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Processes against tests: On defining contextual equivalences
No full textInternational audienceIn this paper, we would like to offer and defend a template to study equivalences between programs—in the particular framework of process algebras for concurrent computation. We believe that our layered model of development will clarify the distinction that is too often left implicit between the tasks and duties of the programmer and of the tester. It will also enlighten pre-existing issues that have been running across process algebras such as the calculus of communicating systems, the π-calculus—also in its distributed version—or mobile ambients. Our distinction starts by subdividing the notion of process in three conceptually separated entities, that we call process terms, (completed) processes and tests, and by stressing the importance of formalizing the completion of process terms and the instrumentation that results from placing a (completed) process into a test. While the role of what can be observed and the subtleties in the definitions of congruences have been intensively studied, the fact that not every term can be tested, and that the tester should have access to a different set of tools than the programmer is curiously left out, or at least not often formally discussed–in this respect, the theory of monitor is a counter-example that we discuss and compare to our approach. We argue that this blind spot comes from the under-specification of contexts—environments in which comparisons occur—that play multiple distinct roles but are generally—at least, on the surface of it—given only one definition that fails to capture all of their aspects
Ensuring planetary survival: balancing the multifunctional nature of soils
No full textInternational audienc
Preserved Navigation abilities and Spatio-Temporal Memory in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
No full textInternational audienceCerebellar abnormalities have been reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Beyond its role in hallmark features of ASD, the cerebellum and its connectivity with forebrain structures also play a role in navigation. However, the current understanding of navigation abilities in ASD is equivocal, as is the impact of the disorder on the functional anatomy of the cerebellum. In the present study, we investigated the navigation behavior of a population of ASD and typically developing (TD) adults related to their brain anatomy as assessed by structural and functional MRI at rest. We used the Starmaze task, which permits assessing and distinguishing two complex navigation behaviors, one based on allocentric and the other on egocentric learning of a route with multiple decision points. Compared to TD controls, individuals with ASD showed similar exploration, learning, and strategy performance and preference. In addition, there was no difference in the structural or functional anatomy of the cerebellar circuits involved in navigation between the two groups. The findings of our work suggest that navigation abilities, spatio-temporal memory, and their underlying circuits are preserved in individuals with ASD
The Population Genomics of Increased Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance in Human Commensal Escherichia coli over 30 Years in France
No full textInternational audienceEscherichia coli is a commensal species of the lower intestine but is also a major pathogen causing intestinal and extraintestinal infections that is increasingly prevalent and resistant to antibiotics. Most studies on genomic evolution of E. coli used isolates from infections. Here, instead, we whole-genome sequenced a collection of 403 commensal E. coli isolates from fecal samples of healthy adult volunteers in France (1980 to 2010). These isolates were distributed mainly in phylogroups A and B2 (30% each) and belonged to 152 sequence types (STs), the five most frequent being ST10 (phylogroup A; 16.3%), ST73 and ST95 (phylogroup B2; 6.3 and 5.0%, respectively), ST69 (phylogroup D; 4.2%), and ST59 (phylogroup F; 3.9%), and 224 O:H serotypes. ST and serotype diversity increased over time. The O1, O2, O6, and O25 groups used in bioconjugate O-antigen vaccine against extraintestinal infections were found in 23% of the strains of our collection. The increase in frequency of virulence-associated genes and antibiotic resistance was driven by two evolutionary mechanisms. Evolution of virulence gene frequency was driven by both clonal expansion of STs with more virulence genes (“ST-driven”) and increases in gene frequency within STs independent of changes in ST frequencies (“gene-driven”). In contrast, the evolution of resistance was dominated by increases in frequency within STs (“gene-driven”). This study provides a unique picture of the phylogenomic evolution of E. coli in its human commensal habitat over 30 years and will have implications for the development of preventive strategies
Moving average options: Machine learning and Gauss-Hermite quadrature for a double non-Markovian problem
No full textInternational audienceEvaluating moving average options is a tough computational challenge for the energy and commodity mar-ket as the payo˙ of the option depends on the prices of a certain underlying observed on a moving window so, when a long window is considered, the pricing problem becomes high dimensional. We present an eÿ-cient method for pricing Bermudan style moving average options, based on Gaussian Process Regression and Gauss-Hermite quadrature, thus named GPR-GHQ. Specifically, the proposed algorithm proceeds backward in time and, at each time-step, the continuation value is computed only in a few points by using Gauss-Hermite quadrature, and then it is learned through Gaussian Process Regression. We test the proposed approach in the Black-Scholes model, where the GPR-GHQ method is made even more eÿcient by exploiting the positive homogeneity of the continuation value, which allows one to reduce the problem size. Positive homogeneity is also exploited to develop a binomial Markov chain, which is able to deal eÿciently with medium-long windows. Secondly, we test GPR-GHQ in the Clewlow-Strickland model, the reference framework for modeling prices of energy commodities. Finally, we consider a challenging problem which involves double non-Markovian feature, that is the rough-Bergomi model. In this case, the pricing problem is even harder since the whole history of the volatility process impacts the future distribution of the process. The manuscript includes a numerical investigation, which displays that GPR-GHQ is very accurate and it is able to handle options with a very long window, thus overcoming the problem of high dimensionality
A novel source-filter stochastic model for voice production
No full textInternational audienceThe novel stochastic model to produce voiced sounds proposed in this paper uses the source-filter Fant theory to generate voice signals and, consequently, it does not consider the coupling between the vocal tract and the vocal folds. Two novelties are proposed in the paper. The first one is the new model obtained from the unification of two other deterministic one mass-spring-damper models obtained from the literature and the second one is to build a stochastic model which can generate and control the level of jitter resulting even in hoarse voice signals or with pathological characteristics but using a simpler model than those ones discussed in the literature. An inverse stochastic problem is then solved for two cases, considering a normal voice and other obtained from a case of paralysis on the vocal folds. The parameters of the model are identified in the two cases allowing the validation of the model
Identification of Cosserat elastic overall media of quasi-periodic lattices
No full textInternational audienceFor a few years, the interest in architectured materials has grown since they enable to reach new zones of Ashby diagrams. Quasi-periodic lattices are a class of porous materials that appear locally disorganised but are highly deterministic, as shown by their sharp diffraction diagrams. Few studies on their mechanical behaviours have been done, but they seem to combine the advantages of foams and periodic lattices: isotropic behaviour and a better toughness. Their widespread use requires the ability to identify an equivalent medium, i.e a fictitious homogeneous medium having the same macroscopic behaviour. An appropriate behaviour law must be chosen. However, it has been shown that classical laws could be insufficient. The objective of this study is to identify the apparent Cauchy and Cosserat elastic parameters for different quasi-periodic patterns and determine which model is the most suitable
Science goals and new mission concepts for future exploration of Titan's atmosphere geology and habitability: Titan POlar Scout/orbitEr and In situ lake lander and DrONe explorer (POSEIDON)
No full textarXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1908.01374International audienceIn response to ESA Voyage 2050 announcement of opportunity, we propose an ambitious L-class mission to explore one of the most exciting bodies in the Solar System, Saturn largest moon Titan. Titan, a "world with two oceans", is an organic-rich body with interior-surface-atmosphere interactions that are comparable in complexity to the Earth. Titan is also one of the few places in the Solar System with habitability potential. Titan remarkable nature was only partly revealed by the Cassini-Huygens mission and still holds mysteries requiring a complete exploration using a variety of vehicles and instruments. The proposed mission concept POSEIDON (Titan POlar Scout/orbitEr and In situ lake lander DrONe explorer) would perform joint orbital and in situ investigations of Titan. It is designed to build on and exceed the scope and scientific/technological accomplishments of Cassini-Huygens, exploring Titan in ways that were not previously possible, in particular through full close-up and in situ coverage over long periods of time. In the proposed mission architecture, POSEIDON consists of two major elements: a spacecraft with a large set of instruments that would orbit Titan, preferably in a low-eccentricity polar orbit, and a suite of in situ investigation components, i.e. a lake lander, a "heavy" drone (possibly amphibious) and/or a fleet of mini-drones, dedicated to the exploration of the polar regions. The ideal arrival time at Titan would be slightly before the next northern Spring equinox (2039), as equinoxes are the most active periods to monitor still largely unknown atmospheric and surface seasonal changes. The exploration of Titan northern latitudes with an orbiter and in situ element(s) would be highly complementary with the upcoming NASA New Frontiers Dragonfly mission that will provide in situ exploration of Titan equatorial regions in the mid-2030s