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Les Voyageurs en cours de géographie. Bilan d’une ingénierie didactique au lycée professionnel.
No full textInternational audienc
One-month humoral response following two or three doses of mRNA Covid-19 vaccines as primary vaccination in specific populations in France: first results from the ANRS0001S COV-POPART cohort
No full textInternational audienceObjectives: We aimed to investigate the one-month humoral response to two or three doses as primary vaccination in specific populations compared to healthy adults.Methods: ANRS0001S-COV-POPART (NCT04824651) is a French nationwide multicenter prospective observational cohort study assessing the immune response to Covid-19 vaccines routinely administered to 11 subgroups of patients with chronic conditions and two control groups. Patients and controls who had received at least two vaccine doses and whose results at one month after the second dose were available have been included. Humoral response was assessed at 1-month post first dose, post second dose and post third dose (if applicable), through the percentage of responders (positive anti-Spike SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies, geometric means of anti-Spike SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies (ELISA) and proportion of participants with anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies (in vitro neutralization assay for the original SARS-CoV-2 strain). All analyses were centralized.Results: We included 4091 participants in this analysis: 2979 participants from specific subpopulations and 1112 controls. Only 522 (17.5%) of the specific populations received 3 doses as primary vaccination regimen. Patients living with HIV, cancer and diabetic patients had high rates of responders after two doses while solid organ transplant (SOT), allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and hypogammaglobulinemic patients had the lowest percentage of responders (35.9% [95%CI: 29.2; 43.0], 57.4% [48.1; 66.3]) and 77.1% [65.6; 86.3] respectively). In those who received a third dose, the rate of responders reached 54.2% [42.9-65.2] (vs. 32.3% (16.7-51.4) after 2 doses) in SOT and 73.9% [58.9-85.7) (vs. 56.1% [46.2-65.7] after 2 doses) in HSCT. Similar results were found with anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies.Conclusions: Lower COVID-19 vaccine humoral response was observed in specific populations compared to controls. A third dose of vaccine in the primary regimen had a positive effect on both percentages of patients who developed anti-Spike IgG antibodies and specific neutralizing antibodies
Key challenges for tropospheric chemistry in the Southern Hemisphere
No full textInternational audienceThis commentary paper from the recently formed International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Southern Hemisphere Working Group outlines key issues in atmospheric composition research that particularly impact the Southern Hemisphere. In this article, we present a broad overview of many of the challenges for understanding atmospheric chemistry in the Southern Hemisphere, before focusing in on the most significant factors that differentiate it from the Northern Hemisphere. We present sections on the importance of biogenic emissions and fires in the Southern Hemisphere, showing that these emissions often dominate over anthropogenic emissions in many regions. We then describe how these and other factors influence air quality in different parts of the Southern Hemisphere. Finally, we describe the key role of the Southern Ocean in influencing atmospheric chemistry and conclude with a description of the aims and scope of the newly formed IGAC Southern Hemisphere Working Group
Construire un projet citoyen pour une alimentation durable et accessible : acteurs, pratiques et perspectives
No full textInternational audienc
Practical management of frailty in older patients with heart failure: Statement from a panel of multidisciplinary experts on behalf the Heart Failure Working Group of the French Society of Cardiology and on behalf French Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology
No full textInternational audienceAIMS: The heart failure (HF) prognosis in older patients remains poor with a high 5-years mortality rate more frequently attributed to noncardiovascular causes. The complex interplay between frailty and heart failure contribute to poor health outcomes of older adults with HF independently of ejection fraction. The aim of this position paper is to propose a practical management of frailty in older patients with heart failure. METHODS: A panel of multidisciplinary experts on behalf the Heart Failure Working Group of the French Society of Cardiology and on behalf French Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology conducted a systematic literature search on the interlink between frailty and HF, met to propose an early frailty screening by non-geriatricians and to propose ways to implement management plan of frailty. Statements were agreed by expert consensus. RESULTS: Clinically relevant aspects of interlink between frailty and HF have been reported to identify the population eligible for screening and the most suitable screening test(s). The frailty screening program proposed focuses on frailty model defined by an accumulation of deficits including geriatric syndromes, comorbidities, for older patients with HF in different settings of care. The management plan of frailty includes optimization of HF pharmacological treatments and non-surgical device treatment as well as optimization of a global patient-centred biopsychosocial blended collaborative care pathway. CONCLUSION: The current manuscript provides practical recommendations on how to screen and optimize frailty management in older patients with heart failure
Super-Quantum Correlations: How to Interpret the No-Signaling Condition?
No full textInternational audienceThis article deals with the question of the maximal correlation degree of two intelligent machines that cannot exchange any signals. After reminding the reader of the incorrectness of the mainstream statistical interpretation of the "no-signaling" condition, its informational meaning is explored. It is emphasized that if Pawlowski et al.'s Information Causality Principle correctly expresses (and generalizes) the no-signaling condition, its application is, for now, based on a specific scenario (suggested by van Dam) and a no less specific (and simplified) relationship between mutual information and correlators. A more general informational interpretation of the no-signaling condition from which the Tsirelson bound can be derived is then formulated in terms of correlational independence
Étude rétrospective de 53 cas d'ulcères cornéens à collagénases chez le chien à partir des cas pris en charge à l'EnvA entre 2017 et 2020
No full textCornea is the front layer of the fibrous tunic of the eye. Corneal ulcers are a defect in the cornea that involves the epithelium, and more or less the underlying stroma and is one of the most common corneal diseases in dogs. Melting corneal ulcers are a complicated class of corneal ulcers that can lead to a rapid dissolution of the stroma in a process called keratomalacia. This class of ulcers is the result of an imbalance between the activity of endogenous and/or exogenous proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors. A bacterial or fungal infection is often underlying the disease. The bacteria involved vary between dogs and geographic locations. These ulcers can quickly worsen and perforate the cornea. Therefore, they are therapeutic emergencies. If the damage is not too severe, medical treatment may be considered first. It must be intensive, combining topical and systemic routes, and its pillars must be antibiotic therapy and topical anti-collagenase molecules. As bacterial antibiotic resistance keeps increasing, antibiotic therapy should be guided by a culture and an antibiogram. In addition, corneal collagen cross-linking seems to be a promising future technique to improve the success rate of medical treatment. However, if corneal damage is too severe at the time of admission of the dog or if it progresses unfavourably despite the treatment, surgical management may be necessary via conjunctival, biomaterial or corneal grafting and sometimes enucleation. The identification of the bacteria involved in the development of these ulcers and their possible resistance to antibiotics is therefore a major issue in the success of medical treatment. This retrospective study, carried out on 53 corneal ulcers in dogs, aimed to identify these bacteria and to search for possible risk factors for the failure of medical treatment. Most of the ulcers in the study were associated with bacterial infection (32 cases out of 53). No association was found between canine breeds and the presence of bacterial infection of the ulcer. Staphyloccoccus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were the most frequently isolated bacteria and these had varying degrees of resistance to antibiotics. The severity grade of ulcers was higher in infections involving several different strains and the severity grade of ulcers associated with P. aeruginosa appeared to be higher than that of ulcers associated with staphylococci or streptococci. Most ulcers in the study were managed immediately by surgery because of the severity of the lesions on admission (29 cases out of 53). Almost half of ulcers treated with medical treatment has finally healed (11 cases out of 24). Two factors were associated with failure of medical treatment: recent general anaesthesia and the presence of a simple bacterial infection. Although no association was found between the nature of the different components of medical treatment and its success, it appears that the administration of N-acetylcysteine and a change in topical antibiotic therapy to chloramphenicol are associated with better outcomes.La cornée constitue la partie antérieure de la tunique fibreuse de l'oeil. Les ulcères cornéens correspondent à une perte plus ou moins profonde de substance cornéenne et sont une des atteintes cornéennes les plus fréquentes chez le chien. Les ulcères cornéens à collagénases sont une forme compliquée d'ulcères cornéens caractérisée par une dissolution rapide du stroma au cours d'un processus nommé kératomalacie. Ce dernier se développe lors d'un déséquilibre entre l'activité d'enzymes protéolytiques endogènes et/ou exogènes et celle de leurs inhibiteurs. Une infection bactérienne ou mycosique est souvent sous-jacente. Les bactéries impliquées varient selon les individus et les localisations géographiques. Ces ulcères peuvent très vite s'aggraver et se perforer. Par conséquent, ce sont des urgences thérapeutiques. Une prise en charge médicale peut d'abord être envisagée si la lésion n'est pas trop sévère. Dans ce cas, le traitement est intensif, il associe les voies topique et systémique, et ses piliers sont l'antibiothérapie et les molécules anticollagénases par voie topique. En raison du développement croissant de résistances bactériennes aux antibiotiques, l'antibiothérapie doit être guidée par une mise en culture et la réalisation d'un antibiogramme. Par ailleurs, le cross-linking du collagène cornéen semble être une technique d'avenir prometteuse pour améliorer le taux de succès du traitement médical. Néanmoins, si l'atteinte cornéenne est très profonde au moment de l'admission du chien ou si la lésion évolue défavorablement en dépit du traitement, une prise en charge chirurgicale est nécessaire via une greffe conjonctivale, de biomatériau ou de cornée et parfois une énucléation. L'identification des bactéries et de leurs éventuelles résistances aux antibiotiques est donc un enjeu majeur dans le succès du traitement médical. Cette étude rétrospective, réalisée sur 53 ulcères cornéens chez le chien, visait à identifier ces bactéries et d'éventuels facteurs de risque à l'échec du traitement médical. La plupart des ulcères de l'étude étaient associés à une infection bactérienne (32 cas sur 53). Aucune association n'a été trouvée entre la race du chien et la présence d'une infection. Staphyloccoccus sp., Streptococcus sp. et Pseudomonas sp. étaient les bactéries le plus fréquemment isolées et celles-ci présentaient des résistances variées aux antibiotiques. Le grade de sévérité des ulcères était plus élevé lors d'infection impliquant des souches différentes et le grade de sévérité des ulcères associés à P. aeruginosa semblait supérieur à celui des ulcères associés à des staphylocoques ou des streptocoques. La majorité des ulcères de l'étude a fait l'objet d'une prise en charge chirurgicale immédiate en raison de la sévérité des lésions à l‘admission (29 cas sur 53). Presque la moitié des ulcères pris en charge via un traitement médical a cicatrisé (11 cas sur 24). Deux facteurs étaient associés à un échec du traitement médical : une anesthésie générale récente et une seule bactérie isolée en culture. Bien qu'aucune association n'ait été mise en évidence entre la nature des composantes du traitement médical et son succès, il semble que l'administration de N-acétylcystéine et qu'un changement d'antibiothérapie topique avec ajout du chloramphénicol soient associées à de meilleurs résultats
Évaluation d'une opération de réintroduction d'une espèce menacée (Zingel asper (Linnæus, 1758)) : croissance, état corporel et démogénétique
No full textReintroduction programmes are more and more frequently undertaken to save species threatened with extinction. However, they generally engender a genetic diversity loss and an inbreeding increase. These demogenetic effects reduce individuals’ fitness and increase the reintroduced population’s extinction risk, therefore compromising the reintroduction’s success. Numerous guidelines have been formulated by scientists and managers in order to limit these effects and their consequences. The Rhône streber, Zingel asper (Linnæus, 1758), is a critically endangered benthic percid endemic to the Rhône catchment. It was reintroduced in the Drôme river from the propagation in captivity of two source populations, the Beaume and Durance rivers. We evaluated the adopted strategy through a five years demogenetic monitoring of the reintroduced population based on the microsatellite data form 376 Rhône strebers sampled in the Drôme river. We also tested the effect of the source population and the individual genetic diversity on two life-history traits : growth and body condition. The guidelines’ application enabled to limit genetic diversity loss and inbreeding during the reintroduction of the Rhône streber in the Drôme river. Source population influenced growth and body condition but individual genetic diversity did not. The Durance source population, the most genetically diverse, showed no significant alteration of its life-history traits in the Drôme river. Lastly, a less favorable sector of the Drôme river for the species was identified. This study provides important feedback on the reintroduction programme which will be useful for the planning of potential future reintroductions.Le recours à des opérations de réintroduction pour la sauvegarde d'espèces menacées d'extinction est de plus en plus fréquent. Cependant, de telles opérations engendrent généralement une perte de diversité génétique et une augmentation de la consanguinité. Ces effets démogénétiques font diminuer la valeur sélective des individus et augmenter le risque d'extinction de la population réintroduite, compromettant ainsi le succès des réintroductions. De nombreuses recommandations ont été formulées par les scientifiques et les gestionnaires dans le but de limiter ces effets et leurs conséquences. L'apron du Rhône, Zingel asper (Linnæus, 1758), est un percidé benthique en danger critique d'extinction endémique du bassin du Rhône. Il a été réintroduit dans la rivière Drôme à partir de la multiplication en captivité de deux souches, issues des rivières Beaume et Durance. Nous avons évalué la stratégie adoptée par le suivi démogénétique de la population réintroduite sur cinq années en analysant les données microsatellites issues de 376 aprons échantillonnés dans la Drôme. Nous avons testé également un éventuel effet de la souche et de la diversité génétique individuelle sur deux traits d'histoire de vie : la croissance et l'état corporel. L'application des recommandations a permis de limiter la perte de diversité génétique et la consanguinité lors de la réintroduction de l'apron du Rhône dans la rivière Drôme. La souche génétique influe sur la croissance et l'état corporel mais pas la diversité génétique individuelle. La souche Durance, la plus diverse du point de vue génétique, ne présente pas d'altération significative de ses traits d'histoire de vie dans la Drôme. Enfin, un secteur de la Drôme moins favorable pour l'espèce a été identifié. Cette étude est un retour d'expérience important sur lequel les gestionnaires pourront s'appuyer pour la planification de potentielles réintroductions futures
Graphon Mean-Field Backward Stochastic Differential Equations With Jumps and Associated Dynamic Risk Measures
No full textWe study graphon mean-field backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs) with jumps and associated dynamic risk measures. We establish the existence, uniqueness and measurability of solutions under some regularity assumptions and provide some estimates for the solutions. We moreover prove the stability with respect to an interacting graphon particle systems, and obtain the convergence of an interacting mean-field particle system with inhomogeneous interactions to the graphon mean-field BSDE. We then provide some comparison theorems for the graphon mean-field BSDEs. As an application, we introduce the graphon dynamic risk measure induced by the solution of a graphon mean-field BSDE system and study its properties. We finally provide a dual representation theorem for the graphon dynamic risk measure in the convex case