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Temples’ Representations in Theban Private Tombs: Location Significance
No full textAncient Egyptians paid attention to choose the scenes to depict on the tomb walls. They believed that these scenes, which commemorated their life’s accomplishments, would help them in the afterlife. The distribution of the scenes upon the walls of the tomb made was not random but systematic and ordered. This paper investigates whether ancient Egyptian artists placed images of temples on tomb walls with reference to their actual locations. It also examines the relationships between the tomb owners’ titles and the temple representations in their tombs. A survey was conducted of temples' representations in the New Kingdom Theban private tombs. Moreover, tomb owners' titles and their relationship to the represented temples are studied. This was done to compare the location of the temples’ representations upon the tombs’ walls and their actual locations, examine the symbolism of their locations, understand their significance and contribution to the overall function of the tomb
Temporalität und die antike Stadt
No full textZusammenfassung ›Zeit‹ und ›Raum‹ sind Grundfaktoren menschlichen Lebens, die unmittelbar miteinander zusammenhängen. Dieser theoretisch orientierte Aufsatz versucht, die heuristischen Grundlagen zu legen, auf deren Basis die Zeitlichkeit antiker Städte untersucht werden kann. Zunächst werde ich mich phänomenologisch der ›Zeit‹ nähern und daran anschließend theoretische Ansätze vorzustellen, die ›Zeit‹ und ›Raum‹ in Beziehung zueinander setzen und die Notwendigkeit einer einheitlichen Betrachtung der beiden Konzepte betonen. Dies bildet die Grundlage, auf der ich mich mit Phänomenen der Zeitlichkeit in der (antiken) Stadt befassen und herausarbeiten werden, wie in der Architektur und im Städtebau Zeitlichkeit und Zeitphänomene fassbar werden, wie sie das Leben und Handeln in einer Stadt beeinflussten und wie ›Zeit‹ in städtischen Räumen erfahrbar wurde
“The eye of man hath not heard, the ear of man hath not seen”: Multisensory Dreams in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Colonna’s Hypnerotomachia Poliphili
No full textInternational audienceThis paper argues that the multisensory and synesthetic dream experiences depicted in William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1595) and Francesco Colonna’s Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (1499) transcend the commonplace concern with the typology of dreams by instead exploring the raw and sensorially embodied experience of dreaming. The paper further shows how and why the depiction of dreams in A Midsummer Night’s Dream and the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili points to a (hitherto neglected) direct or indirect influence of Colonna on Shakespeare. The chapter begins by showing how dreams were in early modern England viewed primarily as sensory phenomena. This is also seen in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, where the characters’ romantically (or erotically) fulfilling dream worlds are made up, above all, of multisensory and synesthetic perceptions. But the chapter suggests that Shakespeare’s representation of dreams as multisensory realisations of love, rather than simply reflecting the early modern cultural understanding of dreams, may owe much to the influence of Colonna’s dream romance Hypnerotomachia Poliphili. In addition to topographical similarities, borrowings of imagery, and comparable uses of dream frames, Shakespeare’s and Colonna’s shared interest in the raw and sensorially embodied experience of dreaming bespeaks a connection between their dream worlds
: Pharmaceutical Industry in India and its Economics
No full textInternational audienceAs India completes 75 years of independence, the country's pharmaceutical industry is proudly progressing its journey till date. For more than 2 decades after independence, India was heavily dependent on imports for medicines. The sector has grown rapidly to produce nearly 85% of the domestic requirement. The pharmaceutical industry has grown in strength, especially in the last two decades, becoming a major exporter of generic drugs and vaccines. It is one of the top five sectors contributing to foreign exchange earnings and provides employment to more than 2.7 million people. Thus the pharmaceutical industry plays a major role in the Indian economy. 5000 crores of industry size in 2020-21. 1700 crores and the net annual trade surplus was Rs. is The industry has contributed greatly in increasing life expectancy, improving treatment of many diseases, increasing availability of affordable medicines and overall better life for patients
”Not wond’ring at the present, nor the past”: Dreaming through Time and Space in Shakespeare
No full textInternational audienceWhile the topics of time, space (including geography), and dreams in Shakespeare’s works have been examined individually by critics of different theoretical persuasions, this chapter moves beyond these studies by linking some of Shakespeare’s dizzying conceptions of time and space directly to his interest in dreams. The chapter shows that, in the plays of A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1595), The Taming of the Shrew (c.1591), King Lear, and Cymbeline (1610), Shakespeare uses dreams and their topsy-turvy temporal and spatial logic to create moments of comic or tragic confusion for his characters. The chapter argues that, in these plays, the characters’ experiences of upside-down spatial and temporal structures as part of (or as a result of) their dreams are not simply tied to dramatic traditions like the comedic convention of misunderstanding and deception (which goes back to classical comedy) but rather reflect a broader cultural understanding of dreams. In fact, putting aside the Renaissance debates about the meanings of dreams (to which an abundance of scholarship has been devoted), the early modern experience of dreams was fundamentally one of temporal and spatial confusion. For example, prophetic dreams and dreams of visitations by the dead, by angels, or by gods – accounts of which abound in the Renaissance – constitute temporal derangements, because they bring the future or the past into the present. Such dreams are mostly found in texts influenced by classical culture or by scriptural passages where God or an angel speaks directly to the dreamer (e.g. Genesis 20:2, Matthew 1:20–23, Matthew 2:13, Matthew 2:19, Numbers 12:6, Job 33:14–18). Shakespeare’s plays themselves contain numerous instances of prophetic or seemingly prophetic dreams: Richard III has a dream in which his victims’ ghosts condemn him to “despair and die”; Calphurnia dreams of Caesar’s murder; Duke Humphrey has a dream that predicts the deaths of the dukes of Somerset and Suffolk; and Brabantio dreams of his daughter Desdemona’s elopement with Othello. While it is of course true that dreams in Shakespeare’s plays come in many forms – they can be not just prophetic or god-sent but also cautionary, demonic, psychophysiological, fictional, or metaphorical – this chapter suggests that Shakespeare repeatedly and consistently depicts the dream state as a condition of temporal and spatial derangement