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La datation radiocarbone sur coquilles de mollusques continentaux : quelles limites et quels usages ?
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Isothiazolinones: from their domestic uses to their release into the environment
No full textInternational audienceIsothiazolinones are ubiquitous in our daily life; they are used as preservatives in cosmetics, household products and in building materials. These biocidal substances may be emitted inside house, inducing a potential risk for health, and released into the environment through wastewater or runoff, thus inducing a potential impact on aquatic ecosystems. The overall objective of this communication was to explore the isothiazolinone contamination of the continuum House-Sewer-River and to assess the induced risks for health and the aquatic life. The experimental results showed the ubiquity of isothiazolinones in indoor dust, urban water discharges and in the Seine River. Annual mass loads discharged into the Seine River were estimated using Monte Carlo method at both the conurbation and annual scales, they showed that wastewater discharges constitute the major entry pathway
Potent human broadly SARS-CoV-2–neutralizing IgA and IgG antibodies effective against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2
No full textInternational audienceMemory B-cell and antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein contribute to long-term immune protection against severe COVID-19, which can also be prevented by antibody-based interventions. Here, wide SARS-CoV-2 immunoprofiling in Wuhan COVID-19 convalescents combining serological, cellular, and monoclonal antibody explorations revealed humoral immunity coordination. Detailed characterization of a hundred SARS-CoV-2 spike memory B-cell monoclonal antibodies uncovered diversity in their repertoire and antiviral functions. The latter were influenced by the targeted spike region with strong Fc-dependent effectors to the S2 subunit and potent neutralizers to the receptor-binding domain. Amongst those, Cv2.1169 and Cv2.3194 antibodies cross-neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including Omicron BA.1 and BA.2. Cv2.1169, isolated from a mucosa-derived IgA memory B cell demonstrated potency boost as IgA dimers and therapeutic efficacy as IgG antibodies in animal models. Structural data provided mechanistic clues to Cv2.1169 potency and breadth. Thus, potent broadly neutralizing IgA antibodies elicited in mucosal tissues can stem SARS-CoV-2 infection, and Cv2.1169 and Cv2.3194 are prime candidates for COVID-19 prevention and treatment
Anti-CD38 therapy impairs SARS-CoV-2 vaccine response against alpha and delta variants in patients with multiple myeloma
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L’anesthésie sur le terrain par machine à soda, un moyen de faciliter le développement de méthodes non létales d’identification des abeilles sauvages et autres visiteurs floraux
No full textInternational audienceSpecies identification is currently a strong limitation to wild pollinator studies. It requires killing specimens for laboratory analyses, which can pose ethical issues in some programs of conservation biology and citizen science. The recent development of image-based identification tools using machine learning could challenge the current paradigm of required specimen euthanasia for species identification. However, to be accurate, these new methods call for standardized images or images of precise characters that are difficult or even impossible to obtain on live specimens. To facilitate the acquisition of these pictures, we tested two in-situ CO2 anesthesia protocols using material easily available, even in citizen science programs. We measured the time of anesthesia of 196 flower visitors belonging to the Hymenoptera and Diptera orders. The most efficient protocol enabled us to anesthetize 90 % of the specimens for more than a minute with a marginal mortality (1.5 %). Anesthesia time increased with specimen size in Hymenoptera and decreased with air temperature. Diptera were less sensitive to anesthesia. Further analyses would be required to investigate the potential sublethal effects of these anesthesia. These preliminary results suggest nonetheless that CO2-based anesthesia could help the development of non-lethal methods of wild pollinator identifications.L’une des limites actuelles à l’étude des pollinisateurs sauvages est la difficulté d’identifier ces insectes au niveau de l’espèce. Le développement d’outils d’identification sur images par intelligence artificielle ouvre de nouvelles perspectives par rapport au paradigme actuel d’euthanasie des spécimens pour les identifier en laboratoire. Cependant, l’obtention d’images de référence standardisées ou de caractères morpho-anatomiques précis nécessaires à ces outils est difficile, voire impossible sur un spécimen actif. Pour faciliter l’obtention de ces photos, nous avons testé deux protocoles d’anesthésie au CO2 de spécimens sur le terrain avec un matériel accessible au grand public. Nous avons mesuré le temps d’anesthésie sur 196 visiteurs de fleurs, hyménoptères et diptères. Avec le protocole le plus performant, 90 % des insectes étaient anesthésiés pendant plus d’une minute. La mortalité due au traitement était marginale (1,5 %). La durée de l’anesthésie augmentait avec la température de l’air, ainsi qu’avec la taille des spécimens chez les hyménoptères. Les diptères étaient moins sensibles à l’anesthésie que les hyménoptères. Des études complémentaires seraient nécessaires pour appréhender les effets sublétaux potentiels de ces anesthésies. Néanmoins, l’anesthésie au CO2 sur le terrain pourrait faciliter le développement de méthodes non-létales d’identification des pollinisateurs
Evolution of Drug Survival with Biological Agents and Apremilast Between 2012 and 2018 in Patients with Psoriasis from the PsoBioTeq Cohort
No full textInternational audienceDrug survival reflects treatment effectiveness and safety in real life. There is limited data on the variation of drug survival with the availability of systemic treatments with additional biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) or synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (sDMARDs). The aim of this study was to determine whether the increasing number of available systemic treatments for psoriasis affects drug survival over time. Patients were selected from the PsoBioTeq cohort, a French prospective observational cohort enrolling patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. All patients initiating a first bDMARD or sDMARD were included. The primary outcome was comparison of drug survival over time. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard ratio model was computed. A total of 1,866 patients were included; 739 females (39%), median age 47 years. In the multivariate Cox model, no association was found between the calendar year of initiation and drug survival (hazard ratio) over-lapping from 0.80 (0.42–1.52) to 1.17 (0.64–2.17), p = 0.633). In conclusion, drug survival in psoriasis is not affected by the year of initiation
Faith in a New Party: The Involvement of the Romanian Orthodox Church in the 2020 Election Campaign
No full textInternational audienceThe intensity and nature of ties between the Church and political parties was covered by a rich literature. However, we know relatively little about why the Church would support a newly emerged political party formed in a competitive space, in which other parties had in the past enjoyed the Church’s support. This article aims to explain why many members of the Romanian Orthodox Church campaigned for the Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) in the 2020 legislative elections. Our analysis relies on 18 semi-structured interviews conducted with Orthodox priests from different parts of the country. The findings illustrate that the traditionalist priests supported the party. These priests felt cornered by the existing anti-clerical attitudes in Romanian society, declared themselves disappointed by the mainstream parties for abandoning the Church, and perceived the EU as a threat to the traditional Romanian values and way of life
A 22,000-year tephrostratigraphy record of unidentified volcanic eruptions from Ternate and Tidore islands (North Maluku, Indonesia)
No full textInternational audienceInvestigating past eruptions gives a unique opportunity to understand volcanic hazards, particularly in Indonesia, where volcanic eruptions occur frequently. Here, we present the first reconstruction of the eruptive history of the Ternate and Tidore Islands (North Maluku, Indonesia) over the past 22,000 years cal. BP, based on a new identification and characterization of past volcanic events methodological approach. This multidisciplinary study (geomorphology, tephrochronology, sedimentology, geochronology, geochemistry) constitutes the first stratigraphic and chronological continuum from volcanic deposits found in a set of fifteen sections established in Ternate, Tidore, and Maitara Islands. Sedimentological and geochemical data from tephrostratigraphy studies and radiocarbon dating suggest that these islands experienced at least four major explosive events from c. 22,000 to 740 years cal. BP. The oldest event recorded is a Plinian eruption associated with a caldera-forming eruption of Telaga volcano on Tidore Island at c. 22,000-17,500 cal. BP. A second pumiceous eruption dated at c. 18,000 cal. BP is attributed to the last Plinian eruption of Gamalama volcano on Ternate, whose current eruptive activity is mainly strombolian or phreatomagmatic. A succession of pyroclastic deposits of phreatomagmatic origin is related to the Ngade maar formation on Ternate Island, and the abundant deposits of scoria, pumice, and ash found in all sites probably occurred c. 14,500-13,000 cal. BP. No eruptions of the Kie Matubu volcano on Tidore Island have been reported by human beings since their presence in the region from the 16th century, but this study highlights two late Holocene eruptions, c. 2500 cal. BP and 740 cal. BP. This first chronostratigraphic framework from the late Pleistocene to recent eruptions in this region, sheds new light concerning the management of prediction and warning information about potential eruptions that may occur on these small volcanic islands in the future
L’impact des formes urbaines dans la mise en place des politiques de transition énergétique : une approche par la modélisation
No full textEnergy sobriety appears to be a central element of the sustainable city in the face of the problem of global warming and the growing difficulties of energy supply. Approximately 50% of the final energy consumed in France is used directly by individuals, i.e. in buildings for heating, lighting or specific electricity needs (29%) and in transportation for daily travel (20%). These two sectors emerge as two major fields of action for significantly reducing overall energy consumption. These consumptions depend on several factors, such as climate, behaviours, technology but also the urban form. This thesis proposes a reflection on the interactions between urban form and individual energy consumption. In order to question these interactions and to shed new light on this issue, we propose (1) to use archetypal cities as study areas and (2) to have a disaggregated modelling approach of the practices generating energy consumption. The first proposal makes it possible to have "standardised" territories, representative of French cities, characterised by varied forms at all the scales considered and fully parameterisable. The second proposal, which places the individual and his living space at the heart of the modelling, allows us to spatialise energy and to combine both the transportation and building sectors. This work is carried out using the daily mobility simulation platform MobiSim-Soft and the residential consumption simulation platform CityEnergyAnalyst (CEA). Finally, the results of this thesis show the interest of the multi-scale archetypal cities method combined with a disaggregated modelling of practices, allowing us to conduct a systemic and multi-scale analysis of the effects of urban form on energy consumption.La sobriété énergétique apparaît comme un élément central de la ville durable face à la problématique du réchauffement climatique et aux difficultés croissantes d’approvisionnement énergétique. Environ 50 % de l’énergie finale consommée en France est utilisée directement par les individus, c’est à dire dans les bâtiments pour les besoins de chauffage, d’éclairage ou encore d’électricité spécifique (29 %) et dans les transports pour se déplacer quotidiennement (20 %). Ces deux secteurs apparaissent ainsi comme deux champs d’action majeurs permettant de réduire significativement la consommation globale d’énergie. Ces consommations dépendent de plusieurs facteurs, comme le climat, les comportements, la technologie mais également la forme urbaine. Ce travail propose une réflexion sur les interactions entre la forme urbaine et les consommations énergétiques individuelles. Pour questionner ces interactions et donner de nouveaux éclairages sur cette question, nous proposons (1) de recourir à des villes archétypales comme terrains d’études et (2) d’avoir une approche de modélisation désagrégée des pratiques générant des consommations énergétiques. La première proposition permet d’avoir des territoires « standardisés », représentatifs des villes en France, caractérisés par des formes variées à toutes les échelles considérées et entièrement paramétrables. La seconde proposition qui place l’individu et son lieu de vie au cœur de la modélisation permet de spatialiser l'énergie et ainsi de combiner à la fois le secteur des transports et celui du bâtiment. Ce travail est réalisé à l’aide de la plateforme de simulations des mobilités quotidiennes MobiSim-Soft et à l’aide de la plateforme de simulation des consommations résidentielles CityEnergyAnalyst (CEA). Finalement, les résultats de ce travail de thèse montrent l’intérêt de la méthode villes archétypales – modélisation désagrégée des pratiques, en nous permettant de conduire une analyse systémique et multi-échelles des effets de la forme urbaine sur les consommations énergétiques
Des effets didactiques de microphénomènes sémiotiques en mathématiques
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter presents semiotic analyses of phenomena that can shed light on certain teaching-learning difficulties in mathematics, particularly in special education. It is based on the study of two teaching situations, one dealing with the notion of area for a visually impaired pupil included in an ordinary class, and the other with decimal numbering for pupils in a medical-educational institute.Ce chapitre présente des analyses sémiotiques de phénomènes pouvant éclairer certaines difficultés d’enseignement-apprentissage en mathématiques, notamment dans l’enseignement spécialisé. Il s’appuie sur l’étude de deux situations d’enseignement, l’une porte sur la notion d’aire à un élève malvoyant inclus en classe ordinaire, l’autre sur la numération décimale à des élèves d’un Institut Médico-éducatif