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Handling Change in Historic Urban Landscapes. An Analysis of Urban Heritage Conservation Approaches in Bordeaux (France), Edinburgh (UK), and Florence (Italy)
No full textInternational audienceStarting from the definitions and principles of the Historic Urban Landscape Recommendation adopted by UNESCO in 2011, this chapter critically reflects on how different urban conservation approaches cope with change in three European World Heritage cities: Bordeaux (France), Florence (Italy), and Edinburgh (UK). By discussing the findings of a comparative analysis of existing urban conservation management policies, legislation, and tools, the chapter sheds light on good practices and critical aspects to support the improvement of urban conservation processes to better handle contemporary challenges in these case studies, but also in other historic urban landscapes in Europe and beyond
La loi n° 2022-295 du 2 mars 2022 visant à renforcer le droit à l’avortement : un renforcement en demi-teinte
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Compositional effects on the hydrogen storage properties in a series of refractory high entropy alloys
No full textInternational audienceThe possible combinations in the multidimensional space of high entropy alloys are extremely broad, which makes the incremental experimental research limited. As a result, establishing trends with well-known empirical parameters (lattice distortion, valence electron concentration etc.) and predicting effects of the chemical composition change are vital to guide future research in the field of materials science. In this context, we propose a strategy to rationalize the effect of chemical composition change on the hydrogen sorption properties in a series of high entropy alloys: Ti 0.30 V 0.25 Zr 0.10 Nb 0.25 M 0.10 with M = Mg, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ta and ∅ (corresponding quaternary alloy). All materials are bcc alloys and absorb hydrogen at room temperature forming fcc or pseudo- fcc dihydride phases. The maximum hydrogen storage capacity at room temperature strongly depends on the valence electron concentration (VEC) of the alloys: the capacity is high (1.5–2.0 H/ M ) for low values of VEC (<4.9) whereas, a drastic fading is observed for VEC ≥4.9 which is the case for alloys with M being a late 3 d transition metal. The structural analysis suggests that steric effects might not be responsible for this trend and electronic reasons may be invoked. Increasing the VEC by alloying with late 3 d transition metals will fill the unoccupied valence states and the electrons from interstitial hydrogens can no longer be accommodated, which is unfavorable for hydrogen storage. Moreover, the onset temperature of desorption increases almost linearly with VEC for this composition series. These findings suggest that alloys with low VEC are more likely to become promising candidates for hydrogen storage
Distinct patterns of change of organic matter in bulk soil or in earthworm casts during ageing
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The Black Box of the Consensual Assessment Technique: Some Questions and Doubts on the Subjective Rating of Creativity
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Thermal regime variability of islands in the Lena River near Yakutsk, eastern Siberia
No full textInternational audienceRecent evidence has shown that Arctic regions have warmed about twice as much as elsewhere on the planet over the last few decades, and that high-latitude permafrost–periglacial processes and hydrological systems are notably responsive to rising temperatures. The aim of this paper is to report on the thermal regime of islands located along the Lena River floodplain, upstream of the city of Yakutsk (eastern Siberia). Four islands were monitored using waterproof dataloggers and continuous monitoring of frozen soil in contact with ice breakup of the Lena River. For each of these islands, we measured: (a) ground surface temperature, air and frozen soil temperatures at different depths; and (b) submersion duration during the flood. Our results show that within a zone of thick and continuous permafrost, the Lena floodplain is notably heterogeneous, with a combination of permanently and seasonally frozen islands. The ice breakups seem to have a negligible impact on the ground thermal regime. Our study confirms that relatively young (<30 years old) islands, composed of fine sand material, appear less prone to permafrost formation compared to older islands with ice-rich silty material.
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions in France: Patients and Providers Characteristics and Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic
No full textInternational audienceIn France, despite several successive plans to control antimicrobial resistance, antibiotic use remains high in the outpatient setting. This study aims to better understand outpatient antibiotic use and prescription in order to identify tailored targets for future public health actions. Using data from the French National Health Data System, we described and compared the individual characteristics of patients with and without an antibiotic prescription. The prescribed antibiotics (ATC-J01) were detailed and compared between 2019 and 2020. Antibiotic prescribing indicators that take prescriber activity into account were estimated and compared. Patients who were female, advanced age, and the presence of comorbidities were associated with antibiotic prescriptions. The overall prescription rate was estimated at 134 per 1000 consultations and 326 per 1000 patients seen in 2019. General practitioners (GPs), dentists and paediatricians were associated with 78.0%, 12.2% and 2.2% of antibiotic prescriptions, respectively, with high prescription rates (391, 447, and 313 p. 1000 patients seen, respectively). In comparison with 2019, this rate decreased in 2020 for paediatricians (−30.4%) and GPs (−17.9%) whereas it increased among dentists (+17.9%). The reduction was twice as high among the male prescribers than among their female counterparts (−26.6 and −12.0, respectively). The reduction in prescriptions observed in 2020 (−18.2%) was more marked in children (−35.8%) but less so among individuals ≥65 years (−13.1%) and those with comorbidities (−12.5%). The decrease in penicillin prescriptions represents 67.3% of the overall reduction observed in 2020. The heterogeneous decrease in prescriptions by age and antibiotic class could be explained by the impact of COVID-19 control measures on the spread of respiratory viruses; thus, a substantial proportion of the prescriptions avoided in 2020 is likely inappropriate, particularly among children. In order to keep the rate of prescriptions comparable to that observed in 2020, male prescribers, paediatricians and GPs should be encouraged to maintain that level, while a campaign to raise awareness of the appropriate use of antibiotics should be aimed at dentists in particular
Calibration of a complex hydro-ecological model through Approximate Bayesian Computation and Random Forest combined with sensitivity analysis
No full textInternational audienceAn automated calibration method is proposed and applied to the complex hydro-ecological model Delft3D-BLOOM which is calibrated from monitoring data of the lake Champs-sur-Marne, a small shallow urban lake in the Paris region (France). This method (ABC-RF-SA) combines Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) with the machine learning algorithm Random Forest (RF) and a Sensitivity Analysis (SA) of the model parameters. Three target variables are used (total chlorophyll, cyanobacteria and dissolved oxygen concentration) to cali-brate 133 parameters. ABC-RF-SA is first applied on a set of simulated observations to validate the methodology. It is then applied on a real set of high-frequency observations recorded during about two weeks on the lake Champs-sur-Marne. The methodology is also compared to standard ABC and ABC-RF formulations. Only ABC-RF-SA allowed the model to reproduce the observed biogeochemical dynamics. The coupling of ABC with RF and SA thus appears crucial for its application to complex hydro-ecological models
In Search of a Lost Past: Michael Ignatieff’s Photo Albums in The Russian Album
No full textArticle en préparationInternational audienceThe Revolution of 1917 caused the departure of a great many Russian families from their home country. This experience of exile is at the heart of a number of works of life-writing, some of them written by the descendants of Russian migrants. Such is the case of The Russian Album, published by Michael Ignatieff in 1987. His narrative is a minute reconstruction of the lives of his grand-parents, Paul and Natacha Ignatieff, based on their memoirs and family photo albums. Ignatieff’s Russian Album is striking for the central role it gives to the family pictures, a selection of which can be found in the middle of the book. Their significance, which goes beyond the decorative or merely illustrative function they are usually limited to, illustrates Marianne Hirsch’s claim that following the democratization of photography with the invention of the kodak at the end of the XIXth, “in the ensuing century, the camera has become the family’s primary instrument of self-knowledge and self-representation – the primary means by which family memory is perpetuated, by which the family’s story is told.” (Family Frames, xvi)Ignatieff’s work raises questions about the meaning of memory and identity for younger generations dealing with the traumas experienced by their parents and grandparents. The Russian Album is in fact characterized by the ambivalent attitude of the narrator to his roots: his deep desire to know his past is matched by his conjoined fear of being claimed by it. This ambivalence underlies the relationship between text and images. Pictures are presented as the matrix of the book; what is more, the narrator exhibits a deep trust in them as an archival material that will help him reach some kind of truth about the past. However, his use of family photographs reflects a fear of their latent power, a fear that ultimately leads him to try to contain them and to reassert the primacy of words
Frontières de l’image : Le discours de la photographie dans Among the White Moon Faces de Shirley Geok-lin Lim
No full textInternational audienceParmi les innombrables formes que prend aujourd’hui l’écriture de soi, mode en expansion depuis plusieurs décennies sur le continent nord-américain, l’inclusion de photographies constitue une évolution qu’il nous semble pertinent d’interroger dans le cadre d’un colloque sur les frontières de l’image. Cette co-présence invite en effet à s’interroger sur les modalités d’émergence du sens dans une œuvre hybride. Ce dernier est-il produit conjointement ? Ou les deux médias construisent-ils au contraire chacun une signification bien distincte ? Quelles sont les lignes de fracture qui peuvent apparaître dans l’entrelacs de ces deux discours ?Among the White Moon Faces (1996) de Shirley Geok-lin Lim offre un exemple intéressant des convergences et tensions qui peuvent naître dans les rapports entre texte et image. Récit d’un déracinement volontaire, cette autobiographie raconte la construction d’une identité entre deux rives, « déterritorialisée », pour citer les mots qu’emploie l’auteur à propos de son œuvre. Présente sous deux formes, celle d’un cahier central et celle d’ekphrasis ponctuant le récit, la photographie occupe dans ce texte une place importante, que nous voudrions interroger. En quoi ces images, réelles et textuelles, participent-elles de la construction de cette identité transculturelle asio-américaine que le texte décrit et contribue à faire émerger dans le même temps ? Espace d’inscription de l’identité individuelle et collective, la photographie est dans le texte de Lim le lieu d’expression privilégié des tensions à l’œuvre dans le récit. Comme en écho au parcours évoqué dans le texte, le cahier central et les photographies décrites reflètent à la fois le poids des structures collectives qui prédominent en Malaisie et l’influence d’un modèle occidental qui pousse l’auteur à se définir comme individu pour exprimer son talent.Les photographies ne viennent cependant pas simplement illustrer le texte mais construisent un espace de figuration de soi trouble. Le lecteur ne peut en effet manquer d’être frappé de l’usage par l’auteur de la troisième personne pour se désigner dans le cahier central. Si le texte est un lieu de définition et construction de soi, la photographie serait-elle au contraire révélatrice d’un écart entre le moi et lui-même ? Le cahier central utilise en effet, tout en s’en éloignant, les codes de l’album photographique. Loin de construire de manière performative, comme l’explique Marianne Hirsch, cette entité qu’est la famille , la sélection opérée par Lim suggère, au contraire, les fractures de l’histoire personnelle de l’auteur, en particulier ses relations avec sa mère.Aux frontières qui séparent le discours du texte et celui des images fait écho la frontière, bien réelle, qui sépare le pays d’origine et le pays d’adoption. Témoins discrets de la difficile intégration de l’auteur, le cahier central et les descriptions de photographies que contient le texte interrogent ainsi la notion de « chez soi », aussi centrale que fuyante pour Lim