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Data extractions using a large language model (Elicit) and human reviewers in randomized controlled trials : a systematic comparison
No full textAim: We aimed at comparing data extractions from randomized controlled trials by using Elicit and human reviewers.
Background: Elicit is an artificial intelligence tool which may automate specific steps in conducting systematic reviews.
However, the tool's performance and accuracy have not been independently assessed.
Methods: For comparison, we sampled 20 randomized controlled trials of which data were extracted manually from a human
reviewer. We assessed the variables study objectives, sample characteristics and size, study design, interventions, outcome measured,
and intervention effects and classified the results into “more,” “equal to,” “partially equal,” and “deviating” extractions. STROBE
checklist was used to report the study.
Results: We analysed 20 randomized controlled trials from 11 countries. The studies covered diverse healthcare topics. Across all
seven variables, Elicit extracted “more” data in 29.3% of cases, “equal” in 20.7%, “partially equal” in 45.7%, and “deviating” in 4.3%.
Elicit provided “more” information for the variable study design (100%) and sample characteristics (45%). In contrast, for more
nuanced variables, such as “intervention effects,” Elicit's extractions were less detailed, with 95% rated as “partially equal.”
Conclusions: Elicit was capable of extracting data partly correct for our predefined variables. Variables like “intervention
effect” or “intervention” may require a human reviewer to complete the data extraction. Our results suggest that verification by
human reviewers is necessary to ensure that all relevant information is captured completely and correctly by Elicit.
Implications: Systematic reviews are labor‐intensive. Data extraction process may be facilitated by artificial intelligence tools.
Use of Elicit may require a human reviewer to double‐check the extracted data
Neurofilament light chain reference values in serum and cerebrospinal fluid: a bi-compartmental analysis in neurological diseases
No full textBackground
Concentrations of neurofilament light chain (NfL), a neuroaxonal damage marker, increase with age. Therefore, age-dependent reference values are important in clinical practice. However, so far these have only been established with a bead-based system and age-dependent z-scores for CSF are missing. In addition, we here propose how the combined analysis of CSF and serum NfL could help in the discrimination between central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) axonal degeneration.
Methods
For the calculation of age reference values, serum and CSF NfL concentrations from 1,514 control subjects, measured using the microfluidic Ella system, were applied.
Results
Age-dependent NfL levels were calculated with additive quantile regression and presented with percentiles and z-scores. We observed a non-linear increase of NfL in serum and CSF. The spearman r of the association with age was 0.81 (95% CI 0.78–0.83), p < 0.0001 and 0.82 (95% CI 0.79–0.85), p < 0.0001 for serum and CSF NfL, respectively. Serum and CSF NfL levels were also associated with each other (r = 0.68 (95%CI 0.62–0.73), p < 0.0001). Furthermore, we used this association to establish a bi-compartmental CSF and serum NfL model allowing to differentiate between peripheral or central origin of neurodegeneration.
Conclusions
The age reference curves corroborate findings of an exponential elevation of NfL in serum and CSF with increasing age. As NfL values from different platforms are not interchangeable, this is of additional high relevance. Moreover, the association between CSF and serum NfL values could be applied for clinical use regarding overlapping symptoms of CNS and PNS-based neurological diseases
MLUH-E-203_1, Falco eleonorae Géné, 1839, eggshell
No full textInventory No.: MLUH-E-203_1, Object: eggshell, Species: Falco eleonorae Géné, 1839, Preservation: complete preservation, Locality_loc.: Cykladen, Locality today: Cyclades, Country: GreeceCollector_leg.: Dr. T. J. Krüper, Date: 15/08/1864, Collection_coll.: M. Schönwetter, published in Handbuch der Oologie, Schönwetter, Max: Vol. I, p. 191, Identification by: M. Schönwetter, Aquisition: 1927, Aquired from: Dr. Henrici, ex Collection: ex. Coll. Dr. T. J. Krüper; ex. Coll. Dr. Henric
MLUH-E-88_1, Falco berigora Vigors and Horsfield, 1827, eggshell
No full textInventory No.: MLUH-E-88_1, Object: eggshell, Species: Falco berigora Vigors and Horsfield, 1827, Preservation: complete preservation, Locality_loc.: Pardoo; W. Australia, Locality today: Western Australia, Country: AustraliaCollector_leg.: T. Carter, Collection_coll.: M. Schönwetter, published in Handbuch der Oologie, Schönwetter, Max: Vol. I, p. 195, Identification by: M. Schönwetter, Aquisition: 1935, Aquired from: W. F. H. Rosenberg, ex Collection: ex. Coll. T. Carter; ex Coll. W. F. H. Rosenber
First complete plastomes of the emblematic Andean tree genus Polylepis Ruiz & Pav. (Rosaceae)
No full textPlastome genomics and phylogenomics are essential tools for understanding plant diversity and evolution. Here we report the complete plastomes of Polylepis australis and P. microphylla, two species of the Andean tree genus Polylepis which forms the world’s highest treelines, using a whole-genome sequencing approach. The assembled plastomes (ca. 155 kb) exhibit the typical quadripartite structure of angiosperms with highly conserved gene content and organization. A total of 117 unique genes (81 protein-coding, 32 tRNA, and 4 rRNA) were annotated in the assembled plastomes. Comparative analysis revealed significant differences from previously reported partial plastomes of Polylepis, which lacked one copy of the inverted repeat (IR) region due to the limitations of long-range PCR methods. Phylogenetic analysis of whole-plastome data of Rosaceae species across subfamilies using Maximum Likelihood (ML) confirmed the monophyly of Polylepis and its placement within the tribe Agrimonieae. Our results highlight the reliability of whole-genome sequencing for generating complete, high-quality plastome sequence information. This provides a foundation for broader phylogenomic studies across the genus to test species boundaries, evaluate hybridization events and evolutionary trajectories, and develop conservation and restoration strategies
Strukturwandel als soziale Transformation: Bildung und Teilhabe im südlichen Sachsen-Anhalt
No full textDer Industriestandort Mitteldeutsches Braunkohlerevier gilt als unverrückbare Voraussetzung für die Zukunft der Region. Doch im Gespräch mit den Menschen vor Ort wird deutlich: Lebensqualität entsteht nicht allein durch Arbeitsplätze, sondern ebenso durch soziale Infrastruktur, Kulturangebote, verlässlichen Nahverkehr, medizinische Versorgung, Bildungsangebote sowie ausreichend Orte für Kinder und Jugendliche, die nicht unter Vorbehalt, Finanzierungslücken oder Verwertungsdruck stehen. Im Forschungs- und Transferprojekt Gerechte Übergänge, Bildungs- und Teilhabechancen für Kinder, Jugendliche und Erwachsene untersuchen wir, wie sich der Umbau von der fossilen zur dekarbonisierten Wirtschaft für die Menschen vor Ort bemerkbar macht und welche Ein- und Ausschlüsse in Bildung und Gesellschaft damit verbunden sind. Im Folgenden zeigen wir, warum es wichtig ist, der sozialen Seite des Strukturwandels mehr Aufmerksamkeit zukommen zu lassen, um gerechte Übergänge in eine postfossile Region zu gestalten.Das Just Transition Center ist ein Projekt der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg und beschäftigt sich mit Übermorgen-Fragen für einen gerechten, nachhaltigen und klimaneutralen Übergang in der Strukturwandelregion Mitteldeutsches Revier. Dafür arbeiten 17 interdisziplinäre Forschungsteams und vier Revierscouts eng mit den Akteuren in der Fokusregion südliches Sachsen-Anhalt zusammen und entwickeln Lösungen und Strategien für die Transformationsgesellschaft
Spirit of hope : iminished hopelessness mediates the serial relation between spiritual experiences, reduced stress, and positive affect in transdiagnostic and healthy individuals
No full textSpirituality and religious practice have again come to the fore of mental health research, where they are considered protective but also risk factors for mental health conditions. While the effect of daily spiritual experiences (DSE) on positive affect, a core indicator of mental health, is consolidated in the current literature, only a few studies inspect its multivariate underpinnings. We here tested three often-discussed mediators that cover affective (stress), cognitive (hopelessness), and psychosocial (social support) aspects in a single serial mediation model to determine their exclusive contribution to this link. Self-report data from a transdiagnostic sample undertaking psychotherapy at the time of testing and a healthy cohort was acquired via online surveys. Results of the mediation analysis indicate a serial relation between DSE, diminished hopelessness, stress reduction, and positive affect. While this serial effect holds not only for the entire sample but also for both subgroups separately, corroborating its generalizability, the serial relation also exists in an additional confirmatory structural equation modelling approach in the transdiagnostic sample. Altogether, our findings have implications for spirituality-based therapeutic practices, and might, prospectively, be considered when assessing coping resources in prevention research
MLUH-E-18_1, Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771, eggshell
No full textInventory No.: MLUH-E-18_1, Object: eggshell, Species: Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771, Preservation: complete preservation, Locality_loc.: Neu Zittau in Mark, Locality today: Neu Zittau, Country: GermanyDate: 03/04/1931, Collection_coll.: M. Schönwetter, published in Handbuch der Oologie, Schönwetter, Max: Vol. I, p. 189, Identification by: M. Schönwetter, Aquisition: 1941, Aquired from: Dr. Henrici, ex Collection: ex. Coll. Dr. Henric
Interpretieren im digitalen Zeitalter : Theorie und Praxis eines digitalen handlungs- und produktionsorientierten Literaturunterrichts
No full textIn digitalen handlungs- und produktionsorientierten Lernsettings werden Schüler gestalterisch tätig, indem sie digitale Medienprodukte, wie z. B. Social-Media-Seiten, zu literarischen Texten entwickeln. Ein solches Unterrichtsprojekt wird im Hinblick auf die darin stattfindenden literarischen Lernprozesse von Schülern untersucht. Das Ziel ist es dabei, individuelle Lernwege von Schülern nachzuvollziehen. Dafür wird die aus der Politikdidaktik stammende fachdidaktische Argumentationsanalyse (Petrik 2021) für die Beschreibung von literarischen Lernprozessen nutzbar gemacht. Um einen umfassenden Zugriff auf die Lernprozesse der Schüler zu erlangen, wurden Lesefragebögen, Tests, Aufnahmen aus dem Unterricht und Interviews erhoben. Nach der Analyse mehrerer maximal kontrastiver Bildungsgänge erfolgt eine Typenbildung. Der Vergleich der maximal kontrastiven Fälle im Rahmen der Typenbildung ermöglicht hierbei Aussagen über Interpretationsprozesse innerhalb solcher Unterrichtsprojekte
Toward fully photoresponsive amphiphilic polymers via azopyrazole-functionalized polyacrylamides
No full textArylazopyrazoles (AAPs) are a rapidly emerging class of photoswitches, which stand out due to their distinct absorption maxima of the E- and Z-isomers, the highly Z- or E-isomer-rich photo stationary states upon irradiation by UV- or visible light, respectively, and the long lifetime of the metastable Z-state. Here, we present water-soluble acrylamide copolymers functionalized by an AAP dye. This renders them both thermo- and photoresponsive and enables the reversible modulation of their LCST-type phase transition temperature (PTT) in aqueous solution by the E- to Z-isomerization. By alternating irradiation with UV and green light, the PTT is modulated effectively and can be shifted for optimized AAP contents by up to 27 °C, i.e., much higher than by common azobenzene photoswitches. The AAP photoswitch and the transition process of the dye-modified polymer are investigated using density functional theory calculations, turbidity measurements, and temperature-dependent NMR, EPR, and UV–vis spectroscopies