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Simple contrapositive assumption-based argumentation frameworks with preferences:Partial orders and collective attacks
No full textIn this paper, we consider assumption-based argumentation frameworks that are based on contrapositive logics and partially-ordered preference functions. It is shown that these structures provide a general and solid platform for representing and reasoning with conflicting and prioritized arguments. Two useful properties of the preference functions are identified (selectivity and max-lower-boundedness), and extended forms of attack relations are supported (∃–attacks and ∀-attacks), which assure several desirable properties and a variety of formal settings for argumentation-based conclusion drawing. These two variations of attacks may be further extended to collective attacks. Such (existential or universal) collective attacks allow to challenge a collective of assertions rather than single assertions. We show that these extensions not only enhance the expressive power of the framework, but in certain cases also enable more rational patterns of reasoning with conflicting assertions.</p
A multilevel investigation of the relationship between the strength of ethical organizational culture and psychological safety:Do simple organizational interventions work?
No full textPurpose: This study examines in a cross-lagged design the relationship between ethical organizational culture (EOC), psychological safety (PS) and two organizational interventions aimed at fostering employee engagement and integration as well as increasing decision transparency and employee participation in work design (labeled as FIKA and “Start, Stop & Go”). Design/methodology/approach: We use a cross-lagged design in which we assessed (in a sample of 581 employees) the strength of EOC before deploying two informal interventions aimed at stimulating the informal interactions between leaders and their followers and guiding participative reflections on the progress of work activities. After deployment, we assessed PS in relation to leaders, colleagues and customers as well as the strength of EOC, using the same scales as before the intervention. Findings: Results show that a strong ethical culture promotes PS at the individual as well as at the group level. Although the interventions did not significantly change the strength of EOC, they do enhance the positive association between EOC and PS experienced in relation to the leaders. Research limitations/implications: More research is needed on the long(er)-term effects of the interventions studied to determine their lasting impact on EOC and PS. In addition, more research is needed on specific mechanisms through which organizational interventions potentially foster the emergence of EOC. Practical implications: These findings highlight the importance of EOC in promoting PS and call for more research on the effectiveness of specific organizational interventions aimed at increasing the strength of EOC. Such interventions could help organizations create more supportive, inclusive and productive work environments. Social implications: EOC is a key antecedent of (socially) responsible organizational practices and understanding the interplay between EOC and PS is essential for promoting a healthier work culture and improving employee well-being and ultimately organizational financial and non-financial performance. Originality/value: These findings highlight a systematic attempt to test the effect of informal organizational interventions on the development of ethical values in organizations and present initial empirical evidence concerning the relation between the strength of EOC and PS.</p
Integrating Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Extended Reality Environments:A Systematic Survey †
No full textThe integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within Extended Reality (XR) technologies has the potential to revolutionize user experiences by creating more immersive, interactive, and personalized environments. Nevertheless, the complexity and opacity of AI systems raise significant concerns regarding the transparency of data handling, reasoning processes, and decision-making mechanisms inherent in these technologies. To address these challenges, the implementation of explainable AI (XAI) methods and techniques becomes imperative, as they not only ensure compliance with prevailing ethical, social, and legal standards, norms, and principles, but also foster user trust and facilitate the broader adoption of AI solutions in XR applications. Despite the growing interest from both research and practitioner communities in this area, there is an important gap in the literature concerning a review of XAI methods specifically applied and tailored to XR systems. On this behalf, this research presents a systematic literature review that synthesizes current research on XAI approaches applied within the XR domain. Accordingly, this research aims to identify prevailing trends, assess the effectiveness of various XAI techniques, and highlight potential avenues for future research. It then contributes to the foundational understanding necessary for the development of transparent and trustworthy AI systems for XR systems using XAI technologies while enhancing the user experience and promoting responsible AI deployment.</p
The student feedback literacy instrument (SFLI):multilingual validation and introduction of a short-form version
No full textFeedback literacy is gaining recognition as a key concept for understanding how engage with and learn from feedback in higher education. This study presents validity evidence for a refined version of the Student Feedback Literacy Instrument (SFLI), designed to measure the construct across two dimensions—feedback attitudes and feedback practices—in German, English, and Turkish. We developed both a full-length and a short-form version (SFLI-S). Using confirmatory factor analyses on different student samples (Ntotal= 1424), we confirmed the two-factor structure across languages, supporting the model of feedback literacy comprising of attitudinal and behavioral components. Associations with related constructs further support the instrument’s convergent validity. As a psychometrically sound, multilingual instrument, the SFLI can facilitate cross-cultural feedback literacy research and provide a valuable tool for research and educational practice. The SFLI-S offers an economical alternative, enabling wider integration into studies on how students engage with feedback.</p
Unlocking neurodiversity:the role of horizontal differentiation and social cognitive integration as antecedents of team performance
No full textPurposeThis study aims to test a moderated mediation model of the relationship between neurodiversity and team performance, mediated by social cognitive integration and positively moderated by horizontal cognitive differentiation.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used neurodiversity survey data from 40 intact organizational teams, including data from all team members and their leaders, and tested the moderated mediation model using bootstrapping. Neurodivergent conditions, horizontal cognitive differentiation (i.e. the distribution of knowledge and expertise among team members, expanding the range of available cognitive resources) and social cognitive integration (i.e. a collaborative process of knowledge sharing, evaluation and elaboration) were evaluated by team members, and team performance was evaluated by the leaders.FindingsThe results show that neurodiversity fosters social cognitive integration in teams only when horizontal cognitive differentiation is high. Moreover, social cognitive integration mediates the association between neurodiversity and team performance, whereas the remaining main effect of neurodiversity on team performance is positive and significant.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the limited body of knowledge that examines neurodiversity in organizational settings and presents one of the first empirical tests of the relation between neurodiversity and team outcomes, building on the combination of cognitive differentiation and integration
Cost-effectiveness Analysis of COVID-19 mRNA XBB.1.5 Fall 2023 Vaccination in the Netherlands
No full textIntroduction: This study aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of the fall 2023 COVID-19 mRNA XBB.1.5 vaccination campaign in the Netherlands, comparing the XBB1.5 updated mRNA-1273.222 with the XBB1.5 updated BNT162b2 vaccine. Methods: A 1-year decision tree-based cost-effectiveness model was developed, considering three scenarios: no fall 2023 vaccination, BNT162b2 vaccination, and mRNA-1273 vaccination in the COVID-19 high-risk population in the Netherlands. The high-risk population includes everyone of 60 and older, and younger adults at high risk as identified by the Dutch Health Council. Costs were included from a societal perspective and the modelled period started in October 2023 and ended in September 2024, including life years lost with a lifetime horizon. Sensitivity and scenario analyses were conducted to evaluate model robustness. Results: In the base case, mRNA-1273 demonstrated substantial benefits over BNT162b2, potentially averting 20,629 symptomatic cases, 924 hospitalizations (including 32 intensive care unit admissions), 207 deaths, and 2124 post-COVID cases. Societal cost savings were €12.9 million (excluding vaccination costs), with 1506 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained. The break-even incremental price of mRNA-1273 compared to BNT162b2 was €16.72 or €34.32 considering a willingness to pay threshold (WTP) of 20,000 or 50,000 euro per QALY gained. Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive cost-effectiveness analysis supporting the adoption of the mRNA-1273 vaccine in the national immunization program in the Netherlands, provided that the Dutch government negotiates a vaccine price that is at most €34.32 per dose higher than BNT162b2. Despite limitations, the findings emphasize the substantial health and economic benefits of mRNA-1273 over BNT162b2 in the high-risk population.</p
What facilitates the effectiveness of innovation ecosystem-specific experimentation?:A dynamic capabilities perspective
No full textThere is the bourgeoning literature arguing that successfully delivering complex innovations to mass societies requires focal firms and their key partners to first perform a series of experimentation activities at the local small-scale societal level, known as Innovation Ecosystem-Specific Experimentation (IEE). Scholars have already evidenced the IEEs’ function to create viable innovation ecosystems, yet there is a dearth of information about which factors are associated with effective IEEs. We constructed the conceptual model based on a dynamic capabilities perspective. Our PLS-SEM analysis of 111 surveys in China indicates that (1) focal firms’ dynamic capabilities in metacognition, strategic networking, and learning agility are positively correlated with effective IEEs; (2) focal firms that use geographically accessible networking and innovation facilities tend to have stronger relationships between strategic networking capability and IEE, and between learning agility and IEE, respectively. Overall, this study enriches the literature on experimentation, entrepreneurial strategizing, and innovation ecosystem emergence
The CAOS framework for Scala:Computer-aided design of SOS
No full textWe present Caos: a programming framework for computer-aided design of structural operational semantics for formal models. This framework includes a set of Scala libraries and a workflow to produce visual and interactive diagrams that animate and provide insights over the structure and the semantics of a given abstract model with operational rules.Image 1 follows an approach where theoretical foundations and a practical tool are built together, as an alternative to foundations-first design (“tool justifies theory”) or tool-first design (“foundations justify practice”). The advantage of Image 1 is that the tool-under-development can immediately be used to automatically run numerous and sizeable examples in order to identify subtle mistakes, unexpected outcomes, and unforeseen limitations in the foundations-under-development, as early as possible.More concretely, Image 1 supports the quick creation of interactive websites that help the end-users better understand a new language, structure, or analysis. End-users can be research colleagues trying to understand a companion paper or students learning about a new simple language or operational semantics. We include a list of open-source projects with a web frontend supported by Image 1 that are used both in research and teaching contexts
On the Right Side of the Faultline:Effects of Subgroups and CEO Inclusion on CEO Compensation
No full textThis study examines how subgroup formation resulting from group faultlines can affect corporate boards’ CEO compensation-setting process. Group faultlines are hypothetical dividing lines that can split the board into subgroups based on directors’ diversity characteristics. Using a sample of US firms for the period 2007–2019, we find that if the CEO demographically belongs to the same faultline-based subgroup as corporate directors who are members of the compensation committee, strong faultlines lead to higher CEO compensation. Furthermore, we show that joint tenure of directors and the CEO strengthens this relationship. Our results are robust to endogeneity concerns and a battery of sensitivity tests. Our findings make important contributions to the literature on CEO compensation, corporate governance and faultlines, as we consider not only the existence of faultlines in the board context but also how the composition of identity-based subgroups affects CEO compensation.</p
Trends in NICE technology appraisals of non-small cell lung cancer drugs over the last decade
No full textObjectives: The aim of this study is to analyse the trends in technology appraisals for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatments performed by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) over the last ten years. Methods: A systematic search was conducted for single technology appraisals of NSCLC drugs in the online NICE database from 2012 to 2022. Search terms used were ‘non small cell lung cancer’, and ‘NSCLC’. Appraisals that were under development or terminated as well as multiple technology appraisals were considered out of scope. Results: In the 30 included appraisals for targeted therapies and immunotherapies within NSCLC, a total of 53 different comparators were included by NICE for 41 assorted indications or subgroups. Partitioned survival models were most frequently used, often including three health states and time horizons of up to 30 years. Throughout the decade the use of indirect comparisons was high and became more established and complex over time. Of all appraisals, 90% positively recommended the treatment for use in the UK. Conclusion: Technology appraisals became more complex over time due to the emergence of targeted therapies and immunotherapies, leading to multiple different indications, subpopulations and comparators that needed to be included in appraisals. Partitioned Survival Analysis (PartSA) models became the cornerstone within NSCLC, with time horizons up to 30 years and over time methods for indirect treatment comparisons became more established. The majority of the appraisals resulted in a positive recommendation for reimbursement.</p