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    Socio-ecological factors for adolescent pregnancy intervention in Táchira State, Venezuela

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    El artículo tiene como objetivo establecer un análisis a partir del enfoque socioecológico y su relación con algunas variables presentes en el embarazo adolescente: (a) decisión de quedar embarazada, (b) uso del condón en el debut sexual, (c) conocimiento del periodo fértil, con respecto a los factores edad, nivel educativo y situación de pareja de la adolescente, (d) lugar de residencia y con quién vive, (e) situación bajo la cual se dio el embarazo no deseado, (f) embarazo no deseado, (g) acto sexual sin usar anticonceptivos pensando que nada sucedería, (h) acto sexual usando anticonceptivos modernos que fallaron, con respecto a los factores nivel educativo y situación de pareja de la adolescente. Para el desarrollo del estudio se seleccionó un enfoque de investigación cuantitativo con un diseño no experimental de alcance descriptivo y corte transversal. Se aplicó un muestreo aleatorio estratificado por afijación proporcional y una población de mujeres adolescentes con edades entre 10 y 19 años que viven en el Estado Táchira. La población quedó constituida por un total de 1.963 madres adolescentes. Se utilizó una encuesta estructurada aplicada a una muestra independiente, no probabilística, intencional y aplicándose un cuestionario titulado: Maternidad adolescente en el Estado Táchira para una muestra de 235 adolescentes embarazadas en el cuarto o posterior mes de embarazo. Los hallazgos permiten establecer que la decisión de quedar embarazada por parte de la adolescente, no es independiente de la edad ni de su situación de pareja; no hubo evidencia de asociación entre la decisión de quedar embarazada y el nivel educativo y tampoco entre la decisión de quedar embarazada entre el uso del preservativo y la edad.The article aims to establish an analysis based on socioecological approach and its relationship with some variables present in adolescent pregnancy: (a) decision to get pregnant, (b) condom use in sexual debut and (c) knowledge of the fertile period, regarding the factors age, educational level and situation of the adolescent couple, (d) place of residence and with whom you live, (e) situation under which the unwanted pregnancy occurred, (f) unwanted pregnancy, (g) sexual act without using contraceptives thinking that nothing would happen, (h) sexual act using modern contraceptives that failed, with respect to the educational level factors and adolescent couple status. For the development of the study, a quantitative research approach with a non-experimental design with descriptive scope and cross-section was selected. A random sampling stratified by proportional affixation was applied and a population of adolescent women aged between 10 and 19 years living in the Táchira State. The population consisted of a total of 1,963 adolescent mothers. A structured survey applied to an independent, non-probabilistic, intentional sample was used and a questionnaire was applied: Adolescent maternity in the Táchira State for a sample of 235 pregnant adolescents in the fourth or later month of pregnancy. Our results allow to establish that the decision to get pregnant by the adolescent, is not independent of age nor her situation as a couple; there was no evidence of association between the decision to get pregnant and the educational level, neither between the decision to get pregnant between condom use and age

    Volumetric quantification in ovarian pathology using abdomino-pelvic computed tomography

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    Pathological ovary is categorized into cystic tumors, solid tumors and mixed, according to the content of the affected ovary. Accordingly, the degree of benignity or malignity thereof is established. The imaging study for the preliminary morphological assessment of PO is ultrasound, in its pelvic and transvaginal modalities, for which wellestablished criteria are available. Once the ultrasound findings suggest malignancy, complementary studies such as abdominal-pelvic tomography images and tumor markers are requested. This type of images has challenging problems called noise, artifacts and low contrast. In this paper, in order to address these problems, a computational technique is proposed to characterize a pathological ovary. To do this, a thresholding and the median and gradient magnitude filters are applied, preliminarily, to complete the preprocessing stage. Then, during the segmentation, the algorithm of region growing is used to extract the threedimensional morphology of the pathological ovary. Using this morphology, the volume of the pathological ovary is calculated and it allows selecting the surgical-medical behavior to approach this kind of ovary. The validation of the proposed technique indicates that the results are promising. This technique can be useful in the detection and monitoring the diseases linked to pathological ovary

    Epidemiological behavior of hepatitis A in Barranquilla, Colombia, in the period 2013-2017

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    Objetivo Analizar el comportamiento epidemiológico de la hepatitis A en el Distrito de Barranquilla (Colombia), durante los años 2013 a 2017. Metodología Estudio descriptivo, en el que se revisó de forma retrospectiva la base de datos de todos los casos de hepatitis A notificados en el Distrito de Barranquilla durante el periodo de observación. Resultados Se notificaron 293 casos nuevos de hepatitis A en el Distrito de Barranquilla, de los cuales el 62,4% eran hombres y el 37,6% restantes mujeres. Los grupos etarios más afectados fueron los adultos con el 39,6% de los casos, seguido de jóvenes y niños en etapa escolar con el 15% respectivamente. En cuanto a la incidencia de hepatitis A en el Distrito de Barranquilla se observó un descenso entre los años 2013 a 2016 al pasar de 10,9 a 1,5 casos por 100 000 habitantes; sin embargo, en el 2017 se observó un leve aumento en la incidencia a 2,5 por 100 000 habitantes. Conclusiones La Hepatitis A es un evento de interés en salud pública para el Distrito de Barranquilla, que ha mantenido un comportamiento a la baja de su incidencia en los últimos años.Objective To analyze the epidemiological behavior of hepatitis A in the district of Barranquilla (Colombia), in the period 2013-2017. Materials and Methods Descriptive study, in which the database of all hepatitis A cases reported in the district of Barranquilla during the observation period were retrospectively reviewed. Results There were 293 new cases of hepatitis A reported in the district of Barranquilla, of which 62.4% occurred in men and 37.6% in women. The age groups most affected by the disease were adults (39.6%), followed by young people and schoolchildren (15%, respectively). The incidence of hepatitis A in the district of Barranquilla decreased between 2013 and 2016 from 10.9 to 1.5 cases per 100 000 inhabitants; however, in 2017 there was a slight increase to 2.5 cases per 100 000 inhabitants. Conclusions Hepatitis A is an event of interest for public health in the district of Barranquilla, and the behavior of its incidence has had a downward trend in recent years

    Semi-automatic detection of hepatic tumor in computed tomography images

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    In this work, the main purpose is develop a computational segmentation strategy for liver tumor semiautomatic detection. This strategy considers three-dimensional computed tomography images and it consists of techniques application that, on the one hand, diminish the noise and detect the edges of the objects present in those images and, on the other hand, generate the liver tumor morphology. For this, the sequence of techniques composed of gaussian smoothing, gradient magnitude, median filter, region growing and binary morphological dilation are used. The value obtained, for the metric called Dice score, show a good correlation between manual segmentation, performed by a hepatologist, and the tumor segmentation obtained using the proposed technique. This type of segmentation is the extreme utility for the characterization of hepatic tumors and the planning of the clinical behavior to be followed in the treatment of this human liver disease

    Executive functions in 11th grade students of public high schools of Cúcuta and Envigado, Colombia

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    Las funciones ejecutivas son habilidades cognitivas propias de la corteza prefrontal que permiten establecer metas, diseñar planes, seguir secuencias, seleccionar conductas apropiadas e iniciar las actividades, así como también autorregular el comportamiento, monitorizar las tareas, evaluar los comportamientos y tener flexibilidad en el trabajo cognoscitivo y en la organización de las tareas propuestas. La presente investigación se centró en analizar las funciones ejecutivas en estudiantes de undécimo grado de colegios oficiales de Envigado, Antioquia; y Cúcuta, Norte de Santander. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo-comparativo, transversal y no experimental. Se seleccionaron mediante muestreo por cuotas 464 estudiantes a los cuales se les aplicó la segunda edición de la Batería Neuropsicológica de Funciones Ejecutivas y Lóbulos Frontales (BANFE2), luego del correspondiente consentimiento informado. La asociación entre variables se determinó mediante la prueba chi-cuadrado, en tanto que las medias fueron comparadas a través de la prueba t y el análisis unifactorial de la varianza. El procesamiento de los datos se llevó a cabo con los programas SPSS, R-Studio y G-Power. Se encontró que los hombres generaron puntuaciones más elevadas que las mujeres en el aspecto dorsolateral (p=2.50×10-4) y en las funciones ejecutivas (p=2.43×10-4). El efecto de la formación académica de la madre fue significativo en los subcomponentes prefrontal anterior (p=.010), dorsolateral (p=.003) y en el constructo global (p=.025); situación que se repitió en el caso del nivel formativo paterno, en el que se registró una significación similar en la dimensión prefrontal (p=.010), pero más elevada en las áreas dorsolateral (p=3.27×10-4) y total (p=2.85×10-4)

    Effectiveness of native vitamin D therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3 and hypovitaminosis D in Colombia, South America

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    In a high percentage of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) low levels of vitamin D are detected. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if the native vitamin D therapy (cholecalciferol) in the patients with stage 3 and hypovitaminosis D allows to modify markers of bone and mineral metabolism once normal serum levels have been achieved

    Análisis del nivel de competitividad en clústers. Caso iniciativa turismo de naturaleza en Atlántico, Colombia

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    Este trabajo presenta los resultados de la aplicación de una metodología de medición de competitividad para la iniciativa de turismo de naturaleza en Atlántico, Colombia. Los resultados señalan que la iniciativa clúster se encuentra en una etapa incipiente, basada en el uso intensivo de factores tradicionales, destacándose problemas como la falta de infraestructura, talento humano no capacitado, falta de una oferta definida y falta de actividades de promoción. De igual forma se realiza un análisis de los aportes de los actores analizados a través de herramientas de minería de datos, la cual muestra una gran coherencia en cuanto a los problemas y oportunidades para el desarrollo de la iniciativa.This paper presents the application of a competitiveness measurement methodology for the nature tourism initiative in Atlántico, Colombia. Results indicate that cluster initiative is in a early undeveloped stage, based on intensive use of traditional factors, highlighting problems such as the lack of infrastructure, untrained human talent, lack of a defined offer and lack of promotion activities. Likewise, an analysis is made of the contributions of the analyzed actors through data mining tools, which shows great coherence between problems and opportunities for the initiative development

    Semi-automatic detection of the evolutionary forms of visceral leishmaniasis in microscopic blood smears

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    Leishmaniasis is a complex group of diseases caused by obligate unicellular and intracellular eukaryotic protozoa of the leishmania genus. Leishmania species generate diverse syndromes ranging from skin ulcers of spontaneous resolution to fatal visceral disease. These syndromes belong to three categories: visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis and mucosal leishmaniasis. The visceral leishmaniasis is based on the reticuloendothelial system producing hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. In the present article, a semiautomatic segmentation strategy is proposed to obtain the segmentations of the evolutionary shapes of visceral leishmaniasis called parasites, specifically of the type amastigote and promastigote. For this purpose, the optical microscopy images containing said evolutionary shapes, which are generated from a blood smear, are subjected to a process of transformation of the color intensity space into a space of intensity in gray levels that facilitate their subsequent preprocessing and adaptation. In the preprocessing stage, smoothing filters and edge detectors are used to enhance the optical microscopy images. In a complementary way, a segmentation technique that groups the pixels corresponding to each one of the parasites, presents in the considered images, is applied. The results reveal a high correspondence between the available manual segmentations and the semi-automatic segmentations which are useful for the characterization of the parasites. The obtained segmentations let us to calculate areas and perimeters associated with the parasites segmented. These results are very important in clinical context where both the area and perimeter calculated are vital for monitoring the development of visceral leishmaniasis

    Efectos del programa CIPRES sobre el riesgo de suicidio en adolescentes

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    El estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar los cambios específicos generados por el programa CIPRES sobre el riesgo suicida en adolescentes. La muestra se configuró con 106 adolescentes entre los 13 y 18 años (53 experimentales, 53 controles), de los cuales el 54.7% eran mujeres (n = 58). El estudio utilizó un diseño cuasi-experimental de medidas repetidas pretest-postest con grupo de control. Se administraron dos instrumentos de evaluación antes y después de la aplicación del programa: la Escala de Riesgo Suicida (ERS) y el Inventario de Ideación Suicida Positiva y Negativa (PANSI). Los ANCOVAs pretest-postest evidenciaron que el programa redujo significativamente (p < .05) las puntuaciones en ideación suicida, planificación, autolesión, aislamiento/soporte social, falta de apoyo familiar, y riesgo suicida global. Además, aumentó significativamente las puntuaciones en ideación positiva. Los resultados apuntan a la relevancia de este programa para reducir el riesgo suicida en adolescentes.Effects of the CIPRES program on suicidal risk in adolescents. The objective of the study was to evaluate the specific changes generated by the CIPRES program on suicidal risk in adolescents. The sample comprised 106 adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years old (53 in the experimental group, 53 in the control group), of which 54.7% were women (n = 58). The study used a quasi-experimental design of repeated pretest-posttest measures with a control group. Two assessment instruments were administered before and after the program: The Scale of the Suicide Risk (ERS) and the Inventory of Positive and Negative Suicidal Ideation (PANSI). The pretest-posttest ANCOVAs showed that the program significantly reduced (p < .05) the scores of suicidal ideation, planning, self-harm, isolation/social support, lack of family support, and global suicide risk. In addition, it significantly increased positive ideation scores. The results support the relevance of this program to reduce suicidal risk in adolescents

    Peace without women does not go! The Colombian peace process from a gender perspective

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    El inicio de las negociaciones en 2012 entre el Gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia-Ejército del Pueblo (FARC-EP) para la firma de un acuerdo que pusiera fin al conflicto armado colombiano estuvo marcado por la ausencia de mujeres. Esto llevó a que desde los movimientos de mujeres y feministas se alzaran las voces y se presionara al Gobierno para su incorporación al proceso. Su incidencia permitió pasar de la invisibilización a la creación de la Subcomisión de Género, la primera en el mundo de este tipo, y a la transversalización del enfoque de género. Este artículo analiza el significado de la guerra en la vida de las mujeres colombianas y el recorrido hecho por los movimientos de mujeres y feministas hasta lograr el reconocimiento de sus experiencias y necesidades en el Acuerdo de Paz de 2016.The start of the negotiations in 2012 between the government of Juan Manuel Santos and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People’s Army (FARC-EP) over an agreement to put an end to the Colombian armed conflict was marked by the absence of women. In response, women’s and feminist movements raised their voices to press the government for inclusion in the process. Due to their intervention, women’s invisibility was alleviated by the creation of the Gender Subcommittee, the first of its kind in the world, and the gendered approach was mainstreamed. This paper analyses the meaning of war in the lives of Colombian women and the journey women’s and feminist movements took to gain recognition for their experiences and needs in the 2016 Peace Agreement

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