交易型態中，為降低交易成本，從而大量使用定型化契約，然而定型化契約的大量使用對於契約內容決定之自由造成一定之衝擊。故對於定型化契約應予規制，規制之種類有自律規制、立法規制、行政規制及司法規制。本章著重在定型化契約之行政規制，既然討論之主題為行政規制，其規制必然應遵守比例原則、法律保留原則、授權明確性原則及平等原則等一般行政法原理原則，由此構成國家對定型化契約行政規制之界限。第三章將國家對定型化契約之行政規制中之類型分別介紹由定型化契約範本、定型化契約應記載或不得記載事項及違反消費定型化契約應記載或不得記載事項裁處行政罰之理由、定性及救濟途徑、各直轄市對定型化契約規制之立法情況，相關案例分析及消費訊息之公告加以分析介紹。第四章對於旅遊定型化契約行政規制加以檢討，包括旅遊契約之意義、性質及爭議以及旅遊定型化契約範本及旅遊定型化契約應記載及不得記載事項條款之檢討及消費訊息公告之檢討。第五章為結論包含主要發現及研究建議
我國環境公民訴訟當事人適格爭議之研究;
No full text[[abstract]]本文係以環境公民訴訟中的當事人適格為探討對象，即我國在各該環境法規中所訂定的公民訴訟條款，對於條文內容中的受害人民和公益團體起訴適格認定的爭議。我國行政訴訟法是以主觀訴訟為中心，但在行政訴訟法第9條例外允許公益訴訟，但須以法律有特別規定者為限。而這些特別規定落實在各該環境法規中的公民訴訟條款，但公民訴訟條款將當事人限縮在受害人民和公益團體，與原先移植的美國法制有所差異。由於主觀訴訟與客觀訴訟的基本功能不同，二者的差異造成了我國在環境公民訴訟中，當事人適格適用上的困境。因此，本文逐一探討，在第二章整理我國環境公民訴訟的法制，並蒐集我國環境公民訴訟的判決，經由我國環境公民訴訟條款的觀察，原告主體分為受害人民或公益團體，因此，再蒐集我國環境公民訴訟的判決時，也特別整理原告為受害人民抑或是公益團體的部分。第三章以美國法制介紹為中心，觀察其發展之脈絡，再將其與我國環境公民訴訟起訴適格爭議作比較。第四章係關於環境領域團體訴訟的討論，主要以蒐集整理我國關於德國團體訴訟的文獻，將德國團體訴訟制度與我國團體訴訟的規範作比較，再更進一步的探討我國各該環境法規中對於公益團體資格的認定。最後，在第五章提出本文之觀察結果，藉著分析我國法制與外國法制之理論之形成與實務之運作，期能供學界及實務發展之參考