Croatian Digital Thesis Repository
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Photosynthesis in carnivorous plants
No full textFotosinteza kod mesojednih biljaka tema je koja se još uvijek istražuje.
Maksimalna stopa fotosinteze kod mesojednih biljaka je dvostruko niža u odnosu na stopu fotosinteze
kod nemesojedne biljke što može biti posljedica visoke specijalizacije tkiva zamki. Hvatanje plijena
ima utjecaj na neto stopu fotosinteze, meĎutim samo u onim dijelovima biljaka koje su i bez hranjenja
učinkovitije u procesu fotosinteze. Osim toga, hvatanje plijena ima značajan utjecaj na rast i
reprodukciju mesojednih biljaka, a taj utjecaj se ostvaruje indirektno preko povećanja intenziteta
fotosinteze.Photosynthesis in carnivorous plants is a topic that is still being explored. The highest net
photosynthetic rate in carnivorous plants is twice lower than photosynthetic rate in non-carnivorous plants which
may be due to a high specialization of trap tissues in carnivorous plants. Feeding increases net photosynthetic rate
but only of those tissues that are already photosynthetically very efficient. Additionally, feeding has significant
effect on growth and reproduction, and that effect is accomplished indirectly through increased rate of
photosynthesis
HYBRIDIZATION OF GREY AND BLACK CROW IN EUROPE
No full textSiva vrana (Corvus corone cornix L.) i crna vrana (Corvus corone corone L.) su ptice iz porodice
vrana koje su mnogobrojne na području Europe, Sj. Amerike i Azije. Cilj završnog rada je istraživanje,
razmatranje i utvrđivanje veličine i granice područja hibridizacije ovih dviju vrsta u Europi te pokušati odrediti
i utvrditi koji biotički ili abiotički čimbenici su odgovorni za razvijanje (nastajanje) hibrida na ograničenom
području središnje Europe. Pregledom literature utvrđeno je da jedini geni koji se značajno razlikuju između
dviju varijanti su oni koji su uključeni u određivanje boje perja. To sugerira da se svaki oblik preferira u
partnerstvu s partnerima iste boje kao i oni sami.Hooded crow (Corvus corone cornix L.), and carrion crow (Corvus corone corone L.) are
members of the corvid family that are numerous in Europe, N. America and Asia. The aim of this thesis is
investigate, deliberation and determination of dimensions and boundaries of hybridization between this two
species in Europe, try to define and affirm which biotic or abiotic factors are responsible for developing
(formation) hybrids on restricted domain in middle Europe. A rewiev of literature found that the only genes
that differ significantly between the two variants are those involved in determination of the color of the
feathers. This suggests that each form prefers in partnership with partners of the same color as themselves
Application of digital technologies in recognizing and eliminating lean wastes
No full textTema ovog završnog rada je primjena digitalnih tehnologija u prepoznavanju i otklanjanju Lean gubitaka. Glavni cilj Lean menadžmenta je strateško preoblikovanje i poboljšanje proizvodnih i poslovnih sustava, a kako bi to bilo izvedivo potrebno je pronaći sve vrste organizacijskih gubitaka. Otkrivanjem svakog gubitka u trenutku njegova pojavljivanja sprječava se njegov negativni utjecaj na proces proizvodnje. U sklopu Industrije 4.0 razvijaju se mnoge digitalne tehnologije koje pomažu u vizualizaciji Lean gubitaka.
LeInd 4.0 je sustav koji istovremeno koristi principe Lean menadžmenta i digitalnu tehnologiju kako bi na vrijeme prepoznao i otklonio Lean gubitke s ciljem povećanja kvalitete proizvodnje te uštede vremena i novca. Na primjeru proizvodnog poduzeća prikazan je razvijeni LeInd 4.0 sustav.Theme of this final thesis is application of digital technologies in recognizing and eliminating
Lean wastes. Main goal of Lean management is strategic transformation and improvement of
manufacturing and business systems, and for that to be viable, it is a must to find all
organisational wastes. Detection of every waste in the moment of its occurrence prevents
negative effects on manufacturing process. Within Industry 4.0, plenty of digital technologies
are developing that can help in visualization of Lean wastes.
LeInd 4.0 is a system which simultaneously uses principles of Lean management and digital
technologies to recognize and eliminate Lean wastes with a goal to improve quality of
production and save time and money
THE EFFECT OF CADMIUM ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY OF GREAT DUCKWEED (Spirodela polyrhiza L. SCHLEIDEN)
No full textUčinak kadmija na proces fotosinteze istraživan je utvrđivanjem vremenskog tijeka djelovanja različitih
koncentracija kadmija na generacijski različito stare i razvijene biljke velike barske leće (S. polyrhiza L.
Schleiden). Kadmij je uzrokovao narušavanje strukture tilakoida i senescenciju starijih frondova te povećanje
i nepravilan oblik škrobnih zrnaca kod mlađih frondova, već pri najmanjim koncentracijama. Hormetički
učinak nižih koncentracija Cd na respiraciju i fotosintezu posljedica je raspodjele raspoložive energije
aktiviranjem mehanizama koji sudjeluju u ublažavanju negativnih učinaka Cd, a zajedno s preusmjeravanjem
supstrata prema skladištenju rezultira smanjenim rastom. Kao najinformativniji parametar učinkovitosti
fotosustava pokazao se indeks ukupne fotosintetske učinkovitosti (PITOT) ukazujući da Cd utječe na gubitak
sposobnosti očuvanja energije kod starijih i mlađih biljaka. Detaljniji uvid u utjecaj Cd na prijenos elektrona
pružile su vrijednosti parametara JIP-testa povezanih s ukupnom funkcijom PSII (VK i ΦP0), akceptorskom
stranom PSII (VJ, ΨE0 i ΦE0) i ukupnim funkcijama PSI (VI, ΨR0 i ΦR0) pri čemu je utvrđeno da je akceptorska
strana PSI pod većim utjecajem kadmija u usporedbi s PSII. Potencijal mlađih frondova da održe fotokemijske
događaje pri višim koncentracijama kadmija za razliku od starijih majčinskih frondova, uključujući aktivnost
kisik razvijajućeg kompleksa i procesa transporta elektrona, omogućava mladim biljkama učinkovitije
suočavanje sa stresom izazvanim kadmijem. Rezultati ovog istraživanja mogu doprinijeti preciznijem i
reprezentativnijem određivanju toksikološkog profila kadmija i karakteriziranju odgovora biljaka na stresne
uvjete.An insight into cadmium's effect on the process of photosynthesis was obtained by determining the time course
of cadmium effect on different generations of the great duckweed (S. polyrhiza L. Schleiden). Cadmium has
caused disturbances of the thylakoid structure and senescence of older fronds. It caused structural irregularity
and an increase in starch grain size in younger fronds, even at the lowest concentrations. The hormetic effect
of lower Cd concentrations on respiration and photosynthesis rate was due to the distribution of available
energy by activating mechanisms involved in mitigating Cd's adverse effects. The diversion of substrates to
storage and an increase in respiration rate resulted in a reduced growth rate. The index of total photosynthetic
efficiency (PITOT) proved to be the most informative photosynthetic efficiency parameter, indicating that Cd
affects effective energy conservation in older and younger plants. A more detailed insight into the influence of
Cd on electron transfer was provided by the values of JIP test parameters related to the overall PSII function
(VK and ΦP0), the PSII acceptor side (VJ, ΨE0 and ΦE0), and the overall operation of PSI (VI, ΨR0 and ΦR0),
with PSI, showed to be more influenced by Cd. Younger frond's potential to sustain photochemical events,
including the activity of oxygen-evolving complex and electron transport processes, at higher cadmium
concentrations than at older maternal fronds enabled young plants to cope more effectively with cadmiuminduced stress. This study's results may contribute to a more precise and representative determination of
cadmium's toxicological profile and the characterization of plant responses to stress conditions
Synthesis of novel coumarin-isoxazole hybrids with potential antitumor activity
No full textCilj ovog rada bio je sintetizirati i spektroskopski okarakterizirati nove hibride kumarina i izoksazola s potencijalnim antitumorskim djelovanjem. Spojevi (6a−h) su sintetizirani bazno kataliziranom reakcijom 1,3-dipolarne cikloadicije O-alkiliranog derivata kumarina (2) i kloriranih oksima (5a−h). Spoj 2 pripravljen je propargiliranjem 4-hidroksikumarina (1). Klorirani oksimi (5a−h) sintetizirani su kloriranjem benzaldehidoksima (4a−h) s N-klorsukcinimidom. Strukture spojeva potvrđene su spektroskopijom 1H i 13C NMR. U tijeku je ispitivanje antitumorske aktivnosti novosintetiziranih spojeva.The aim of this work was to synthesize and spectroscopically characterize new coumarine-isoxazole hybrids with potential anticancer activity. Compounds (6a−h) were synthesized by the base-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition from O-alkylated coumarine derivative (2) and chlorinated oximes (5a−h). Compound 2 was prepared by propargylation of 4-hydroxycoumarine (1). Chlorinated oximes (5a−h) were synthesized from benzaldehyde oximes (4a−h) with N-chlorosuccinimide. The structures of compounds were confirmed by
1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Anticancer evaluations of the newly synthesized compounds are in progress
The influence of anti-hail nets on the mineral composition of leaves and the chemical composition of must in the Graševina grape variety
No full textCilj rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj protugradnih mreža na kemijski sastav mošta, mineralni sastav lišća te sadržaj klorofila kod sorte Graševina s naglaskom na usporedbu tretmana bijelom i crnom mrežom u odnosu na kontrolu (bez mreže). Pokus je postavljen na vinogradarskom području Klanjec (sjeverozapadna Hrvatska) prema slučajnom blok dizajnu. U prvom uzorkovanju je zabilježen najveći sadržaj dušika kod kontrolnog tretmana (2,35%), a najmanji sadržaj kod bijele mreže (2,07%). Rezultatai drugog uzorkovanja pokazuju najveći sadržaj dušika kod kontrolnog tretmana (2,67%), dok je nešto manji kod bijele mreže (2,51%). U trećem uzorkovanju zabilježen je najmanji sadržaj dušika u usporedbi sa sva tri uzorkovanja (1,58%) kod bijele mreže, dok je nešto malo viši kod tretmana crnom mrežom (1,71%). U prvom uzorkovanju najveći indeks sadržaja klorofila zabilježen je kod kontrolnog tretmana (18,44), dok je kod tretmana crnom mrežom znatno niži (8,14). U drugom uzorkovanju najveći sadržaj klorofila zabilježen je kod bijele mreže (28,46) te nešto niži kod kontrolnog tretmana (23,36). treće uzorkovanje bilježi najveći sadržaj klorofila kod bijele mreže (27,82) te kontrolni tretman bilježi niži sadržaj (23,79). Sadržaj šećera mošta kretao se od 21,32 % Brixa do 18,62 % Brixa. Najveći sadržaj mošta zabilježen je kod tretmana bijelom mrežom. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata možemo zaključiti da primjena protugradnih mreža ima pozitivan utjecaj na uzgoj sorte Graševina.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of anti-hail nets on the chemical composition of must, the mineral composition of leaves, and the chlorophyll content in the Graševina grapevine variety, with a focus on comparing treatments with white and black nets to a control (no net). The experiment was set up in the Klanjec wine-growing region (northwestern Croatia) following a randomized block design. In the first sampling, the highest nitrogen content was recorded in the control treatment (2.35%), while the lowest was observed in the treatment with the white net (2.07%). The results of the second sampling showed the highest nitrogen content again in the control treatment (2.67%), with a slightly lower value recorded under the white net (2.51%). In the third sampling, the lowest nitrogen content among all three samplings was recorded in the white net treatment (1.58%), while a slightly higher value was observed in the treatment with the black net (1.71%). In terms of chlorophyll content index, the highest value in the first sampling was found in the control treatment (18.44), while the treatment with the black net showed a significantly lower value (8.14). In the second sampling, the highest chlorophyll content was recorded under the white net (28.46), followed by the control treatment (23.36). The third sampling showed the highest chlorophyll content in the white net treatment (27.82), while the control treatment had a lower value (23.79). The sugar content in the must ranged from 18.62% to 21.32% Brix, with the highest value recorded in the treatment with the white net. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the use of anti-hail nets has a positive effect on the cultivation of the Graševina variety
Photocatalytic degradation of torasemid with photocatalyst with torasemide imprinted molecule
No full textFarmaceutici su biološki aktivne molekule koje se koriste za liječenje, dijagnosticiranje ili sprječavanje bolesti u ljudi te kao promotori rasta u veterini. Njihova kontinuirana uporaba i nepropisano odlaganje dovelo je do povećane količine ovih spojeva u otpadnim komunalnim vodama, iz kojih dospijevaju u okoliš, u kojemu reagiraju s drugim tvarima ostavljajući negativne posljedice na organizme i prirodu. Napredne se oksidacijske metode obrade otpadnih voda kontinuirano ispituju, a kombinacija fotokatalitičke razgradnje uz polimer s otiskom molekule kao fotokatalizator novi je pristup ovoj vrsti obrade. Ovaj rad detaljno prikazuje ispitivanje fotokatalitičke razgradnje torasemida uporabom fotokatalizatora s otiskom molekule torasemida (MIP) pri čemu su usporedno sva ispitivanja provedena i na fotokatalizatoru bez otiska molekule torasemida (NIP). Preliminirani eksperimenti uključivali su adsorpciju za utvrđivanje sorpcijskog ponašanja torasemida na MIP i NIP te fotokatalizu, kako bi se utvrdilo kolika se količina torasemida razgradila više u odnosu na proces bez djelovanja UV zračenja. Utjecaj početnog pH otopine i početne koncentracije torasemida u otopini ispitan je u tri kombinacije pH-vrijednosti (4, 7, 10) pri tri početne koncentracije (5, 10, 15 mg L^-1). Najbrža se razgradnja torasemida odvijala pri početnoj koncentraciji torasemida od 5 mg L^-1 i pH-vrijednosti 4. Konstanta brzine razgradnje za MIP iznosila je 0,0105 min^-1, dok je za NIP iznosila 0,0319 min^-1. Mehanizam fotokatalitičke razgradnje ispitan je scavenging testom, a ispitivani hvatači bili su izopropanol, natrijev azid, mravlja kiselina i para-benzokinon. Eksperimenti su pokazali kako hidroksilni radikali imaju dominantnu ulogu u razgradnji torasemida, bilo da se radi o MIP-u ili NIP-u. Utjecaj matice ispitan je u eksperimentima s dodatkom soli uobičajeno prisutnih u vodi (bikarbonati, nitrati, kloridi i huminska tvar) u ultračistu vodu. Svi su ioni pokazali negativan utjecaj na konstantu brzine razgradnje torasemida, kao i smjesa tih iona. Eksperiment ispitivanja utjecaja smjese farmaceutika (amoksicilin, atenolol, sulfametazin, sulfametoksazol, deksametazon, diklofenak) na brzinu razgradnje rezultirao je najvećim utjecajem, tj. najvećim usporenjem razgradnje torasemida. Procjena toksičnosti smjese torasemida i njegovih razgradnih produkata rezultirala je inhibicijom luminiscencije ispitivane biote (Vibrio fischeri). Svi uzorci analizirani su na HPLC-DAD instrumentu.Pharmaceuticals are bioactive molecules used to treat, prevent or diagnose illnesses in human medicine and as growth-promoting agents in veterinary medicine. Their continuous use and unmonitored disposal have led to their increased appearance in wastewaters. In the environment, they tend to react with other substances, negatively affecting organisms and nature. Advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment are continuously being investigated, and the combination of photocatalytic degradation with a molecularly imprinted polymer as the photocatalyst represents a novel approach to this type of treatment. This study provides a detailed analysis of the photocatalytic degradation of torasemide using a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as the photocatalyst. All experiments were conducted using a non-imprinted polymer (NIP) in parallel and compared with the given results. Adsorption and photocatalysis as preliminary experiments determined the sorption affinity of torasemide and its degradation ability compared to the process without UV radiation, using MIP and NIP. The effect of the initial pH and concentration of the analyte was tested via combinations of three initial concentrations (5, 10, 15 mg L^-1) and three pH values (4, 7, 10). The fastest rate of torasemide photocatalytic degradation was observed at a pH value of 4 and the initial concentration of 5 mg L^-1. The degradation rate constant at optimum conditions was 0,0105 min^-1 using MIP and 0,0319 min^-1 using NIP. The mechanism of the photocatalytic degradation was determined through the scavening test using isopropanol, sodium azide, formic acid and para-benzoquinone as scavengers. The experiments showed that hydroxyl radicals play a dominant role in the degradation of torasemide, regardless of whether MIP or NIP was used. The matrix effect was studied using four different salts (bicarbonates, nitrates, chlorides and humic acids), usually present in wastewater. All salts, including their mixture, slowed down the degradation process. The effect of pharmaceutical mixture (amoxicillin, atenolol, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, dexamethasone, diclofenac) was also investigated and resulted in the slowest rate of all experiments. The toxicity assessment of the mixture of torasemide and its degradation products showed a an inhibition effect on luminescence of the tested biota (Vibrio fischeri). All samples were analyzed using an HPLC-DAD instrument
Characteristics of wall microstructure of 6063 aluminium alloy made by wire arc additive manufacturing
No full textAditivna proizvodnja električnim lukom i žicom (WAAM) je postupak proizvodnje koji se koristi za proizvodnju ili popravljanje metalnih dijelova taloženjem materijala sloj po sloj. Za izvođenje WAAM postupka se koristi oprema za zavarivanje. U WAAM postupku je moguće primjenjivati veliki broj metalnih materijala, npr. ugljični čelik, titanijeve legure, aluminijske legure itd. Kod WAAM postupka s primjenom aluminijskih legura kao dodatnog materijala mogu nastati određene nepravilnosti, npr. pore i neodgovarajuća mikrostruktura dobivenog proizvoda.
U teorijskom dijelu je opisana aditivna proizvodnja i specifični postupak aditivne proizvodnje električnim lukom i žicom. Navedene su varijante WAAM postupka s naglaskom na WAAM MIG postupku i inačicama tog postupka s posebnim naglaskom na WAAM AC MIG postupku. Opisana je primjena aluminija u WAAM MIG postupku, navedene su nepravilnosti i neodgovarajuća mikrostruktura kod primjene aluminija u WAAM postupku te je dana usporedba aluminijskih legura serije 5000 i 6000.
U eksperimentalnom dijelu je proizvedeno šest uzoraka postupkom aditivne proizvodnje električnim lukom i žicom koristeći dodatni materijal, žicu izrađenu iz aluminijske legure 6063. Pri izradi tri uzorka je korišten argon kao zaštitni plin, a pri izradi ostalih uzoraka je korištena kombinacija argona i 15% helija. Pet uzoraka je izrađeno s WAAM AC MIG postupkom s različitim balansom polariteta, a jedan uzorak je izrađen s WAAM MIG postupkom s istosmjernom strujom. Provedena je kemijska analiza XRF uređajem čime je dobiven kemijski sastav različitih dijelova uzoraka. Provedenom usporedbom uzoraka po kemijskom sastavu se ustanovila sličnost u kemijskom sastavu uzoraka izrađenih AC MIG postupkom te znatna razlika u kemijskom sastavu uzorka izrađenog MIG postupkom s istosmjernom strujom, također najviše je varirao udio magnezija kod različitih uzoraka. Analizirana je mikrostruktura na svjetlosnom mikroskopu za tri uzorka izrađenih s WAAM AC MIG postupkom s različitim balansima polariteta. Također, prikazana je i promjena mikrostrukture s porastom visine zida uzoraka te su analizirane uočene nepravilnosti.Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a production process used to manufacture or repair metal parts by depositing materials layer by layer. WAAM process utilizes welding equipment. A wide range of metallic materials can be used in the WAAM process, such as carbon steel, titanium alloys, aluminium alloys, etc. The use of aluminum alloys as a filler material in the WAAM process can result in certain defects, such as porosity and an inadequate microstructure in the final product.
The theoretical section describes additive manufacturing and the Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) process. Variants of the WAAM process are outlined, with a focus on the WAAM MIG process and its variations, especially the WAAM AC MIG process. The use of aluminum in the WAAM MIG process was also discussed, including defects and unsuitable microstructures associated with aluminum use in WAAM and a comparison of 5000 and 6000 series aluminum alloys was provided.
In the experimental section, six samples were produced using the WAAM process with metal inert gas welding, with aluminum alloy 6063 as the filler material. Three samples were produced using argon as the shielding gas, while the other samples were welded using a combination of argon and 15% helium. Five samples were produced using the WAAM AC GMAW process with different polarity balances, and one sample was made using the WAAM GMAW process with direct current. Chemical analysis was conducted using an XRF device, determining the chemical composition of different parts of the samples. Comparison of the chemical compositions of samples revealed similarities among the samples produced using the AC GMAW process and a significant difference in the chemical composition of the sample produced using the GMAW process with direct current, with the most notable variation being in the magnesium content across samples. The microstructure of three samples produced using the WAAM AC GMAW process with argon as the shielding gas and with different polarity balances was analyzed with a light microscope, changes in the microstructure with increasing wall height of the samples and identified defects were observed
Analysis of the production process in the tableting facility
No full textOptimizacija proizvodnih procesa ključan je izazov farmaceutske industrije koja se suočava s rastućim zahtjevima za učinkovitošću, kvalitetom i usklađenošću s regulatornim normama. Ovaj je rad usmjeren na analizu unaprjeđenja procesa tabletiranja suhih oralnih oblika u specifičnom proizvodnom pogonu, s ciljem povećanja operativne učinkovitosti. Korištenjem metodologije kontinuiranog poboljšanja, rad se fokusira na unapređenje prijelaza i standardizaciju postupaka, što pridonosi smanjenju zastoja i povećanju proizvodne kvalitete. Rad je strukturiran kroz analizu trenutnog stanja, identifikaciju ključnih problema, te razvoj i evaluaciju prijedloga za unaprjeđenje.Optimization of production processes is a critical challenge for the pharmaceutical industry, which faces increasing demands for efficiency, quality, and compliance with regulatory standards. This paper focuses on analyzing improvements in the tablet manufacturing process for solid oral dosage forms in a specific production facility, with the goal of enhancing operational efficiency. By applying continuous improvement methodology, the work emphasizes the optimization of changeovers and standardization of procedures, contributing to reduced downtime and improved production quality. The paper is structured through an analysis of the current state, identification of key issues, and the development and evaluation of proposals for improvement
Infuence of the heat input during MIG welding of series 5083 and 6082 aluminium alloys on weld joint microstructure
No full textU teorijskom dijelu rada detaljno je opisana zavarljivost legura serija 5xxx i 6xxx gdje su
opisane neke od najčešćih pogrešaka koje se javljaju prilikom postupka zavarivanja legura
aluminija. Navedene su i opisane posljedice prevelikog unosa topline na mehanička svojstva.
Također, opisani i uspoređeni su postupci MIG zavarivanja impulsnim strujama pri čemu je
taljiva elektroda na pozitivnom polaritetu i MIG zavarivanja izmjeničnom strujom.
U eksperimentalnom dijelu rada provedeno je zavarivanje aluminijevih legura 5083 i 6082
postupcima DC MIG i AC MIG na više različitih debljina limova. Nakon zavarivanja
analizirane su mikrostrukture uzoraka s naglaskom na utjecaj topline na mikrostrukturu.
Također, na svjetlosnom mikroskopu analizirana je pojava nepravilnosti u metalu zavara.
Zaključno, određen je kemijski sastav zavarenog spoja te stupanj miješanja. Uočeno je kako se
unosom topline utječe na mikrostrukturu zavara, pa je uporabom AC MIG zavarivanja dobivena
grublja mikrostruktura s više nepravilnosti nego kod DC MIG postupka zavarivanja. Također,
AC MIG postupak rezultirao je nižim stupnjem miješanja u odnosu na DC MIG postupak.In theoretical part of this thesis, the weldability of 5xxx and 6xxx series alloys are discussed,
addressing some of the most common defects that occur during the welding process. The
consequences of excessive heat input on mechanical properties are also explained. Additionally,
the MIG welding processes using pulsed currents with a consumable electrode on the positive
polarity and MIG welding with alternating current are described and compared.
In the experimental part of this thesis, welding of aluminum alloys 5083 and 6082 was
performed using DC MIG and AC MIG processes on various sheet thicknesses. After welding,
the microstructures of the samples were analyzed, focusing on the impact of heat on the
microstructure. Additionally, defects in the weld metal were examined using a light microscope.
Finally, the chemical composition of the weld joint and the degree of mixing were determined.
It was observed that the heat input affects the microstructure of the weld, with AC MIG welding
resulting in a coarse grained microstructure with more defects compared to the DC MIG
welding process. Additionally, the AC MIG process led to a lower degree of mixing compared
to the DC MIG process