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Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2021, with forecasts to 2100: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textBackgroundAccurate assessments of current and future fertility—including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions—are essential to help plan for the profound social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical challenges that these changes will bring. Estimates and projections of fertility are necessary to inform policies involving resource and health-care needs, labour supply, education, gender equality, and family planning and support. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 produced up-to-date and comprehensive demographic assessments of key fertility indicators at global, regional, and national levels from 1950 to 2021 and forecast fertility metrics to 2100 based on a reference scenario and key policy-dependent alternative scenarios.
MethodsTo estimate fertility indicators from 1950 to 2021, mixed-effects regression models and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression were used to synthesise data from 8709 country-years of vital and sample registrations, 1455 surveys and censuses, and 150 other sources, and to generate age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) for 5-year age groups from age 10 years to 54 years. ASFRs were summed across age groups to produce estimates of total fertility rate (TFR). Livebirths were calculated by multiplying ASFR and age-specific female population, then summing across ages 10–54 years. To forecast future fertility up to 2100, our Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) forecasting model was based on projections of completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50; the average number of children born over time to females from a specified birth cohort), which yields more stable and accurate measures of fertility than directly modelling TFR. CCF50 was modelled using an ensemble approach in which three sub-models (with two, three, and four covariates variously consisting of female educational attainment, contraceptive met need, population density in habitable areas, and under-5 mortality) were given equal weights, and analyses were conducted utilising the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. To capture time-series trends in CCF50 not explained by these covariates, we used a first-order autoregressive model on the residual term. CCF50 as a proportion of each 5-year ASFR was predicted using a linear mixed-effects model with fixed-effects covariates (female educational attainment and contraceptive met need) and random intercepts for geographical regions. Projected TFRs were then computed for each calendar year as the sum of single-year ASFRs across age groups. The reference forecast is our estimate of the most likely fertility future given the model, past fertility, forecasts of covariates, and historical relationships between covariates and fertility. We additionally produced forecasts for multiple alternative scenarios in each location: the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for education is achieved by 2030; the contraceptive met need SDG is achieved by 2030; pro-natal policies are enacted to create supportive environments for those who give birth; and the previous three scenarios combined. Uncertainty from past data inputs and model estimation was propagated throughout analyses by taking 1000 draws for past and present fertility estimates and 500 draws for future forecasts from the estimated distribution for each metric, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) given as the 2·5 and 97·5 percentiles of the draws. To evaluate the forecasting performance of our model and others, we computed skill values—a metric assessing gain in forecasting accuracy—by comparing predicted versus observed ASFRs from the past 15 years (2007–21). A positive skill metric indicates that the model being evaluated performs better than the baseline model (here, a simplified model holding 2007 values constant in the future), and a negative metric indicates that the evaluated model performs worse than baseline.
FindingsDuring the period from 1950 to 2021, global TFR more than halved, from 4·84 (95% UI 4·63–5·06) to 2·23 (2·09–2·38). Global annual livebirths peaked in 2016 at 142 million (95% UI 137–147), declining to 129 million (121–138) in 2021. Fertility rates declined in all countries and territories since 1950, with TFR remaining above 2·1—canonically considered replacement-level fertility—in 94 (46·1%) countries and territories in 2021. This included 44 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which was the super-region with the largest share of livebirths in 2021 (29·2% [28·7–29·6]). 47 countries and territories in which lowest estimated fertility between 1950 and 2021 was below replacement experienced one or more subsequent years with higher fertility; only three of these locations rebounded above replacement levels. Future fertility rates were projected to continue to decline worldwide, reaching a global TFR of 1·83 (1·59–2·08) in 2050 and 1·59 (1·25–1·96) in 2100 under the reference scenario. The number of countries and territories with fertility rates remaining above replacement was forecast to be 49 (24·0%) in 2050 and only six (2·9%) in 2100, with three of these six countries included in the 2021 World Bank-defined low-income group, all located in the GBD super-region of sub-Saharan Africa. The proportion of livebirths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa was forecast to increase to more than half of the world's livebirths in 2100, to 41·3% (39·6–43·1) in 2050 and 54·3% (47·1–59·5) in 2100. The share of livebirths was projected to decline between 2021 and 2100 in most of the six other super-regions—decreasing, for example, in south Asia from 24·8% (23·7–25·8) in 2021 to 16·7% (14·3–19·1) in 2050 and 7·1% (4·4–10·1) in 2100—but was forecast to increase modestly in the north Africa and Middle East and high-income super-regions. Forecast estimates for the alternative combined scenario suggest that meeting SDG targets for education and contraceptive met need, as well as implementing pro-natal policies, would result in global TFRs of 1·65 (1·40–1·92) in 2050 and 1·62 (1·35–1·95) in 2100. The forecasting skill metric values for the IHME model were positive across all age groups, indicating that the model is better than the constant prediction.
Interpretation
Fertility is declining globally, with rates in more than half of all countries and territories in 2021 below replacement level. Trends since 2000 show considerable heterogeneity in the steepness of declines, and only a small number of countries experienced even a slight fertility rebound after their lowest observed rate, with none reaching replacement level. Additionally, the distribution of livebirths across the globe is shifting, with a greater proportion occurring in the lowest-income countries. Future fertility rates will continue to decline worldwide and will remain low even under successful implementation of pro-natal policies. These changes will have far-reaching economic and societal consequences due to ageing populations and declining workforces in higher-income countries, combined with an increasing share of livebirths among the already poorest regions of the world.Incluye referencias bibliográfica
Estrés percibido en profesionales de enfermería y medicina que laboran en un servicio de psiquiatría en una Clínica de Bogotá
No full textEl estrés es una respuesta específica del cuerpo a cualquier demanda presente que puede ser percibida como amenazante o desafiante; puede ser de origen multicausal y su percepción es propia de cada ser humano. El aumento de las alteraciones mentales exige de la atención del personal de salud y el cuidado de estos pacientes hace que los profesionales presenten sentimientos de culpa, vergüenza, duelo, resentimiento y estigmatización. Objetivo: Describir el estrés percibido por profesionales de enfermería y medicina que laboran en un servicio de psiquiatría en una Clínica de Bogotá. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal con muestra intencional por conveniencia y cumplimiento de criterios de inclusión. Recolección de la información fue durante septiembre, octubre y noviembre de 2023. Obtención de la información con los instrumentos: Caracterización sociodemográfica y Escala de Estrés Percibido de cuidadores formales e informales versión española, alfa Cronbach de 0,66. Resultados: El 64,3% son profesionales de enfermería y 35,7% médicos, de estos el 92,9% eran mujeres y 7,1% hombres. El promedio de estrés percibido de la población fue de 30,4 clasificado como a menudo está estresado. El 78,57% tienen percepción de estrés a menudo y el 21,42% de vez en cuando. Se encontró que, de 14 participantes, 11 obtuvieron puntuaciones entre 29 y 42 puntos, según la clasificación de la EEP corresponde a menudo están estresados. Conclusión: Los profesionales de enfermería y medicina en su mayoría son mujeres, enfermeras que laboran en jornada diurna; tienen estrés percibido a menudo y casi nunca tienen control de estrés.Stress is a specific response of the body to any present demand that may be perceived as threatening or challenging; It can be of multi-causal origin and its perception is specific to each human being. The increase in mental disorders requires the attention of health personnel and the care of these patients causes professionals to experience feelings of guilt, shame, grief, resentment and stigmatization. Objective: To describe the stress perceived by nursing and medical professionals who work in a psychiatry service in a Clinic in Bogotá. Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive study with intentional convenience sample and compliance with inclusion criteria. Information was collected during September, October and November 2023. Obtaining information with the instruments: Sociodemographic characterization and Perceived Stress Scale of formal and informal caregivers, Spanish version, Cronbach's alpha of 0.66. Results: 64.3% are nursing professionals and 35.7% are doctors, of which 92.9% were women and 7.1% were men. The average perceived stress of the population was 30.4 classified as often stressed. 78.57% perceive stress often and 21.42% occasionally. It was found that, of 14 participants, 11 obtained scores between 29 and 42 points, according to the EEP classification, they are often stressed. Conclusion: Nursing and medical professionals are mostly women, nurses who work during the day; They often have perceived stress and almost never have stress control.Incluye bibliografíaPregradoEnfermero(a
Tremátodos y acantocéfalos asociados a mojarra amarilla (Caquetaia kraussii) en un sistema de laguna costera, San Onofre, Colombia
No full textIn Colombia, ichthyozoonoses caused by helminths are little studied and remain neglected by the public health sector, representing an interaction to be explored regarding biodiversity and health. Caquetia kraussii is a native fish of Colombia and Venezuela that is economically important due to its high consumption by local communities. This research records the fauna of parasitic helminths associated with C. kraussii in a coastal lagoon system in the Colombian Caribbean. Thirty-two specimens of C. kraussii were captured and inspected in February and December 2020, resulting in the collection of 242 helminths at the metacercariae stage and adults. Parasites included metacercaria of the trematodes Clinostomum sp., Austrodiplostomum sp., two forms of Posthodiplostomum and adults of Oligogonotylus andinus, and adults of the acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus sp. These results indicate that C. kraussii acts as a definitive host for O. andinus and Neoechinorhynchus sp., and as an intermediate host for Clinostomum sp., Posthodiplostomum spp. and Austrodiplostomumsp. This research reports for the second time a population of O. andinus in Colombia and the occurrence of a morphoespecies of the genus Neoechinorhynchus that could constitute a new record for Colombia. In addition to contributing to the knowledge of the diversity of fish-associated helminths, the results of this research will make it possible to generate recommendations for the management and control of helminthiasis in artificial fish farming systems that are supplied by natural tributaries, and favor the establishment of hosts and parasitesEn Colombia, las ictiozoonosis causadas por helmintos son poco estudiadas y permanecen desatendidas desde el sector de la salud pública, representando una interacción por explorar en términos de biodiversidad y salud. Caquetia kraussi es un pez nativo de Colombia y Venezuela de importancia económica, debido a su alto consumo por parte de comunidades locales. Esta investigación registra la fauna de helmintos parásitos asociados a C. kraussi en un sistema de laguna costera en el Caribe colombiano. En febrero y diciembre de 2020 se examinaron 32 especímenes de C. kraussi, de los que se recolectaron 242 helmintos en los estadíos de metacercaria y adulto. Los parásitos incluyeron metacercarias de los tremátodos Clinostomum sp., Austrodiplostomum sp., dos morfoespecies de Posthodiplostomum spp. y adultos de Oigogonotylus andinus además de adultos del acantocéfalo (Eoacanthocephala) Neoechinorhynchus sp. Estos resultados indican que C. kraussii actúa como hospedador definitivo de O. andinus. y Neoechinorhynchus sp., y como hospedador intermediario de Clinostomum sp., Posthodiplostomum spp. y Austrodiplostomum sp. Se reporta por segunda vez una población de O. andinus en Colombia y la ocurrencia de una morfoespecie del género Neoechinorhynchus que podría ser un reporte nuevo para Colombia. Además del aporte al conocimiento de la diversidad de helmintos asociados a peces, los resultados de esta investigación podrían ser aprovechados para generar recomendaciones para el manejo y control de helmintiasis en sistemas piscícolas artificiales que se surten de afluentes naturales y favorecen el establecimiento de hospederos y parásitosIncluye referencias bibliográfica
Estrategias biológicas para el manejo de plagas y enfermedades en el cultivo de lechuga Lactuca sativa (Hidropónico)
No full textEn el curso de este estudio, se llevó a cabo una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica centrada en las estrategias de control biológico disponibles en la actualidad para hacer frente a las principales plagas y enfermedades que afectan el cultivo de lechuga en sistemas hidropónicos. El propósito fundamental de esta compilación fue proporcionar una actualización de las metodologías existentes, con la intención de que sirvan como fuente de información valiosa en el futuro. Es importante destacar que las estrategias de control biológico desempeñan un papel crucial en los desafíos actuales de la agricultura sostenible, y se observa una carencia significativa de información al respecto en el contexto nacionalDuring the course of this study, an exhaustive literature review was conducted focusing on the currently available biological control strategies to address the primary pests and diseases affecting lettuce cultivation in hydroponic systems. The primary purpose of this compilation was to provide an update on existing methodologies, with the intention of serving as a valuable source of information in the future. It is noteworthy that biological control strategies play a crucial role in the current challenges of sustainable agriculture, and a significant lack of information on this subject is observed in the national contextIncluye bibliografíaPregradoIngeniero(a) AgrónomoIngeniería AgronómicaSostenibilidad Ambienta
Componentes genéticos relacionados con la ruptura del ligamento cruzado anterior: implicaciones en el deporte
No full textThis review presents a replication analysis that seeks to look at single nucleotide genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) that have been associated with anterior cruciate ligament rupture (ACLR) in more than two independent cohorts. We presented a genotypic map and established the alleles that may play a protective role in the injury. Similarly, components such as predisposition and heritability to the lesion reported in the literature are observed. The information was obtained from the Scopus, Pubmed, and EBSCO Host (Sportdiscus) databases. Seven SNPs associated with ACLR were identified in two and more independent cohorts (COL1A1 rs1800012, COL3A1 rs1800255, COL5A1 rs12722, COL12A1 rs970547, KDR rs2071559, ACAN rs1516797 y VEGFA rs2010963). On the other hand, the evidence found shows a heritability of 69% for the injury; however, more studies are needed to verify this high percentage because only one study was reported, and it was conducted in a non-athlete population. Likewise, the probability of suffering an ACLR is established between 12% and 30%, when a first-degree relative presented the injury. The genetic component should have a more significant influence in the prediction, follow-up, inclusion in programs, and optimization of post-injury rehabilitation and therapy of athletes at high hereditary risk. © 2024 Didactic Asociation AndaluciaEsta revisión presenta un análisis de replicación que buscó observar los polimorfismos genéticos de un solo nucleótido (SNPs) que han sido asociados con la ruptura del ligamento cruzado anterior (RLCA) en más de dos cohortes independientes. Presentamos un mapa genotípico y establecimos los alelos que pueden cumplir un papel protector de la lesión. De igual manera, se observan componentes como la predisposición y heredabilidad a la lesión reportados en la literatura. La información fue obtenida de las bases de datos Scopus, Pubmed y EBSCO Host (Sportdiscus). Fueron identificados siete SNPs asociados con la RLCA en dos y más cohortes independientes (COL1A1 rs1800012, COL3A1 rs1800255, COL5A1 rs12722, COL12A1 rs970547, KDR rs2071559, ACAN rs1516797 y VEGFA rs2010963). Por otro lado, la evidencia encontrada muestra una heredabilidad del 69% para la lesión, sin embargo, son necesarios más estudios que comprueben este alto porcentaje debido a que solo se reportó un estudio y este fue realizado en población no deportista. Asimismo, la probabilidad de sufrir una RLCA se establece entre en 12% y 30%, cuando un familiar de primer grado presentó la lesión. El componente genético debería tener mayor influencia en la predicción, seguimiento, inclusión en programas y la optimización de la rehabilitación y la terapia posteriores a la lesión de los atletas con alto riesgo hereditario.Incluye referencias bibliográfica
Comparación de rutinas weider - torso pierna para el desarrollo de la hipertrofia en individuos entrenados del gimnasio Evolution Gym Suba
No full textEn el presente proyecto de investigación se presenta una comparación entre dos metodologías de entrenamiento que se emplean para el desarrollo y aumento tanto de la hipertrofia como de la fuerza máxima, utilizando como estructura la base de una rutina Weider y una rutina torso-pierna respectivamente. El método de entrenamiento Weider se caracteriza por entrenar uno o dos grupos musculares por sesión mientras que la rutina torso - pierna se divide en sesiones de tren superior y sesiones de tren inferior entre 4 o 5 días a la semana. Esta investigación es de tipo cuantitativa, descriptiva, transversal y se emplea en una población sana que practican entrenamiento de la fuerza de manera recreativa, sometiéndose a un periodo de adaptación general de 4 semanas y realizando la toma de marcas en los tres movimientos básicos (sentadilla con barra, press en banco plano, peso muerto).
La finalidad de este trabajo es evidenciar y comparar los resultados que presenten los diferentes individuos intervenidos al finalizar el plan de entrenamiento comprendido en 12 semanas, para ello se aplicó la misma cantidad de volumen e intensidad, sin embargo, la frecuencia del trabajo por grupo muscular si presenta diferencia entre ambos sujetos debido a que el grupo A práctica rutina Weider y el grupo B rutina torso-pierna.In this research project, a comparison is presented between two training methodologies that are used for the development and increase of both hypertrophy and maximum strength, using as a structure the base of a Weider routine and a torso-leg routine respectively. The Weider training method is characterized by training one or two muscle groups per session while the torso-leg routine is divided into upper body sessions and lower body sessions between 4 or 5 days a week. This research is quantitative, descriptive, transversal and is used in a healthy population that practices strength training recreationally, undergoing a general adaptation period of 4 weeks and taking marks in the three basic movements (squat with barbell, flat bench press, deadlift).
The purpose of this work is to demonstrate and compare the results presented by the different individuals involved at the end of the training plan included in 12 weeks, for this the same amount of volume and intensity was applied, however, the frequency of work per muscle group There is a difference between both subjects because group A practices the Weider routine and group B practices the torso-leg routineIncluye bibliografíaPregradoProfesional en Ciencias del Deport
Carga mental fase III. Diseño y validación de un instrumento de medición de carga mental para el personal del área de la salud que atiende a personas con enfermedad crónica no transmisible
No full textSe diseñó el Instrumento de Medición Multidimensional de la Carga Mental (IMMCM) con 167 reactivos. Se realizó validez de contenido por jueces expertos, quedando 111 reactivos. Se migró el instrumento a la plataforma Forms y se aplicó, previo consentimiento informado a 201 participantes del área de la salud. Con el programa SPSS versión 28 se realizó análisis descriptivo, utilizando medidas de tendencia central y dispersión para variables cuantitativas, frecuencias y porcentajes para las variables categóricas. La confiabilidad del instrumento se estimó mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Se calculó el índice de homogeneidad de cada ítem y la validez de constructo con Análisis Factorial Exploratorio, Método de Ejes Principales y Rotación Oblimin Directo. La viabilidad de este análisis se confirmó con las pruebas de esfericidad de Bartlett y de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO). Con el programa EQS versión 6.1, se efectuó el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) que probó la validez por constructo de la escala a través de un Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales (SEM). Quedaron en total 27 reactivos, (12 para el factor interno de las variables: capacidad de regulación, características psicológicas, características emocionales y características socioculturales y 15 para el factor externo de las variables: factores psicosociales y circunstancias de rendimiento). La estructura factorial comprobó las dos dimensiones propuestas que explican el 50.45% de la varianza total, con un alto índice de consistencia interna (α= 0.95). Se demostró validez convergente del constructo de los ítems del instrumento IMMCM que resultaron mayores a .60, a su vez, se obtuvo validez discriminante de constructo, ya que la covarianza entre ambos factores resultó menor a los pesos factoriales de los ítems (λ=.51). Los resultados anteriores señalan que el modelo teórico se ajusta adecuadamente a los datos empíricos.Salud Humana y Anima
Biochemistry and hematological values of Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) rescued in Colombia
No full textEl hormiguero palmero Myrmecophaga tridactyla es una especie que se encuentra amenazada en la Orinoquía, por la fragmentación del paisaje, el atropellamiento en las vías, los monocultivos de arroz, la palma africana y la actividad de extracción de petróleo. El atropellamiento de animales en las redes viales disminuye la tasa de supervivencia anual de los hormigueros, reduciendo la tasa de crecimiento de la especie a valores nulos, como se observa en algunas áreas. Por otro lado, los animales enfermos o atropellados requieren diagnóstico o tratamiento para recuperar su salud, por lo tanto, el propósito del trabajo fue conocer la hematología y la bioquímica sérica en animales silvestres, aparentemente sanos, rescatados por Cormacarena. Previa restricción y sedación con Zoletil® 50, a la dosis de 4 mg/k de peso vivo, se practicó examen clínico y se recolectó de 5-10 mL de sangre por venopunción, a 21 animales. Posterior a su recuperación se liberaron los individuos. Se presentan los valores hematológicos de referencia para eritrocitos, hemoglobina, hematocrito, plaquetas, leucocitos, neutrófilos, linfocitos, proteínas totales, ALT, AST, BUN, creatinina, calcio, fósforo, potasio, sodio, los cuales, son de importancia en la valoración médico-veterinaria, en los programas de conservación de la especie. Se resalta que los valores en osos palmeros de la región son similares a los descritos en otros trabajos en AméricaThe giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla is a species threatened in the Orinoquia region by the fragmentation of the landscape, the running over of the roads, the monocultures of rice, african palm, and the activity of oil extraction. Running over animals on road networks decreases the annual survival rate of giant anteaters from 0.95 to levels of 0.78 reducing the growth rate of the species to null values. On the other hand, sick or run-over animals require diagnosis or treatment to recover their health; in this sense, the work aimed to know the hematology and serum biochemistry in apparently healthy wild animals rescued by Cormacarena. After restriction and sedation with Zoletil ® 50, at a dose of 4 mg/kg of live weight, a clinical examination was performed, and 5-10ml of blood was collected by venipuncture from 21 animals; after recovery, the individuals were released. This work presents the references hematological values of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes total protein, ALT, AST, BUN, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, which are essential for the veterinary medical assessment for the conservation programs of the species. It is highlighted that the results for palm tree bears in the region are like those described in other works in AmericaIncluye referencias bibliográfica
ICT in physical education as a didactic tool in times of pandemic
No full textIntroducción: las tecnologías abren más brechas en todos los sectores y la pandemia ha sido un detonante en estos procesos, lo que antes era imposible en áreas, como deportes, artes, música, entre otros; ahora, se volvió en un reto y se fortaleció con el uso de estas herramientas. Objetivo: fortalecer en tiempos de pandemia, el área de Educación Física en estudiantes de séptimo grado de Medellín (Colombia), a través de actividades pedagógicas, basadas en el uso de las Tecnologías de la información y la Comunicación (TIC). Materiales y métodos: la metodología se orienta desde el paradigma sociocrítico y cualitativo, mediante la investigación-acción, con una muestra de 94 estudiantes y los instrumentos utilizados fueron la observación participante, diarios de campo, un cuestionario para evaluar la dimensión conceptual de educación física y un cuestionario de utilidad para el aprendizaje, que permitió conocer el manejo y la utilidad de las tecnologías en el proceso de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Resultados y discusiones: el uso de las TIC es fundamental en la mediación pedagógica, para fortalecer desde el contexto y las realidades, los aprendizajes significativos, ya que permiten el aumento de la motivación, la autonomía y la formación académica de los estudiantes. Conclusiones: la integración de estas tecnologías como herramientas didácticas y pedagógicas son indispensables, al permitir que maestros y estudiantes puedan repensar la práctica educativa y orientarla a nuevas metodologías, centradas en la motivación y en la potencialización de habilidades y de competencias relacionadas con la Educación FísicaIntroduction: Technologies open more gaps in all sectors, and the pandemic has been a trigger in these processes, what was previously impossible in areas such as sports, arts, music, among others, now became a challenge and was strengthened with the use of these tools. Objective: To strengthen the area of Physical Education in seventh grade students in Medellin (Colombia), through pedagogical activities based on the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Materials and methods: The methodology is oriented from the socio-critical and qualitative paradigm, through action research, with a sample of 94 students, and the instruments used were participant observation, field diaries, a questionnaire to evaluate the conceptual dimension of physical education and a questionnaire of usefulness for learning that allowed to know the management and usefulness of technologies in the learning process of students. Results and discussions: The use of ICT is fundamental in pedagogical mediation, to strengthen meaningful learning from the context and realities, since they allow the increase of motivation, autonomy and academic training of students. Conclusions: The integration of these technologies as didactic and pedagogical tools are essential, since they allow teachers and students to rethink the educational practice and orient it to new methodologies, focused on motivation and on the potentiation of skills and competences related to Physical EducationIncluye referebcias bibliográfica
Infection and re-infection of Leptospira spp. in stray dogs and cats from Bogota, Colombia
No full textBackground and Aim: Leptospirosis is a re-emerging zoonosis that is under-reported in tropical countries, and canines can be a potential reservoir of the disease. The objective of this study was to diagnose Leptospira spp. that is actively infected and re-infected in stray dogs and cats from Bogota, D.C., Colombia.
Materials and Methods: A sample of 200 animals, including dogs and cats from the animal protection programs of Bogota, Colombia, were used in this study. Blood was collected from these animals for serum and DNA analysis. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using the 16s rRNA primer set, and higher-quality amplification products were sequenced by Sanger. For serodiagnosis, a group of PCR-positive samples was tested using the microagglutination test (MAT).
Results: The overall PCR positivity of stray dogs and cats was 56%, 52.9%, and 65.3% in dogs and cats, respectively. The MAT seropositivity was 77.3%, and only dogs showed titers higher than 1:400. Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Hardjo Prajitno, and Canicola and Hardjo prajitno were the serogroups associated with dogs and cats, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the strains belonging to Leptospira interrogans serovars related to isolated samples of American, European, and Asian bats (Myotis myotis), dogs, and bovines of American origin.
Conclusion: These results showed that stray dogs and cats were previously exposed to different serovars of Leptospira spp. and re-infected with other serovars that actively participated in the transmission cycle. These findings highlight the importance of actively diagnosing infectious animals to design effective intervention strategies.Incluye referencias bibliográfica