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國中八年級英語科實施任務導向教學之行動研究;An Action Research of Implementing Task-based Instruction for the Eighth Graders in a Junior High School
No full text[[abstract]]本研究採行動研究法，旨在探討於國中八年級英語科實施任務導向教學之歷程、困難問題與教學成效。研究者以任教班級之22位學生為研究對象，進行為期六週，總計18節課之任務導向教學方案，依實施前後之英語學習成就測驗成績，進行相依樣本t考驗，了解學生學習成就之變化，並以訪談、省思札記、學習單等方式蒐集資料與分析，探討教學歷程與成效。研究結果顯示:1.實施歷程分為編寫任務大綱、確立語言焦點及「任務前、任務環與語言焦點」三階段實施任務，依實施結果做循環修正，教師可於「任務前」階段利用多媒體素材和學生生活經驗，引發學生進行任務之動機。2.教學歷程中所遭遇的困難，如:時間和秩序掌控、學生程度、小組評量與缺乏專業教材等皆可獲得解決。3.任務導向教學可提升學生英語學習成就，也有助改善雙峰現象。4.任務導向教學增進學生同儕互動合作。5.任務導向教學增進教師教學專業之成長。最後，依據研究結果提出具體建議，以供教師進行教學或未來相關研究之參考。
This study applies action research to explore the process, difficulties, and teaching effects of implementing Task-based Instruction for the eighth graders in a junior high school. The subjects were the 22 students in the researcher’s teaching class, who received Task-based Instruction in a project of 18 classes for six weeks. The study then compared their English exam results from before and after the project and conducted a t-test to investigate changes in the students’ English proficiency ; meanwhile, interviews, reflection journals, and worksheets were all collected for analysis to discuss the progress and effects of such teaching.The results of the study show as the following:1.The project’s process is divided into stages that include arranging task syllabus, establishing language focus, and using three-phase of “pre-task, task cycle, and language focus,” with circulatory revision being conducted based on application results. The instructor may utilize multimedia materials and students’ life experiences in the “pre-task” phase to boost the student’s motivation in carrying out tasks.2.The difficulties encountered during the teaching process, such as time and class management, student competency, group evaluations, and lack of professional materials, can all be resolved.3.Task-based instruction can improve the students’ English skills as well as the bimodal distribution phenomenon. ?4.Task-based instruction encourages peer collaboration between the students.5.Task-based instruction enhances the instructor’s professional growthLastly, the study offers suggestions based on research results that can serve as reference for instructors in their future teaching or related research.Keywords: task-based instruction, bimodal distribution, action researc
論主力近因原則於保險案件舉證責任運用之研究;
No full text[[abstract]]於保險事故發生時，被保險人所受損害與保險事故間有無因果關係，實乃保險金賠償案件中重要關鍵之一。蓋保險法第1條第1項：「本法所稱保險，謂當事人約定，一方交付保險費於他方，他方對於『因』不可預料或不可抗力之事故所致之損害，負擔賠償財務之行為。」即為保險事故與其損害間應具有因果關係之明文規定。 然我國現今實務對於保險法上因果關係認定，有採「相當因果關係」，亦有採「主力近因原則（proximate cause）」，造成保險契約當事人對於事故原因與損害間之因果關係產生爭議。另法院在審理保險金賠償案件時，有關因果關係之舉證責任，亦有不同見解，藉由主力近因原則及保險法上因果關係之舉證責任分配探討，如採用「主力近因原則」作為保險法上因果關係認定之判斷標準，可使保險契約當事人對於認定事故原因與損害間之因果關係有所為憑，並提供法院在審理保險金賠償案件過程中，亦有客觀可預見判斷標準。 本文旨在探討主?近因原則之內涵，並分析法院對於損害係由多數原因競合造成時，法院如採取主力近因原則作為因果關係判斷時，舉證責任分配情形應為何？當事人訂立保險?約之目的在於事故發生時所受之損害，而事故發生後保險金之給付才是保險人所應承擔責任的開始，而合理的保險金給付始可健全保險人事業經營，且被保險人如藉由保險金之給付使其所受損害獲得填補，此乃保險制度之最終目的
所得稅法上營利事業盈虧互抵之研究;A Study of the Loss Carry-Forward on Profit-seeking Enterprise Income Tax
No full text[[abstract]]所謂所得，係指在一特定期間內於經濟上純資產之增加。相對的，於一特定期間內於經濟上純資產之減少則為虧損。將所得與虧損互相抵消，稱為盈虧互抵。所得稅法上盈虧互抵之規定，散見於所得稅法第16條、第39條但書、第66條之9等條文，本論文題目定為所得稅法上營利事業盈虧互抵之研究，亦即主要討論範圍係所得稅法第39條但書之規定。所得稅法第39條規定：「以往年度營業之虧損，不得列入本年度計算。但公司組織之營利事業，會計帳冊簿據完備，虧損及申報扣除年度均使用第七十七條所稱藍色申報書或經會計師查核簽證，並如期申報者，得將經該管稽徵機關核定之前十年內各期虧損，自本年純益額中扣除後，再行核課。」，該條文但書對於盈虧互抵可適用之主體、要件、法律效果做出規範，同時主管機關也訂定法規命令以及解釋函令來作為稽徵機關作成行政處分的依據，本論文將先行整理相關要件之法規範，包含法律、法規命令、行政規則等等。另外蒐集行政法院之判決並歸納出徵納雙方爭執原因。參照大法官會議解釋以及學者對於租稅法律主義以及租稅公平原則之要求，檢視主管機關所做出的相關解釋函令是否有符合前開原則，最後並提出個人見解。本論文將參考本議題之相關著作、論文、期刊、司法判決及大法官解釋，並於文末提出相關應為修改現行作法或法規範之建議，以供參酌
會計師財報不實比例責任與連帶責任之衝突與競合;
No full text[[abstract]]上市、上櫃及興櫃之公開發行公司所製作的財務報告及財務業務相關文件發生不實，而導致於投資人受有損害時，若投資人欲對會計師之簽證行為主張損害賠償，我國法制上投資人得對會計師之請求權基礎，分別有民法第184條、會計師法第41條、第42條與證券交易法第20條、第20條之1等規範。而在多數行為人須同時為財報不實負擔損害賠償責任時，會計師應如何負擔賠償責任，前述三部法律分別對應著連帶賠償、法定責任上限與比例責任等三種不同之損害賠償方式。因此，當會計師同時構成多數請求權基礎時，應如何適用法律及認定賠償範圍即發生爭議。我國會計師財務報表簽證不實之民事責任，係以比例責任制造成之爭議最大，全文以比例責任為主軸撰寫並以六大篇幅組成。第一章為緒論，包括：前言、研究動機、研究目的、研究範圍及架構與研究方法。第二章則介紹財務報表之查核與簽證，並探討財務報表不實之相關請求權規範、注意義務、賠償義務人及請求權人及賠償範圍。第三章說明我國自美國私人證券訴訟改革法（Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995,）引進比例責任制之緣由，以及現行法制下，比例責任制所造成的衝突與實務上運作之困境。第四章則針對民法、會計師法與證券交易法等規範在個案適用上，是否會發生競合關係？如發生競合關係時應如何適用法律及法律效果進行探討。第五章檢討我國法制針對會計師之賠償責任，同時存在三種不同的賠償方式之立法模式是否妥適？並且參考外國立法例，針對我國法制關於會計師簽證之民事責任，給與會計師減輕賠償責任之立法模式是否妥適。最後，第六章作結論，並且對於相關疑義作將來立法上之建議
從美國心理資訊隱私保護法制探討我國相關法制未來應有之發展;
No full text[[abstract]]心理資訊所呈現之個人人格特質或其他心理層面畢竟具有高度私密性，是涉及個人隱私部分，本不應容許雇主透過心理檢測來進行窺視。然而，在全球化時代下，企業所面臨的競爭更趨激烈，而人力資源畢竟是企業維繫經營的重要命脈，雇主在僱用決定方面為求慎重，而希望藉由心理檢測來確認員工是否適任，似乎無可厚非。因此，我國立法者為兼顧勞雇雙方權益，於2012年11月進行修法，並在就業服務法第5條規定下復增訂保護心理資訊隱私的相關規範。 然而，在我國心理資訊隱私保護規範被制定後，不僅原已存在的問題沒有獲得解決，更衍生諸多爭議，從而我國相關法制未來應如何發展，是本文所欲探討的核心部分。本文在分析美國心理資訊隱私保護法制後，發現美國相關規範不僅提供求職者及受僱者相當充足的保障，亦同時兼顧雇主的經營需求。而值得我國效法者，乃是美國法律針對雇主得施測的情況、檢測結果的利用及保密等方面，皆有較詳細且明確的規範，而行政機關所頒布的指導原則亦提供雇主明確的指引，使雇主可以清楚知悉法律的界線。此外，藉由相關規範所建構的法定程序，不僅能協助雇主合法施測，亦能避免雇主檢測程序的不當導致求職者或受僱者權益的侵害，並得作為良好之法制教育落實方式。 本文在總結美國相關法制與訪談結果後，亦針對我國現行規範不足之處大膽提出未來修法方向之建議，包括：1.檢測理由的具體說明；2.保密義務；3.法定程序的建立；4.範本的擬定及指導原則的建立；5.明確界定雇主合法施測的情況；6.相關名詞或概念應明確；7.確保檢測工具準確且有效
美國法上商業方法專利適格性之研究 －以Alice案為主;The Study on the U.S. Business Method Patent Eligibility- Featuring Alice Case
No full text[[abstract]]從西元1908年的Hotel案之後，美國對於商業方法專利是否受到專利保護以及探尋商業方法專利適格的測試法一直受到注目且具爭議性。在State Street Bank案中，聯邦巡迴上訴法院對商業方法專利適格性採用實用、具體有形結果測試法，此種測試法是寬鬆審查方式，會使商業性的公司容易取得專利權。然而美國聯邦最高法院在Bilski案卻採取不同態度，最高法院想要藉由提高商業方法專利適格性標準，補救專利品質下降與專利流氓的問題，並強調機械或轉換測試非唯一的標準。發展至Alice案後，可發現美國聯邦最高法院已不採單一標準，而是建立多重步驟的測試方法判斷專利適格性。此外，USPTO根據Mayo案/Alice案判決，將專利適格性判斷步驟歸納成Step1和Step2A/2B。其中Step2A關於抽象概念之判斷與Step2B顯著超過要件皆是美國法上重要爭議。因此USPTO亦多次補充並更新其專利審查基準。 我國專利法雖未明文排除商業方法，惟專利法第21強調已限於利用自然法則，因此屬於人為規則的商業方法本身，並不符合發明定義。再者，依據我國經濟部智慧財產局所公布的電腦軟體相關發明審查基準，亦否定單純的商業方法為我國專利法保護之客體。至於利用電腦軟體相關技術實施商業方法，使整體請求項產生技術功效時則符合發明定義，則有可能取得專利。因此我國智慧財產局和美國對於商業方法是否屬於專利保護客體之見解並不相同。 至於我國是否應依循美國肯認商業方法專利，並引入美國法專利適格性測試法，本文則認為應採取漸進式作法。於現階段，我國審查機關人力與財力不足，在未解決無前案可檢所先前技術之前，貿然承認商業方法專利，勢必會遭遇與美國相同困境。然可在美國專利適格性測試法穩定以及完善我國周邊配套後，承認商業方法專利存在於我國有其必要性。 關鍵詞：商業方法、電腦軟體、實用具體有形結果測試法、機械或轉換測試法、二步檢驗架構、Mayo案、Alice案、專利適格性審查基準
Since 1908’s Hotel case, the issue whether business method patent is patentable under 35 U.S.C. §101 as well as its method patent eligibility test has attracted attention and raised controversies in the United States. In 1998’s State Street Bank case, the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals stood for the business method patent eligibility establishing by “useful, concrete and results ” test, which made companies easily obtain patents. Later, in 2010’s Bilski, the Supreme Court applied strict test because of the declining business method patent quality and outrageous patent trolls and held that the machine-or-transformation test maybe a useful and important clue but was not the sole test in the issue of patent-eligible process under 35 U.S.C. §101. Till 2014’s Alice case, U.S. Supreme Court established multi-step test method to determine patent eligibility. In addition, USPTO, referring Mayo case and Alice case, put the patent eligibility step into Step1 and Step2A/2B. Wherein Step2A about abstract concepts of judgment and Step2B about significant elements are important controversy in the United Sates. Since then, thus USPTO has repeatedly supplemented and updated Interim Guidance for Determining Subject Matter Eligibility. R.O.C. 's patent law, although not expressly exclude business method, but article 21 of the Patent Law is limited in utilizing the laws of nature, so the business method is man made rule itself does not meet the definition of invention. In addition, according to our examination Guidance of computer software-related inventions established, the business method itself is not patent eligible. However, when it to applied to computer software or hardware and generates technical efficiency, the claim will meet the definition of the invention, it may deemed eligible. Therefore, R.O.C. Intellectual Property Office and the United States have different view about business methods patent.As to the issue whether we should, referring U.S. experience, protect business method patents, and adopt eligibility test, the author suggest we should take a progressive approach. At this stage, there is inadequate human and financial resources in our I.P.O., if we hastily acknowledged business method patents, we’ll to encounter the familiar problem as the United States did. However, with U.S. Patent eligibility test is established and our surrounding facilities are well prepared, we may protect business method patents.Key word: business method, computer software, a useful, concrete and tangible result test, Machine-or-Transformation Test, Two Framework Test, Mayo Case, Alice Case, Interim Guidance for Determining Subject Matter Eligibility
公司重整制度-以重整計畫為中心;Corporation Reorganization - Focus on Reorganization Plan
No full text[[abstract]]我國對於公司聲請重整之固有印象，通常是挽救經營或財務有困難企業的最後手段之一。因為我國大多為中小企業，當公司負債大於資產，向法院聲請公司重整時，通常法院會考慮再生重整後，即使重整計畫順利執行，也可能因獲利能力不足清償債務之虞，而被法院駁回，因此我國公司重整成功的案例在法院實務上並不多見。然而相較於我國，美國卻有不少公司自願申請破產保護，藉由破產的保護來與債權人進行協商。這樣的觀點，的確非常的有趣，因為瀕臨財務困難的公司，若直接申請破產，任其倒閉，對於債務人固然為不利的結果，但對於債權人亦非有利。蓋債權人不一定能得到全額的債權清償，甚至欲獲得較高比例之清償也是十分困難。因此，債務人若能藉由申請破產保護來使債權人與其協商，達到公司經由重整而再生，債權人的債權亦可能獲得清償之雙贏局面。一件法人申請重整案件，影響是否被法院核駁的因素，除了本身的資產及負債情況外，重整計畫的提出、執行可能性、被債權人認可的情況、是否具公平誠信、償還債權的可能性等等，都是影響准駁的重要關鍵，因此本文之重心係以公司重整制度中之重整計畫為探討。希冀藉由探討公司重整制度中之重整計畫，為未來公司法中之重整制度修增或債務清理法草案之修增，提供可供參考之資料。
If a company has more debt than its assets or revenue, it may apply to the court for reorganization. It is one of the last means to save the business. However, the enterprises in our country are mostly small and medium-sized, and lack of sufficient profitability to pay off the debt. Hence, the application of reorganization has often rejected by the court and the success of corporate reorganization case is not many.On the other hand, the American?companies?may?voluntarily?decide to seek Chapter 11 protection in court, and negotiate with the creditors. This view?looks?really interesting. For the most part, when a company under financial distress is applying to bankruptcy, neither a company nor a creditor can get much profit in the end. It is also difficult to pay?a?creditor in the full amount or even better. As the result of the Chapter 11 protection, it is not only to force creditors negotiating with debtor, but also the corporate can be regenerated finally. The?creditors'?claims,?as a result, are more likely to be satisfied than liquidation.Whether an application of a corporate in chapter 11 will be rejected by the court, in addition to the assets and liabilities of itself, the plan of reorganization proposed, the?possibility?of?implementation, the?admission?of creditors, fairness and honesty, the probability of repayment and so on, are the key points. Thus, this research will focus on the reorganization plan, and provide a reference for legislature to amend Act
《勞動者》雜誌與台灣現代勞工運動的發展(1984-2015);
No full text[[abstract]]本文以台灣勞工陣線的機關刊物─《勞動者》雜誌為中心，觀察並探討《勞動者》雜誌與台灣現代勞工運動的發展。戰後台灣社會長期處在黨國體制的統治之下，台灣勞工陣線的前身：台灣勞工法律支援會(勞支會)於1984年成立，當時台灣尚未解嚴，勞支會的成立被視為1980年代黨外運動風起雲湧的一環。勞支會機關刊物《勞動者》雜誌於1984年創刊，其性質為廣義黨外雜誌，因此本文時代背景除探討黨國體制下的勞工組織外，亦將論述黨外運動與黨外雜誌的發展。作為工運團體的刊物，《勞動者》雜誌所關懷的並不僅侷限於勞動議題，後來甚至還延伸至非勞動議題。本文以《勞動者》雜誌中刊登的文章討論議題分類，在勞動議題的部分探討《勞動者》雜誌對擴大〈勞基法〉適用、〈大量解僱勞工保護法〉立法前後以及外勞勞工的保護法令等議題的討論。至於在非勞動議題上，《勞動者》雜誌對於統獨問題、勞工運動與政治也有一套屬於自己的看法，指出台灣勞工運動與政治發展密切相關。然而，由於在政治上認知的不同，也是導致後來台灣勞工運動團體分裂的重要原因
5052-H32鋁合金/熱塑性碳纖複材之異質擠壓扣件製程研發;
No full text[[abstract]]本研究的目標是進行鋁合金/熱塑性碳纖複材之異質擠壓扣件的研發，內容包含傳統擠壓扣件製程研發、膠合技術研發、複合式擠壓扣件研發、剪力拉伸試驗及疲勞測試等。首先，採用厚度1.6 mm的5052-H32鋁合金與熱塑性碳纖複材製作扣件；透過拉伸試驗結果及金相顯微圖進行刀具及底模的改善；探討下壓力對於擠壓扣件製程的影響；最後，找出較佳的參數組合。接著，進行膠合技術的研發，包括膠合模式、隔片厚度、試片表面清潔等因素的研究。接著，製作膠合試片並進行剪力拉伸試驗。最後，根據測試結果選取膠合模式及隔片厚度的最佳組合。完成擠壓扣件製程及膠合技術的開發後，本研究將兩種製程進行組合，開發複合式擠壓扣件製程。內容包含兩製程的複合方式、參數測試與挑選，透過剪力拉伸試驗及簡易疲勞測試的結果，找出最佳複合方式及參數組合。最後，採用擠壓扣件及複合式擠壓扣件進行完整疲勞測試，分析扣件的疲勞破壞模式，討論扣件的破壞機理。
This research work focused on the process development for aluminum alloy 5052-H32 (AA5052-H32)/thermoplastic carbon fiber reinforced plastic (Thermoplastic-CFRP) dissimilar clinch joints, including process development of clinching, adhesive bonding, and combined clinching, shear tensile testing, and shear fatigue testing, etc. First, AA5052-H32 and thermoplastic CFRP sheets with a thickness of 1.6 mm were used; the punch and die were improved by examining tensile test results and metallographic micrographs; the influence of punching force on the process was discussed; finally, some better processing parameter sets were obtained.Next, the processing development of adhesive bonding was conducted, including study of adhesive mode, gap thickness, and surface cleaning. Then adhesive bonding specimens were made and shear tensile tests were conducted. Finally, the best adhesive mode and gap thickness were obtained.After developing the clinching and adhesive bonding processes, we combined their concepts and developed a new process, combined clinching. The contents included the combination method of two processes, test and selection of processing parameters, finding the best combination method and processing parameter set by using the results of tensile tests and simple fatigue tests. Finally, complete fatigue tests for clinching joints and combined clinching joints were conducted. The fatigue failure modes of joints were analyzed and the failure mechanisms of joints were discussed.Keywords: Clinching; adhesive bonding; aluminum alloy; thermoplastic CFRP; fatigue life analysis
正常細胞與癌細胞特性分析晶片之設計與製作;Design and fabrication of the microchips for characterizing normal and cancerous cells
No full text[[abstract]]癌症是組織細胞發生不正常增生而形成腫瘤的疾病，其細胞會藉由循環系統轉移至其他部位，成為循環腫瘤細胞（circulating tumor cells, CTCs），是癌症檢測的重要依據，我們將可藉由它對癌症來做檢測，幫助我們早期的治療。本研究是在微晶片上，將黃人類正常肺纖維母細胞(MRC-5)及人肺腺癌細胞(A549)，利用介電泳對細胞做集中，希望不用經過培養，即可直接觀察，並能藉由電導值曲線，分辨出正常細胞及癌細胞，以幫助臨床的診斷。實驗中我們在電極施加 5 Vpp 電壓及 1 MHz 頻率，對細胞進行濃縮集中，細胞將會受介電泳力影響，被電極吸引而濃縮形成珍珠串。而晶片使用ITO電極製作，以便於觀察細胞濃縮後的情形，我們可以由結果圖中分辨正常細胞及癌細胞。而電極的空隙為圓形串聯出的長條形，希望能有容納細胞的最大的間隙以及最大的表面積，使量測有較好的結果。本研究使用 1 Vpp 的電壓及4 kHz 的頻率來量測細胞阻抗。結果顯示，細胞數與電導值大致呈線性關係，並可藉由斜率來判斷為何種細胞，晶片中同時製作電極免疫反應區，希望透過抗體的專一性捕捉特定細胞於電極上，而實驗中如何減少其量測的誤差也是未來的研究方向。
Cancer is a disease also known as a malignant tumor, the malignant tumor is caused by abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade. When the cancer cells spread to other parts of the body by circulatory system, it will be called circulating tumor cells (CTCs). CTCs is an important indicator for cancer diagnostics, that we can detect cancer early for medical diagnostics. In this study, we can distinguish lung normal and carcinoma cell lines (MRC-5 and A549) using microchips based on dielectrophoretic impedance measurement method. The electrodes, which is circle-on-line microelectrodes in the wells, were manufactured by using the standard photolithography technique. The cells were observed after being concentrated in the microchamber using dielectrophoresis. By applying 5 Vpp and a frequency of 1 MHz voltage, cells can be concentrated effectively. The conductances of cells were then measured by applying 1 Vpp and frequency of 4 kHz to distinguish them. The experimental results indicated that antibody connect with A549 and AGS. The results revealed that the Antibody can distinguish normal cell and cancer cell for the immunoassay .This microfluidic device is easy to operate and integrate into further biomedical applications and technology