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A Case for the Butterfield Overland Mail Using the Lower Road Much Earlier Than Previously Known
No full textVegetation response to repeated defoliation of the invasive shrub salt cedar
No full textSalt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) readily invades mesic sites and reduces plant diversity and overall habitat quality. Both sheep and goats readily consume salt cedar. However, it is not known if repeated defoliation of the plant will affect salt cedar viability or promote additional plant establishment and plant diversity. For this study, recently weaned female Spanish cross goats were placed in individual pens and fed salt cedar daily for 10 days. Goats were offered salt cedar for 30 min each day with intake recorded daily. In addition, goats were provided alfalfa pellets (2.5% BW), a trace mineral mix, and fresh water daily to meet maintenance requirements. Following 10 days of exposure to salt cedar in individual pens, goats were placed 4 x 4 m plots dominated by salt cedar. Canopy cover of salt cedar and other shrubs were measured before and after each exposure. In addition, percent bare ground, litter cover, and herbaceous cover were recorded both before and after each exposure. Plots were subjected to 0, 1, or 2 exposures of goat browsing roughly 3 weeks apart. Salt cedar intake increased daily during the conditioning phase. After one exposure, goats reduced (P < 0.05) herbaceous cover and other shrub cover. Percent canopy cover of salt cedar, percent bare ground, and percent litter cover were similar after a single exposure to goats. After two exposures, salt cedar cover and herbaceous cover were lower (P < 0.05). The amount of bare ground increased (P < 0.05) as well. Future efforts will continue to monitor vegetation response following repeated defoliation by goats
The current state of the literature concerning parenting interventions for children
No full textThis scoping review examines the effectiveness of parenting interventions for children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Depression. Based on an analysis of 29 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the review evaluates the outcomes of evidence-based programs including Parent Management Training (PMT), Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), the Incredible Years (IY) Programs, and Triple P. This review sought to answer the question: "What is the current state of the literature concerning parenting interventions for children from birth to twelve years-of-age based on specific diagnoses?" A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed literature was conducted in April 2025. Findings indicate that evidence-based parenting interventions such as PMT, PCIT, IY, and Triple P produce domain-specific improvements in child behavioral outcomes and family functioning, particularly when tailored to diagnostic and contextual factors. The review underscores the importance of tailoring interventions to individual family needs and diagnostic profiles, and it advocates for greater flexibility and accessibility in program delivery. Future research should prioritize real-world implementation strategies and long-term sustainability to support broader applicability across diverse populations
Landscape movement and foraging habitat of Mexican long-nosed bats (Leptonycteris nivalis) in Texas
No full textIdentifying foraging habitat and movement behavior is essential for understanding the ecology of species and guiding conservation strategies. This study focused on Leptonycteris nivalis (Mexican long-nosed bat), a migratory and nectarivorous bat listed as federally endangered. The population at Emory Cave relies on Agave havardiana as a food source in Big Bend National Park, Texas, where the only known maternity roost exists in the United States. In summer 2024, we used GPS tracking to identify core foraging areas of 12 adults and 9 juveniles over a three-week period. Foraging areas were observed within the Chisos Mountains and primarily within 8 km of the roost. Core ranges were estimated using 65% local convex hulls which averaged 42.3 ± 94.2 ha for adults and 12.7 ± 15.7 ha for juveniles; however, we found no significant difference in core range size between age groups (P = 0.94). Bats generally foraged in high elevation areas with a mean of 1823.6 ± 306.2 m, slope steepness with a mean of 34.13° ± 18.55°, and vegetation height of 1.58 ± 2.41 m. Bats showed a strong preference (P < 0.001) for northwest-facing aspects, particularly within a range of 315°–345°. Bats spent an average of 6.6 ± 1.1 hours active per night, but there was no difference in average nightly active time between age groups (P = 0.98). Adults, however, spent more time active per night in the third week (P = 0.011). Overall, the mean nightly distance flown was 32.8 ± 26.4 km with no difference (P = 0.07) in the distance traveled among age groups or weeks. Additionally, 2 bats spent a day in the Sierra del Carmen Mountains in Coahuila, Mexico, suggesting the use of undiscovered roosts. Maximum flight distances over 295 km and speeds of 84 km/h were recorded, highlighting the high mobility of this migratory species. Understanding how they use the landscape during summer months at this site is crucial for directing land management and agave restoration efforts
Photograph of Alex shooting the M60 for target practice, between 1990 and 1995
No full textTitle devised by library assistant.Produced in Iraq
Does the applicant's eye gaze affect interview outcomes in virtual job interviews?
No full textVideo-mediated communication has enabled people to communicate over long distances at a low cost. Despite the technical advances, video-mediated communication systems still have challenges, such as a lack of eye contact. Eye contact is considered an essential element in job interviews. It has been shown that the absence of eye contact affects interview outcomes in face-to-face interviews. However, research on the effects of eye contact in video-mediated job interviews is limited. The current study explores whether an applicant's eye direction affects the interviewer's perceived eye contact and how the interviewer's ratings of applicants vary based on the perceived eye contact affected by the applicant's eye direction in a video mediated job interview. We expect findings to contribute to the growing body of knowledge regarding the effect of eye direction and eye contact in video-mediated job interviews. Potential job candidates may use the findings from this study as a guide to improving their chances of success in job interviews
Photograph of Lt Young's selfie, between 1990 and 1995
No full textTitle devised by library assistant.Produced in Iraq