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嘉義市國中紫錐花運動推廣成效與學生對學校友善校園知覺之研究;A Study on the Effectiveness of the Promotion of Echinacea Campaign and Students' Perceptions of Friendly Campus in Public Junior High Schools in Chiayi City
No full text[[abstract]]本研究旨在瞭解目前嘉義市國民中學紫錐花運動推廣成效及學生對學校友善校園知覺及其關係。藉由學生個人背景變項，來分析嘉義市國中紫錐花運動推廣之成效與學生對學校友善校園知覺的差異性。本研採問卷調查法，採分層叢集抽樣法，共抽取696名嘉義市國中學生為研究樣本，總計回收有效問卷為644份，有效問卷回收率為92.53%。經過研究問卷調查所得的資料，再利用平均數、平均數差異t考驗、單因子變異數分析、次數分析、皮爾森積差相關等統計方法，進行歸納與分析，結論如下：一、嘉義市國中學生反毒之認知反應出學校推廣紫錐花運動成效屬中高程度。二、嘉義市國中學生有9成以上的同學有參加過學校紫錐花運動的相關宣教活動，參加學生亦有9成以上的認為參加相關宣教活動對其是有幫助的。三、不同年級、不同學校位置區域、不同學校規模、不同和同儕的人際互動關係及不同家庭管教方式的學生對學校紫錐花運動推廣成效之看法達顯著差異。四、嘉義市國中學生對學校友善校園整體知覺及各分層面知覺現況呈現中高程度的感知表現。五、不同性別、不同年級、不同學校位置區域、不同學校規模及不同和同儕的人際互動關係的學生在環境層面對友善校園的知覺有顯著差異。六、不同性別、不同年級、不同學校位置區域、不同學校規模、不同和同儕的人際互動關係及不同家庭管教方式學生在心理層面對友善校園的知覺有顯著差異。七、不同性別、不同年級、不同學校位置區域、不同和同儕的人際互動關係及不同家庭管教方式學生在人際層面對友善校園的知覺有顯著差異。八、嘉義市國中紫錐花運動推廣成效與學生對學校友善校園知覺之整體及各層面間有顯著正相關。最後，根據本研究結論提出建議，以供教育行政機關、學校及未來研究者研究之參考。
This study investigates the effectiveness of the promotion of Echinacea campaign in public junior high schools, with a focus to study its relationship with students' perception of friendly campus in Chiayi City. Through the analysis on variables of students’ personal background in Chiayi City, the author wishes to further explore the effectiveness of the promotion of Echinacea among the difference in students' perception of friendly campus. The research adopted the method of questionnaire survey procedure. With stratified cluster sampling method, the researcher sent 696 questionnaires to students of public junior high school in Chiayi City, collected 644 valid samples with a valid response rate of 92.53%. The data were analyzed by means of statistical methods such as arithmetic mean, t-test, One-way analysis of variance, Pearson’s product-moment correlation, and frequency analysis. The conclusions of this study are synthesized as follows:I. The anti-drug cognition of the public junior high school students revealed that schools promoted Echinacea campaign were in average-to-high extent in Chiayi City. II. Over 90% of students had participated in related activities of Echinacea campaign in the schools of Chiayi City, in which over 90 % of participation students had found the program beneficial.III. There exist significant differences in the effect of the promotion of Echinacea campaign. Influential variables include grade levels, school location area, school scale, inter-personal relationship with peers and family discipline. IV. The students of Chaiyi city who studied in junior high school, in overall as well as individual levels sampling, resulted in a high level perception of friendly campus.V. There exist significant differences in the perceptions of environmental dimension of friendly campus. Influential variables include gender, grades levels, school location areas, school scales and inter-personal relationships with peers. VI. There exist significant differences in the perception of mental dimension of friendly campus. Influential variables include gender, grades levels, school location areas, school scales, inter-personal relationship with peers and family discipline.VII. There exist significant differences in the perception of mental dimension of friendly campus. Influential variables include gender, grades levels, school location areas, school scales, inter-personal relationships with peers and family discipline.VIII. There exist significant differences in the perception of interpersonal relationship dimension of friendly campus. Influential variables include gender, grade levels, school location areas, relationships with peers and different family discipline.IX. A significant positive correlation was observed between Echinacea campaign in promoting the effectiveness of Chaiyi students and the students’ friendly campus awareness, which involved a whole as well as in individual levels. According to the above research conclusions, related suggestions were offered to be the reference for the education administration, schools and future researchers
探討國小三年級與五年級詞彙知識與閱讀理解之關係;Rethinking of Word Knowledge: Relationships among Word Breadth, Word Depth, Morphological Awareness, and Reading Comprehension in the Third and Fifth-grade Children
No full text[[abstract]]本研究嘗試將中文構詞覺識列為詞彙知識面向之一部分，並使用結構方程模式檢視國小三年級與五年級的詞彙知識與閱讀理解之關係。在結構方程模式中，詞彙廣度、詞彙深度、構詞覺識為三個潛在變項，而每一個變項由兩個觀察變項（接收性詞彙與表達性詞彙）架構而成。受試者為164位三年級學童與127位五年級學童，每一位學童接受6項詞彙測驗、2個閱讀測驗、與1個瑞文氏測驗；測驗包含中文畢保德圖畫測驗、詞彙成長測驗（洪儷瑜等，2012）、多義詞測驗、魏氏詞彙測驗、造詞測驗、詞素產生測驗、中文閱讀理解測驗（林寶貴與錡寶香，1999）、與閱讀理解成長測驗（蘇宜芬等，2015）。本研究結果顯示，三個潛在變項與閱讀理解彼此互相關聯，而其中以詞彙廣度最具預測力。此外，構詞面向與詞彙深度在三年級無法分化，但是在五年級可以區隔為兩個面向，這顯示可能彼此變項之間對閱讀理解之關係有所重疊。最後，本研究發現三年級與五年級學童在詞彙知識與閱讀理解之發展上有顯著差異。
This study attempted to consider morphological awareness as one dimension of the word knowledge in Chinese because of its uniqueness, and then to examine the relationships between the word knowledge (breadth and depth) and reading comprehension in the third- and the fifth- grade students by structural equation model. In the model, the three factors (breadth, depth, Chinese morphological awareness) would be the latent variables, and each of them would be constructed by two observed variables (receptive vocabulary and productive vocabulary). One hundred and sixty-four third graders and 127 fifth graders were recruited from two elementary schools in Chia-Yi, Taiwan. All participants were administered to one nonverbal intelligence test and eight vocabulary tests respectively, including Chinese PPVT-R, Word Knowledge Growth Test (Hung et al., 2012), Chinese Polysemy Test, Vocabulary Subtest of the WISC-IV-Chinese, The Chinese Morphological Construction Test, Morpheme Production Test (Shu et al., 2006), Chinese Reading Comprehension Test, (Lin and Chi, 1999) and Reading Comprehension Growth Test (Su et al., 2015). Results of the structural equation model revealed that the three different dimensions (breadth, depth, and morphological awareness) of word knowledge were highly correlated with reading comprehension, and vocabulary breadth was the best predictor to reading comprehension. Secondly, morphological awareness and vocabulary depth were not distinguishable in the third grade but they were in the fifth grade, which showed that these factors had overlapping variance that contributed to the prediction of reading comprehension. Finally, there were significant developmental differences between the third and fifth graders in examining their word knowledge and reading comprehension
國小教師實施兒童哲學之個案研究;A Case Study on Philosophy for Children in Elementary
No full text[[abstract]]本研究旨在瞭解個案教師實施兒童哲學的理念與作法，且探討個案教師實施兒童哲學教學所面臨的困難與因應策略，以及個案教師之教學省思情形。本研究採取質性取向的個案研究，立意選取以兩位進行兒童哲學教學之國小教師為研究對象，運用深度訪談、文件分析等方式蒐集資料，研究發現結論如下。1.教師的求學經歷、對兒童哲學的看法以及所認為的教師角色均影響實施兒童哲學之理念。2.個案教師進行兒童哲學的歷程，包含實施時間仍以完整課堂為主、教師在哲學的專業性影響其選用教材的廣度、為形成探究團體，課程開始前需先引發孩童興趣，並可採用多樣化的教學方式，如演戲、繪畫等。3.教師在實施兒童哲學時遇到的困境為：部分學生參與意願不高甚至故意唱反調、部分學生不擅長表達、學生的不信任與質疑、班級中特殊生的影響、家長的支持度不高、時間不足，壓縮討論時間、不同的班級特質，影響教師活動發展。4.教師實施後，能透過自我省思，強化兒童哲學的實施。
AbstractThe purposes of the study were to understand the two teachers’ ideas and actions on teaching philosophy for children, and to understand the difficulties, the strategies and reflections which the case study teachers faced during the teaching practice on philosophy for children. The researcher collected the data by interview and document analysis through the qualitative approach.The important findings of the study are presented as follows: firstly, the teachers' learning experiences, their attitude toward the philosophy for children and the roles that the teachers assumed to be could all affect their concepts on teaching philosophy for children. Thirdly, teachers were challenged by some difficulties during their teaching of philosophy for children. For instance, some of the students participated in class with the low intention of learning and even argued against teachers. Some of them were not good at expressing. Also, students' distrust and queries to teachers, the impacts from exceptional students in the class, lower support by students' parents, deficiency of time, discussion time compression, and different classroom climates would all affect teachers' activity development
兒童及少年人身自由保障之研究-以觸法兒少及受害兒少為中心;Epitomizing Personal Freedom Protection for the Children and Juveniles- Focusing on the Juvenile Delinquents and the Victims of Child Abuse
No full text[[abstract]]觀察我國法規範，我國當前對於保護兒少採取不同運作體系，一為福利行政保護受害兒少，其中針對兒少受虐部份，主要依據「兒童及少年福利與權益保障法（下稱：兒少權法）」，其規範任何人不得對兒少身心虐待，而當侵害產生實害或立即危害之虞時，公權力對受害兒少啟動保護安置措施，緊急將其帶離家庭或危害環境，另外特別針對兒少遭受性剝削（性交易）之保護措施，法規依據為「兒童及少年性剝削防制條例（下稱：兒少性剝削防制條例）」（原稱：兒童及少年性交易防制條例）。另一為少年福利司法保護觸法兒少，主要依據「少年事件處理法（下稱：少事法）」處理關於兒少觸法、非行和虞犯之保護事件。少事法對於觸法兒少之保護事件處遇，可能以約束其人身自由之保護處分達到教育矯正之目的，而保護事件性質上又區分為兒少觸法事件及兒少虞犯事件，上開不同性質之保護事件所經歷之司法程序及處遇結果可能相同，晚近有釋字第664號解釋對部份虞犯類型受「收容」或「感化教育」以違反比例原則宣告違憲。上開皆係保護為目的，皆可能對兒少以約束、限制其人身自由方式為之，對其人身約束、限制或許短暫數小時，亦可能持續長達以月（年）為單位之人身自由受到剝奪，然並非因其係受到「保護」的狀態下，就任憑國家將其安置在或許對其並非適當之場所生活，或可能遭受不當對待，但凡只要以保護為名即可忽視可能侵害存在，在法律授權事實上約束、限制、剝奪其人身自由狀態下，理應受到檢視以確認對其人身自由保障是否充分，因此本研究希望藉此探究，並發現法規範與實務面是否有需要再行檢討改進之處
論區段徵收制度之法律爭議;
No full text[[abstract]]土地徵收，係國家因公共事業或其他公益目的之必要，得依法徵收人民之財產，但須給予補償。近來土地徵收案件大多採取區段徵收作為徵收手段，引起社會大眾矚目之徵收案件，往往也是採取區段徵收作為手段，此種現象引發大眾對區段徵收制度之關注，且學界對於該制度之探討有著存廢的討論，由此可知區段徵收制度是一個備受爭議的法律制度。本文以區段徵收制度為中心討論，探討在區段徵收制度與憲法上之要求，以公益性、比例原則、正當程序、補償原則一一檢視，研究區段徵收制度與憲法財產權之關聯，以及該制度在憲法上應受到何種拘束。 對於區段徵收制度遇到之法律爭議，有公益性、必要性評估報告簡略、土地徵收審議委員會審議流於形式審查、人民參與程序制度不健全、抵價地補償問題，並以竹南大埔區段徵收案例作分析，以實際案例探討行政機關在執行區段徵收制度所產生之爭議問題，整理法院判決藉以了解實務見解，對此本文提出些許研究意見，期望能補強區段徵收制度之不足，為以改善區段徵收制度之法制，讓制度更為完善，行政機關謹慎使用區段徵收制度，讓人民財產權利與社會公共利益取得平衡，促使國家與人民能共創美好居住環境
傳聞再思辨-兼論刑事訴訟法第159條之1於實務上之適用;
No full text[[abstract]]傳聞法則一言以蔽之，係排除傳證據的法則，使審判外之陳述原則上皆無證據能力，其目的在使陳述人能親自到庭陳述，接受法官之直接審理，並賦予被告得行使對直詰問權之機會。然而，若嚴格遵守此法則，將嚴重影響刑事訴訟法發現真實目的之實現，因而有必要使傳聞證據例外具有證據能力，基於這樣的因素，我國於2003年修正刑事訴訟法第159條酌採傳聞法則之同時，增訂刑事訴訟法第159條之1至159條之5傳聞例外規定。 傳聞證據並非僅僅高談發現真實即可例外賦予傳聞證據具有證據能力，尚須通過傳聞例外要件之檢驗，然而，我國的傳聞例外體系卻並非每條皆紮實含納傳聞例外之要件，最廣為周知的條文即為刑事訴訟法第159條之1，實務上基本認為只要符合該條之文義即具有證據能力，幾乎毋庸再探討傳聞例外要件，可謂顛覆了傳聞法則原則與例外之關係，如此適用是否妥適深值再思考，本文就此即參酌學理上之見及實務上之看法為文分析探討與研究。 本文就此主要區分為兩大部分進行研究，其一為傳聞法則與對質詰問權之關係，其二為刑事訴訟法第159條之1於實務上之適用。 首先關於傳聞法則與對質詰問權之關係，基於對質詰問權係被告對不利證人最主要之防禦權之一，無論是學理或實務皆有不少見解認為，縱使符合傳聞例外仍要在審判上賦予被告對質詰問權，然而已符合傳聞例外之傳聞證據係書面證據，是否應行人證調查證據程序之對質詰問權？行對質詰問權之原因是否係因傳聞證據易於具有證據能力而不得不有之防禦措施？深值思考。 其次對於刑事訴訟法第159條之1於實務上之適用，本文共瀏覽實務上近300個判決，分別對刑事訴訟法第159條之1各項要件歸納、整理實務上之見解，並對此參入學理上之分析及本文之看法，並結合前一部分，綜合探討實務上輕易允許傳聞證據具有證據能力進入審判庭後於對質詰問權之影響，是否係因實務上之適用，顛覆了傳聞法則原則與例外適用順序之作法，始產生傳聞法則與對質詰問權關係之紛擾，並對此問題提出相關建議，以期對我國實務提出些許值得參考之研究結果
醫療人權之保障-國內法與國際法的相容性;
No full text[[abstract]]由於本身工作的關係，幫客戶申請理賠時，實務上遇到許多病患就醫卻因為健保給付制的關係而覺得權益受損，進而激起我對醫療人權保障的研究興趣；希望能藉此探討醫療人權保障的國際法與國內法的相容性。 雖然檢視醫療人權在各國國內法之發展，並不能證明該國內法之權利義務規範，尤其是表現在對病人權利之保障上，必然即屬於國際法上對醫療人權保障之基本權利範疇，因前者可能屬於司法體系下之醫療契約或保險關係，或是公法體系下（如公醫制度）之行政契約與行政處分關係。期盼藉此研發能整理出國內法對醫療人權保障之潮流走向或理論依據發展，與國際上醫療人權之發展漸趨一致，並達到一種制度上均衡之狀態。從而，使得國內法中病人權利亦能漸漸成為國際人權法中之具體內容，並進一步規範國家主體之醫療衛生政策。本研究希望深入思考醫療人權在全民健康保險實施後所受到的衝擊，以及不同權利、效率間衝突與妥協之過程
地方稅之違章處罰與爭議探討-以使用牌照稅為中心;
No full text[[abstract]]現行使用牌照稅係以使用公共水陸道路之交通工具為課徵客體，採定期定額核定之稅捐，對其課徵對象交通工具之登記及異動，均由交通主管機關管控及通報。對於稅捐之核課，相較於自動申報之稅捐（如所得稅）簡便，與查定課徵稅捐（如房屋稅及地價稅）相比，亦無查核困難情形。依使用牌照稅法規定，交通工具若未完納使用牌照稅不得使用公共道路，且若將已報停、繳銷或註銷牌照之交通工具使用公共道路，或自行將交通工具加裝、變更座椅而未向管理機關辦理變更手續，以及擅自移用使用牌照等等，違反上開規定，將依使用牌照稅法之法條裁處罰鍰。使用牌照稅法第28條修正條文業於103年6月18日公布，對於逾期未完稅以及報停、繳銷、註銷牌照之交通工具使用公共水陸道路，違章罰鍰分別修正為應納稅額「一倍以下」及「二倍以下」，主要考量逾期未完稅及報停、繳銷或註銷牌照之交通工具違章情節不一，不宜逕採相同倍數之處罰，財政部並於103年8月8日修正「稅務違章案件裁罰金額或倍數參考表」使用牌照稅法第28條規定部分，並自即日生效。修正重點如下：一、逾期未完稅之交通工具在滯納期滿後使用公共水陸道路：一年內經第一次查獲者，處應納稅額0.3倍之罰鍰；一年內經第二次及以後再查獲者，處應納稅額0.6倍之罰鍰。二、報停、繳銷、註銷牌照之交通工具使用公共水陸道路：一年內經第一次查獲者，處應納稅額0.6倍之罰鍰；一年內經第二次及以後再查獲者，處應納稅額1.2倍之罰鍰。稽徵實務上發現，使用牌照稅之違章裁罰案件件數與其餘地方稅違章件數相比為最大宗，對於納稅義務人基本權?所造成之影響，不容忽視。是以，該法條之施行，所造成使用牌照稅納稅義務人面對高密度處罰的法網，實有探討之必要，實務上主要裁罰類型以使用牌照稅第28條第1項、第28條第2項及第31條為主，本文將分為個別章節探討之
中國股份轉換制度之構建;A Study on the Construction of Share Exchange System in Mainland China
No full text[[abstract]]摘要企業欲在日益激烈的競爭環境中勝出，實現永續經營，除了出色的管理，組織機構之戰略重組亦十分重要。以現金併購的方式進行併購重組由於需要大量的資金，會給企業帶來較大的負擔；而用合併的方式進行併購，必然有一家公司法律人格必須消滅，未必符合所有企業組織重組公司的初衷。如何在不影響公司現金流與公司法人格之前提下，又能夠擴大公司經營提高競爭力被各國家與地區所思考。在考量各公司組織型態之不同、運作及人事方面之調整以及其他非法律等因素等，為節約交易成本亦在財務上產生了合理避稅及股票按預期增長之效果，突破傳統企業併購之方式，構建企業併購之新類型，股份轉換制度順勢而生。並且隨著一帶一路之推進，為實現現代企業制度之快速發展與多角化經營，股份轉換制度誠需在中國進行立法規制。 首先，通過對股份轉換制度意義與法律性質之界定，與其他併購方式之比較，對股份轉換制度基本認知。其次，通過對美國、日本、台灣相關立法例之敘述，了解股份轉換制度之源起與發展、程序之構建以及利害關係人之保護，對股份轉換進行深入的了解。最後，剖析中國企業併購態樣之立法與實踐中併購之案例，從而找出中國引入股份轉換制度存在之障礙並提出解決意見，對中國引入股份轉換制度之可行性與必要性進行探討，在此基礎上對中國股份轉換程序之構建提出建議，以期中國引入股份轉換制度。
Enterprises which want to win in the increasingly fierce competition environment, and to achieve sustainable management, should not only pay attention to excellent management, also the strategic reorganization of the organizational structure. The way of cash M&A will bring a great burden to the enterprises because of the large amount of capital. And the way of M&A, which must have a company legal personality eliminated, may not be in line with all the original intention of the reorganization of the company. How to expand the operation of the company without affecting the company's cash flow and the corporate personality and to improve the competitiveness is the necessary thinking in the process of national legislation.Considering the differences in organizational structure, operational and personnel adjustments, and other non-legal factors, to achieve savings in transaction costs, reasonable tax avoidance and the effect of stock growth according to expected growth, it is necessary to break through the traditional enterprise M&A mode and build a new enterprise M&A system. With the advance of one belt and one road initiative, in order to realize the rapid development of modern enterprise system and the diversification of enterprises, China urgently needs to establish a share exchange system.To achieve the purpose of constructing a new legal system, we should start with the basic problems of the system. This paper first defines the concept of share exchange, makes the comparative analysis of the share exchange and other M&A, and analyzes its nature from the legal point of view. Then through the analysis of the extra-territorial legislation, it further reveals the meaning of the share exchange system and the protection of stakeholders. Finally, the specific cases are listed to analyze the current practice of M&A in China, and the status quo of M&A legislation is reviewed, so as to summarize the possible problems in the introduction of the system and research on the necessity of this system. On this basis, the paper puts forward suggestions on the construction of China's share exchange system, and hopes that China will introduce the system of share exchange
跨國企業之保護與管制－以間接徵收為中心;Protection and Control of Multinational Enterprises – A Study of Indirect Expropriation
No full text[[abstract]]自二十世紀末期以降，全球經貿往來迅速成長，跨國企業挾著雄厚資本，在世界各國進行大量投資，提供資金與生產技術，資本輸入國能藉以增加出口並改善對外貿易，促進經濟發展與現代化進程，惟因跨國企業通常著眼於資本輸入國的廉價勞動力，不願多花成本於環境保護及勞工權益保障，且跨國企業財力豐厚，進入當地市場可能造成本地產業無法與之競爭，跨國企業的投資將使國家對經濟的掌控能力下降，就國家的長遠發展而言未必有利。過去資本輸入國與資本輸出國與地主國對於外國投資活動的規範內涵常產生爭執，到現代則透過國際投資協定的締結，並輔以內國法及其他國際法規範，作為外國投資的規範架構。在此架構下，國家必須遵守條約及其他國際法規範，不得恣意而為任何管制措施。跨國企業的投資因此能獲得較完整的保障，降低投資風險，對於地主國吸引更多外國投資將有所助益。有關外國投資之議題，最受爭議者係對外國人私有財產之公用徵收，蓋徵收屬地主國各項管制措施中，對外國投資人資產侵害最為嚴重的一種。徵收依形式的不同可區分為直接徵收與間接徵收，前者係國家基於政策目的，將外國投資人擁有之資產藉由法令的頒布或干預措施的採行進行剝奪，使其喪失資產所有權，並將所有權移轉至國家或第三人；後者則指國家採行的干預措施，雖未涉及資產所有權的剝奪，在外觀上該私有財產仍屬外國投資人擁有，但其該等措施實質上已造成該資產經濟價值的喪失，甚至已達無法為使用、收益或處分的程度。在過去的二、三十年間，有關外國投資人資產遭受徵收的個案，大多數僅涉及所謂的直接徵收，但這個備受爭議的議題，從訴諸國際爭端解決機制的案件數量觀之，徵收的爭議重心已逐漸由直接徵收轉為間接徵收。從近年間的國際仲裁實務及其他學術研究可知，間接徵收應具備下列要件：屬國家行使主權之行為、構成對外國人私有財產的干預與經濟價值的嚴重減損、違反外國投資人的合理期待等。雖然地主國進行徵收的權力受到限制，但國際法承認國家仍享有一定程度的規制權限，能夠採取干預措施而不負補償責任，此種在美國法上稱為「警察權」，依據警察權實施的管制措施則稱「規律性措施」。本文擬從間接徵收的概念出發，探討其於國際投資法中之態樣、國際投資協定所確立的判斷標準，並檢視其與規律性措施的區別所在。
Since the end of 20th century, the amount of international trade has increased rapidly. Multinational enterprises (MNEs), having abundant capital, engage in investment ac-tivities all over the world. With the funds and production technologies provided by MNEs, capital importing countries can increase the number of exportations, improve foreign trades, promote economic growth, and accelerate modernization. In the past few decades, capital importing countries and capital exporting countries had disputes over the norm of foreign investment regulation. While in the modern days, the conclu-sion of treaties, along with other norms of international law and domestic laws, have built a legal framework of foreign investment.Amongst the regulatory measures, expropriation has the most severe infringement in the foreign investors’ rights. Hence, the expropriation of the property of aliens has been the most controversial issue of foreign investment. There are two types of expro-priation or taking of aliens’ property: direct and indirect. The former involves the out-right seizure of physical property or formal transfer of title whereas the latter has an effect equivalent to direct expropriation without formal transfer of title or outright seizure. Nowadays arguments about expropriation have shifted from direct expropria-tion to indirect expropriation. On the basis of arbitral awards and academic research in recent years, the determination of indirect expropriation requires a fact-based inquiry among other factors: the economic impact of the government action, the extent to which the government action interferes with distinct, reasonable investment-backed expectations, and the character of the government actions. This article is intended to explore the concept of indirect expropriation, its factors in the international legal sys-tem, the inclusion in international investment agreements treaties and its distinction between regulatory measures