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Turun romantikko. Esseitä Hannu Salmelle.
No full textEsseessä pohditaan James Bondin hahmoa sylkisenä sankarina ja
mediatekstinä, johon on kerääntynyt erilaisia merkityksiä eri
sukupolville ja eri medioissa. </p
Clever-1 positive macrophages in breast cancer
No full textPurpose: Common Lymphatic Endothelial and Vascular Endothelial Receptor 1 (Clever-1) is expressed by a subset of immunosuppressive macrophages and targeting the receptor with therapeutic antibodies has been shown to activate T-cell-mediated anti-cancer immunity. The aim of this research was to study Clever-1 expression in breast cancer. Specifically, how Clever-1 + macrophages correlate with clinicopathologic factors, Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) and prognosis. Methods: Tissue microarray blocks were made from 373 primary breast cancer operation specimens. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E-staining) and immunohistochemical staining with Clever-1, CD3, CD4 and CD8 antibodies were performed. Differences in quantities of Clever-1 + macrophages and TILs were analyzed. Clever-1 + cell numbers were correlated with 25-year follow-up survival data and with breast cancer clinicopathologic parameters. Results: Low numbers of intratumoral Clever-1 + cells were found to be an independent adverse prognostic sign. Increased numbers of Clever-1 + cells were found in high grade tumors and hormone receptor negative tumors. Tumors that had higher amounts of Clever-1 + cells also tended to have higher amounts of TILs. Conclusion: The association of intratumoral Clever-1 + macrophages with better prognosis might stem from the function of Clever as a scavenger receptor that modulates tumor stroma. The association of Clever-1 + macrophages with high number of TILs and better prognosis indicates that immunosuppression by M2 macrophages is not necessarily dampening adaptive immune responses but instead keeping them in control to avoid excess inflammation.</p
Virtsarakkosyövän avohoito lisääntyi ja kustannusten kasvu tasoittui
No full textLähtökohdat Tarkastelemme virtsarakkosyövän vuosittaisia diagnoosi- ja toimenpidemääriä sekä levinnyttä tautia sairastavien elossaoloa. Selvitämme myös potilaiden palvelunkäytön kustannuksia ja Kelan maksamia korvauksia.Menetelmät Tämä retrospektiivinen tutkimus pohjautuu kansallisiin rekistereihin. Aineisto koostuu suomalaisista virtsarakkosyöpäpotilaista vuosilta 2011–2019. Heidät luokiteltiin kolmeen ryhmään: pinnallinen, paikallisesti edennyt ja levinnyt tauti.Tulokset Avohoitokäyntien määrä erikoissairaanhoidossa lisääntyi. Palvelujen käytön kokonaiskustannukset vuonna 2019 olivat 17 % suuremmat kuin vuonna 2011. Hoidon kustannukset kasvoivat vuosina 2015–2018 vain 2 %, vaikka hoidossa olevien määrä kasvoi samaan aikaan noin 10 %. Keskimääräinen kustannus potilasta kohden pieneni pinnallista ja paikallisesti edennyttä syöpää sairastavilla potilailla, mutta kasvoi levinnyttä syöpää sairastavilla.Päätelmät Rakkosyöpäpotilaiden hoito noudattaa yleistä suuntausta, eli avohoito on lisääntynyt merkittävästi. Resurssien käyttöä, kustannuksia ja hoidon vaikutuksia tulee seurata, jotta voidaan valita vaikuttava hoito.</p
Introduction: the (im)material spectrum of manuscript and print interaction☆
No full textThis introductory essay to the special issue on Early Modern English Textual Cultures Between Manuscript and Print first outlines previous research into different kinds of interaction between manuscript and print. Examples of this interplay include, for instance, the transmission of text and images from one medium into another, the use of manuscript and print sources in the creation of new texts, works and codices, and readers annotating and copying printed sources by hand. We suggest that it is fruitful to consider both material and immaterial aspects of book production when investigating manuscript-print interactions. For instance, scribes copying printed sources may have prioritized the immaterial work being copied or imitated the material features of their exemplar. In our view, the material and the immaterial are intertwined throughout the process of book production. We conclude the introduction by briefly outlining the seven essays in the collection, which address various types of interaction between manuscript and print
Evaluation of a Novel Point-of-Care Blood Myxovirus Resistance Protein A Measurement for the Detection of Viral Infection at the Pediatric Emergency Department
No full textBackground: Prompt differentiation of viral from bacterial infections in febrile children is pivotal in reducing antibiotic overuse. Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) is a promising viral biomarker.Methods: We evaluated the accuracy of a point-of-care (POC) measurement for blood MxA level compared to the reference enzyme immunoassay in 228 febrile children aged between 4 weeks and 16 years, enrolled primarily at the emergency department (ED). Furthermore, we analyzed the ability of MxA to differentiate viral from bacterial infections.Results: The mean difference between POC and reference MxA level was -76 µg/L (95% limits of agreement from -409 to 257 µg/L). Using a cutoff of 200 µg/L, POC results were uniform with the reference assay in 199 (87.3%) children. In ED-collected samples, the median POC MxA levels (interquartile range) were 571 [240-955] µg/L in children with viral infections, 555 (103-889) µg/L in children with viral-bacterial co-infections, and 25 (25-54) µg/L in children with bacterial infections (P Conclusions: POC MxA measurement demonstrated acceptable analytical accuracy compared to the reference method, and good diagnostic accuracy as a biomarker for viral infections.</p
Interactive effects of agricultural landscape heterogeneity and weather conditions on breeding density and reproductive success of a diurnal raptor
No full textAgricultural intensification and climate change are serious threats toward animal populations worldwide. Agricultural intensification reduces the heterogeneity of agricultural habitats by diminishing crop variation and destroying microhabitats, such as small woody features, whereas the effects of climate change range from the growing frequency of weather extremes to disrupted prey-predator dynamics. We collected long-term ringing data from a population of Eurasian kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) located amidst agricultural areas in western Finland during 1985-2021, which we combined with density indices of their main prey species (voles), spatial data consisting of land cover classification of kestrel territories, and weather data, to study the effects of different environmental drivers on breeding density and success. We found that the density of inhabited nests rose with vole abundance and springtime snow depth, with the overall trend of population growth being stronger in areas with more heterogeneous landscapes. Clutch size was influenced negatively by the age of male parent and landscape heterogeneity, and positively by vole abundance, with rainfall having a negative influence conditional to other variables. Likewise, the number of produced fledglings was affected by male age, but it was additionally positively associated with landscape heterogeneity and its interaction with rainfall, with greater fledgling output in heterogeneous landscapes during high precipitation. The discrepancy between factors predicting large clutches and high numbers of fledglings suggests that while kestrels do not prefer heterogeneous landscapes when prospecting for territories, heterogeneous habitats provide better circumstances for foraging during the nestling period, which ensures nestling survival, particularly during adverse environmental conditions. Therefore, breeding in areas under intense agricultural use is more suboptimal to kestrels than their territory preferences would indicate. As changing climate may reduce prey availability and heighten the probability of weather extremities, agricultural intensification may lead to weaker reproductive success in densely populated farmland habitats.The article describes a study that combines long-term ringing data of Eurasian kestrels (Falco tinnunculus), spatial data with land cover classification, density indices of main prey species, and weather data to study the effects of different environmental parameters on breeding density and success of an avian predator in agricultural habitats. We found a discrepancy between factors predicting large clutches and high numbers of surviving fledglings, suggesting that while kestrels do not find benefits to landscape heterogeneity when prospecting for territories, heterogeneous habitats provide better circumstances for foraging during the nestling period, which ensures nestling survival, particularly during adverse environmental conditions. Therefore, breeding in areas under intense agricultural use may be suboptimal to kestrels, particularly under the effects of climate change.imag
Aspired communities : Reconsidering community in light of the temporal dimensionality of social life
No full textI argue in this article that our understanding of community is enhanced by examining the formation of collective aspirations for a shared future. Using examples from my fieldwork on long-term community recovery after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 in the town of Yamamoto, I illustrate the potential of using the social process of collective aspiring as an analytical tool in theorizing and studying community. Instead of treating community as a particular grouping or identity, I approach the concept of community as a processual analytical frame for understanding various forms of sociality constituted by continuous and mutually constitutive enacting and envisioning within social practices. This practice approach not only overcomes the tensions between the agency, structure, actualization, and abstraction characteristic of conceptualizations of community, but also enables us to explore the significance of the future dimension of social life. The concept of future orientation of collective aspiring allows us to ethnographically grasp the contingent formation of community in the dynamic process of striving toward the desired futures in contrast to anticipation of uncertain futures. To capture the many aspects of this process, aspiring is explored as shared objectives, action-oriented pursuing, and affectively charged yearning. This proposed analytical tool sheds light on ever-evolving forms of sociality not only in their unity and togetherness but particularly in their ambiguities, conflicts, and power relations
Evidence of a Causal Relationship Between Smoking Tobacco and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
No full textThere has been emerging evidence of an association between tobacco smoking and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). Two meta-analyses have reported that people who smoke tobacco have an similar to 2-fold increased risk of incident schizophrenia or psychosis, even after adjusting for confounding factors. This study aimed to critically appraise the research which has examined the association between tobacco smoking and SSD against the Bradford Hill criteria for causality, to determine the strength of the evidence for a causal relationship. Eight longitudinal studies (seven cohort studies and one case control study) were identified which examined tobacco smoking as an exposure and psychosis as an outcome. All seven cohort studies were assessed as being of high quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Six of the eight studies found a statistically significant positive association between tobacco smoking and onset of SSD. These studies reported a consistent association with a moderate to large effect size and a dose response relationship. The studies adjusted for multiple potential confounders including age, sex, socioeconomic status, shared genetic risk, prodromal symptoms, and comorbid cannabis and other substance use. The studies did not adjust for exposure to childhood trauma or prenatal tobacco. There was substantial though inconclusive evidence supporting a causal relationship between tobacco smoking and increased risk of SSD. If a causal relationship does exist, nicotine is most likely responsible for this association. This raises serious public health concerns about the increasing use of e-cigarettes and other products, particularly by adolescents whose nicotine use may increase their risk of SSD. Research is urgently needed to examine the association between e-cigarette use and incident psychosis, particularly in adolescents and young adults
Nurses' collegiality: An evolutionary concept analysis
No full textCollegiality is one of the fundamental values of the nursing profession. During the nursing history, collegiality has been described as part of a nurse's relationship with their peers and it influences the quality of care they provide and job satisfaction and commitment to their work. Despite earlier definitions, the concept of collegiality in nursing has remained unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the concept of collegiality in the nursing profession, using Rodger's evolutionary concept analysis. We carried out electronic searches using the CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SocINDEX, PsycINFO and Eric databases and manual searches of the reference lists of the selected papers. The searches were limited to peer-reviewed papers published in English language from the inception of database to November 2022. This identified 25 papers. Based on our analysis, the attributes of the concept of collegiality were achieving mutual goals together with equality, reciprocity, trusted advocacy, powerful self-regulation and engaged belongingness. Antecedents of the concept included existing professional group, connection between professionals and professional self-esteem. The consequences were strengthening nurses' professional status, job satisfaction and their ability to provide the best possible patient care. We found that nurses' collegiality was a value-based concept, with a unique character based on professional connections. The concept brought together ethical and pragmatic strategies to achieve the best possible results for the nursing profession. Provided knowledge can be applied for further development of the concept and applying it in clinical research and practice. The concept of nurses' collegiality should also be studied in the future because both the profession and their working environment are constantly changing.</p