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Sophorolipids purification
No full textSoforolipidi su prirodni biosurfaktanti koje sintetizira kvasac Candida koji koristi šećer i biljno ulje kao izvore nutrijenata za rast. Ovi spojevi imaju značajan potencijal za primjenu u industriji zbog svojih biorazgradivih svojstava i sposobnosti stvaranja stabilnih emulzija.
U ovom istraživanju provedena je modifikacija soforolipida u enzimski kataliziranoj reakciji te pročišćavanje dobivene reakcijske smjese. Nakon provedenog pročišćavanja svaka dobivena frakcija podvrgnuta je analizi na HPLC uređaju kako bi se precizno odredio sastav i čistoća produkata. Tijekom procesa pročišćavanja, izolirani su produkti s različitim brojem monosaharidnih jedinica, pri čemu je posebna pažnja posvećena izolaciji i analizi produkta n=1, koji predstavlja specifični cilj ovog istraživanja. Kao nusprodukti reakcije, formirani su i oligosaharidi, koji su uspješno uklonjeni iz reakcijske smjese pomoću etanola.
Ovo istraživanje pruža važne uvide u proces enzimske modifikacije soforolipida i njihovu potencijalnu primjenu u raznim industrijskim sektorima.Sophorolipids are natural biosurfactants synthesized by the Candida yeast that uses sugar and vegetable oil as sources of nutrients for growth. These compounds have significant potential for application in industry due to their biodegradable properties and ability to form stable emulsions. In this research, the modification of sophorolipids in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction and the purification of the resulting reaction mixture was carried out.
After purification, each obtained fraction was subjected to analysis on an HPLC device in order to precisely determine the composition and purity of the product. During the purification process, products with different numbers of monosaccharide units were isolated, whereby special attention was paid to the isolation and analysis of products n=1, which represents the specific goal of this research. As byproducts of the reaction, oligosaccharides were also formed, which were successfully removed from the reaction mixture using ethanol. This research provides important insights into the process of enzymatic modification of sophorolipids and their potential application in various industrial sectors
Calibration of flow meters
No full textMjerenje protoka ima ključnu ulogu u industrijskim procesima, omogućavajući optimizaciju sustava, smanjenje potrošnje resursa i povećanje energetske učinkovitosti. Točnost i pouzdanost mjerenja od presudne su važnosti za osiguranje kvalitete i sljedivosti u različitim sektorima, uključujući energetiku, kemijsku industriju i vodoprivredu. Razvoj suvremenih mjernih metoda potaknut je napretkom u području elektronike i komunikacijskih tehnologija, što je omogućilo precizniju digitalnu analizu i daljinsko praćenje mjernih instrumenata. Ovaj rad pruža detaljan pregled metoda mjerenja protoka fluida, pri čemu su analizirani najčešće korišteni principi, poput elektromagnetskih, ultrazvučnih i Coriolisovih mjernih sustava. Osim toga, istražen je postupak umjeravanja mjerila protoka s naglaskom na tehničke specifikacije, postupke ispitivanja i kvantifikaciju mjerne nesigurnosti prema akreditiranim standardima. U eksperimentalnom dijelu rada prikazan je konkretan primjer umjeravanja masenog i volumnog mjerila protoka, uz interpretaciju rezultata i analizu. Dobiveni rezultati potvrđuju važnost umjeravanja u osiguravanju sljedivosti i pouzdanosti mjerenja, čime se omogućuje njihova primjena u zahtjevnim industrijskim sustavima. Rad također ističe ključne izazove u procjeni mjerne nesigurnosti i potrebu za stalnim unapređenjem mjernih metoda kako bi se zadovoljili rastući tehnički i regulacijski zahtjevi.Flow measurement plays a crucial role in industrial processes, enabling system optimization, resource consumption reduction, and increased energy efficiency. The accuracy and reliability of measurements are essential for ensuring quality and traceability across various sectors, including energy, chemical industries, and water management. The development of modern measurement methods has been driven by advancements in electronics and communication technologies, allowing for more precise digital analysis and remote monitoring of measuring instruments. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of fluid flow measurement methods, analysing the most commonly used principles, such as electromagnetic, ultrasonic, and Coriolis-based measurement systems. Additionally, the calibration process of flow meters is examined, with a focus on technical specifications, testing procedures, and the quantification of measurement uncertainty in accordance with accredited standards. The experimental section presents a practical example of calibrating both mass and volumetric flow meters, including result interpretation and analysis. The obtained results confirm the importance of calibration in ensuring measurement traceability and reliability, facilitating their application in demanding industrial systems. The study also highlights key challenges in assessing measurement uncertainty and the need for continuous improvement of measurement methods to meet evolving technical and regulatory requirements
Analysis of a finned heat exchanger in the automotive industry
No full textTijekom rada svakog izmjenjivača topline, toplina se izmjenjuje pomoću konvekcije, radijacije i kondukcije pa se radi pojednostavljenja uvodi veličina koeficijent ukupnog prijelaza topline. Budući da je tu veličinu nemoguće direktno izmjeriti, razvijen je čitav niz različitih metoda kojima se on nastoji odrediti. Te su metode primjenjive na specifični problem s manjom ili većom razinom točnosti pri čemu ona ovisi o nizu parametara svojstvenih promatranom izmjenjivaču topline, a uglavnom se svode na definiranje pojednostavljenog matematičkog modela. U ovom je radu dan opis specifičnog tipa orebrene geometrije kao i uočenih mehanizama prilikom strujanja zraka kroz istu, a zatim je pristupljeno analizi postojećih korelacijskih metoda s ciljem izvođenja matematičkog modela koji bi opisao toplinske performanse ovakvog
tipa izmjenjivača. Formirane su dvije vrste modela: empirijski i poluempirijski model, a razlika između njih je u načinu na koji se određuje koeficijent prijelaza topline sa strane zraka. U empirijskim modelima koeficijent prijelaza topline sa strane zraka definiran je korištenjem empirijskih izraza prema istraženoj literaturi, dok je u poluempirijskim modelima umjesto isključivo empirijskih izraza korištena kombinacija empirijskih i analitičkih izraza s ciljem
povećanja pouzdanosti modela. Nakon izvođenja nekoliko različitih modela obaju vrsta provedena je usporedba njihovih rezultata s preuzetim eksperimentalnim podacima uz komentiranje potencijalnih izvora grešaka.Within every heat exchanger, heat transfer occurs via convection, radiation and conduction so,
to simplify the analysis procedure, the term overall heat transfer coefficient is introduced. Since
it can not be measured directly, a variety of different correlation methods has been developed
with a goal of determining its value. Those methods are applicable to specific problems with
some expected degree of accuracy, depending on operating conditions and parameters of the
heat exchanger, which is usually done by defining a simplified mathematical model.
In this paper, specific type of finned heat exchanger geometry, as well as appropriate
mechanisms relevant for the airflow through the said geometry, are explained. Furthermore,
multiple available correlation methods have been analysed with a goal of creating a
mathematical model used to estimate thermal performance of said type of heat exchanger. Two
types of models have been formed: empirical and semi-empirical model, the main difference
between them being the way heat transfer coefficient on the airside is derived. Empirical models
utilize empirical expressions adopted from the appropriate literature, while in semi-empirical
models analytical expressions have been introduced alongside some of the empirical ones with
a goal of improving their accuracy. After the models were defined, they have all been compared
against the given experimental data and potential sources of error have been discussed
Comfort zone in acting
No full textU svom pisanom završnom radu otvorila bih, kako sam naslov kaže, pitanje comfort zone u glumačkom stvaralaštvu. Kako bih što podrobnije mogla pisati o toj temi, osvrnut ću se prvenstveno na period svog studiranja na Akademiji dramske umjetnosti te vlastito kretanje kroz comfort zonu, čimbenike koji su utjecali na istu te pedagoško vodstvo profesora koje sam susretala tijekom studija. Što je uopće comfort zona, kako ju percipiramo, ako ju uopće percipiramo i što se događa unutar odnosno izvan iste? Postoji li konkretna definicija, što utječe na nju i kako ona utječe na kreativno tj. glumačko stvaranje. Krećući u pisanje ovog rada, ne mogu garantirati ni čitatelju ni sebi da ću doći do odgovora na ta pitanja ili do nekog konkretnog zaključka, ali ću se svakako potruditi istražiti tu temu.In my final written paper, I would open, as the title says, the issue of the comfort zone in acting. In order to be able to write about this topic in as much detail as possible, I will refer primarily to the period of my studies at the Academy of Dramatic Art and my own movement through the comfort zone, the factors that influenced the same and the pedagogical leadership of the professors I met during my studies. What is the comfort zone anyway, how do we perceive it, if we perceive it at all and what happens inside or outside of it? Is there a concrete definition, what affects it and how does it affect creativity, i.e. acting? Starting to write this paper, I cannot guarantee neither the reader nor myself that I will find answers to these questions or come to a concrete conclusion, but I will definitely try to research the topic
Enzymatic synthesis of hydroxycinnamic acid amide in aqueous medium
No full textBiokemijske reakcije sastavni su dio svih živih bića te zahtijevaju veću brzinu od klasičnih kemijskih reakcija radi održavanja normalnog tijeka životnih funkcija. Enzimi su ključni elementi provedbe biokatalize jer povećavaju brzinu reakcija za iznos od najmanje 106 te uvelike olakšavaju sintezu i industrijsku proizvodnju tvari čije je dobivanje klasičnom kemijskom sintezom znatno teže. Zahtijevaju specifične uvjete u kojima djeluju, a prisutni su samostalni ili zadržani u cijelim stanicama i mikroorganizmima. U organizmu sudjeluju u regulaciji homeostaze radi pravilnog rada metabolizma, opskrbe energijom te tvorbe proteina, stanica i tkiva. U ovom radu proučavani su uvjeti provedbe enzimske sinteze amida hidroksicimetne kiseline u vodenom mediju s ciljem određivanja optimalnih uvjeta za provođenje željene reakcije i dobivanje željenog produkta, N-trans-feruloiltiramina.
Produkt reakcije pripada skupini amida hidroksicimetne kiseline, koji svoju ulogu pronalaze u pravilnom funkcioniranju biljaka, a primjenu u mnogim industrijama zbog privlačnih antioksidativnih, antikancerogenih i antiupalnih svojstava. Praćena je aktivnost enzima na spektrofotometru i tekućinskom kromatografu visoke djelotvornosti te je određen utjecaj
pH vrijednosti, temperature i dodatka askorbinske kiseline na aktivnost enzima.Biochemical reactions are an integral part of all living organisms and require a higher reaction rate than classical chemical reactions to maintain the normal course of life functions. Enzymes are key elements in the implementation of biocatalysis because they increase the rate of reactions by at least 106 times and greatly facilitate the synthesis and industrial production of substances whose acquisition is significantly more difficult through classical chemical synthesis. They require specific conditions in which they can operate and are present either independently or retained in whole cells and microorganisms. In the organism, they participate in the regulation of homeostasis for the proper functioning of metabolism, energy supply and the formation of proteins, cells and tissue. In this work, the conditions for the enzymatic synthesis of hydroxycinnamic acid amide in an aqueous medium were studied with the aim of determining the optimal conditions for conducting the desired reaction and obtaining the desired product, N-trans-feruloyltyramine. The reaction product belongs to the group of hydroxycinnamic acid amides, which play a role in the proper functioning of plants and have applications in many industries due to their attractive antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. The enzyme activity was monitored using a spectrophotometer and high-performance liquid chromatography. The influence of pH value, temperature and the addition of ascorbic acid on enzyme activity was determined
Sklonosti odgojitelja neuromitovima u odgoju i obrazovanju
No full textRazvoj tehnologije omogućio je i razvoj znanosti, njezine discipline i dostupnost iste. Nova istraživanja iz područja neuroznanosti daju i nova objašnjenja o funkcioniranju mozga i uma, ponašanju i učenju što uvelike doprinosi i novijim spoznajama u odgoju i obrazovanju. Naglašena je aktivna uloga učenika u samom procesu učenja te iako još uvijek postoje razlike između rezultata istraživanja i primjene istih u odgojno obrazovnom radu, postignut je veliki napredak u razumijevanju onoga što pomaže i potiče djecu u procesu učenja. Pogreške u razumijevanju znanstvenih tvrdnji rezultiraju stvaranjem obrazovnih neuromitova što dovodi do neadekvatne primjene u praksi i negativnih posljedica na obrazovanje.
Ovim se istraživanjem na uzorku od 149 hrvatskih odgojitelja ranog i predškolskog odgoja i obrazovanja nastoje ispitati sklonosti vjerovanja u obrazovne neuromitove te utvrditi postoji li povezanost između općeg znanja iz neuroznanosti, sociodemografskih karakteristika sudionika i sklonosti vjerovanja u neuromitove.The development of technology also enabled the development of science, its discipline, and its availability. New neuroscience research also provides new explanations about the functioning of the brain and mind, behavior, and learning, which contribute to new knowledge in education. The active role of students in the learning process itself is emphasized, and although there are still differences between research results and their application in educational work, great progress has been made in understanding what helps and encourages children in the learning process. Misunderstandings of scientific claims result in the creation of educational neuromyths, which lead to inadequate application in practice and negative consequences for education.
This research on a sample of 149 Croatian early childhood and preschool teachers tries to examine the tendency to believe in educational neuromyths and to determine whether there is a connection between general knowledge of neuroscience, the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents, and the tendency to believe in neuromyths
Mehaničko modeliranje pozitivne elektrode baterijskih ćelija s elektrolitom u čvrstom stanju
No full textASSBs represent a significant leap forward in battery technology, primarily due to their use of
solid electrolytes instead of liquid ones. This change eliminates flammable liquid components
and enables higher energy densities. Mechanical properties of solid-state electrolytes,
particularly their stiffness, introduce complexities in the electrode-electrolyte interface.
These complexities can lead to mechanical degradation over repeated charge-discharge cycles,
impacting the battery's lifespan and overall performance. The motivation behind this work is to
propose computationally efficient RVE model that can simulate these interactions, providing
insights into physical processes within an ASSB.ASSB predstavljaju značajan korak naprijed u tehnologiji baterija, prvenstveno zbog upotrebe
čvrstih elektrolita umjesto tekućih. Ova promjena eliminira zapaljive tekuće komponente i
omogućuje veće gustoće energije. Mehanička svojstva elektrolita u čvrstom stanju, posebice
njihova krutost, uvodi složenost u kontakt elektroda-elektrolit koji može dovesti do mehaničke
degradacije tijekom ponovljenih ciklusa punjenja i pražnjenja, utječući na životni vijek baterije
i ukupne performanse. Motivacija ovog rada je prijedlog računalno učinkovitog modela
reprezentativnog volumnog elementa koji može simulirati ove interakcije, pružajući uvid u
fizikalne procese unutar ASSB-a
Stavovi odgajatelja o korištenju vanjskog prostora kao mjesta učenja
No full textU fokusu ovog istraživanja je vanjski prostor kao mjesto učenja djece rane i predškolske dobi. Kada govorimo o učenju djece te dobi presudna je njihova znatiželja koja je u ranom razdoblju izražena u igri, istraživanju okoline i rezultatima njihovih akcija. Djeca su prirodno motivirana za fizičku aktivnost. Ona se povezuju s okolinom, prirodom i samima sobom te su dio promjena koje se kontinuirano događaju u prirodi. Svjesni smo prilika koje im nude aktivnosti na otvorenome i kroz koje spontano i kontinuirano stječu nova iskustva koristeći sva osjetila. Motiviranost za učenje i rad na otvorenome pridonosi razvoju usmjerenosti pažnje, socijalnih vještina, komunikaciji, suradnji i rješavanju konflikata te potiče razvoj svih vještina i sposobnosti u ranoj i predškolskoj dobi. Cilj nam je ispitati stavove odgajatelja o važnosti i preprekama za slobodnu igru i učenje djece na otvorenome s obzirom na razinu prihvaćanja suvremene paradigme i s obzirom na sociodemografske varijable. Pretpostavka je da odgajatelji koji se priklanjaju tradicionalnoj obrazovnoj paradigmi manje prihvaćaju mogućnosti te u manjoj mjeri uviđaju važnost korištenja vanjskoga prostora od odgajatelja koji gaje suvremeni pogled na dijete, njegov odgoj i obrazovanje. Istraživanje je potvrdilo da su odgajatelji koji se priklanjaju suvremenoj obrazovnoj paradigmi ujedno i oni koji u većoj mjeri prihvaćaju i prakticiraju boravak djece na otvorenome. Međutim, istraživanjem se utvrdilo da na te stavove i praksu ne utječe duljina radnoga staža odgajatelja, već prvenstveno njihova razina formalnog obrazovanja. Naime, utvrđeno je da odgajatelji sa završenim preddiplomskim i diplomskim studijem imaju pozitivnije stavove o važnosti boravka djece na otvorenome, te u većoj mjeri osiguravaju kvalitetne uvjete za odvijanje slobodne igre djece na vanjskom prostoru od odgajatelja sa završenom srednjom školom.The focus of this research is outdoor spaces as a place of learning for children of early and preschool age. When we talk about the learning of children of that age, their curiosity is crucial, which is expressed in the early period in play, research of the environment, and in the outcomes of their actions. Children are naturally motivated for physical activity. They connect with the environment, nature and themselves, and they are part of the changes that are continuously happening in nature. We are aware of the opportunities offered to them by outdoor activities, through which they spontaneously and continuously gain new experiences using all the senses. Motivation to learn and work outdoors contributes to the development of attention, social skills, communication, cooperation, and conflict resolution; it encourages the development of all skills and abilities in early and preschool age. Our goal is to examine preschool teachers' attitudes about the importance and barriers to children’s free play and learning outdoors with respect to the level of acceptance of the modern paradigm and with respect to sociodemographic variables. It was assumed that preschool teachers who adhere to the traditional educational paradigm are less receptive to opportunities and less aware of the importance of using outdoor space than preschool teachers who cultivate a modern view of the child, his upbringing and education. The research confirmed that preschool teachers who adhere to the modern educational paradigm are also those who to a greater extent accept and practice children's stay outdoors. However, research has shown that these attitudes and practices are not influenced by the length of service of preschool teachers, but primarily by their level of formal education. Namely, it was found that preschool teachers with bachelor's and master's degrees have more positive attitudes about the importance of children staying outdoors, and to a greater extent provide quality conditions for free play of children outdoors, than preschool teachers who completed only high school
Infection of astrocytes with mouse cytomegalovirus
No full textCitomegalovirus (CMV) je široko rasprostranjen virus u ljudi čija je karakteristika uspostava cjeloživotne latencije. Kod zdravih osoba infekcija je uobičajeno asimptomatska, ali u osoba s oslabljenim i nezrelim imunosnim sustavom može uzrokovati po život opasne infekcije. Kongenitalna infekcija CMV-om je najčešća transplacentarno prenosiva prirođena infekcija koja može utjecati na razvoj mozga i uzrokovati trajne neurološke poremećaje. Dosad je poznato da in vitro CMV može inficirati većinu staničnih vrsta mozga do određene razine, međutim, nije jasno vrijedi li to in vivo i je li ta infekcija produktivna. Glavni cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je na mišjem modelu kongenitalne infekcije utvrditi inficira li CMV astrocite in vivo i podržavaju li astrociti uspješnu replikaciju virusa. U svrhu istraživanja korišteni su miševi i mišji citomegalovirus (MCMV) divljeg tipa, ali i inducibilni Cre/loxP reporterski sustav koji se sastoji od rekombinantnog MCMV-flox virusa te specifičnog transgeničnog soja miševa, u kojem je Cre rekombinaza aktivna samo u astrocitima. Nakon infekcije novorođenih miševa i prikupljanja organa u određenim vremenskim točkama, provedena je analiza infekcije astrocita imunohistokemijskom metodom, te virusna titracija mozgova pomoću metode određivanja virusnih čistina (plakova). Dobiveni rezultati su pokazali da MCMV uspješno inficira astrocite in vivo. Štoviše, na vrhuncu infekcije u mozgu, trećina inficiranih stanica su bili upravo astrociti. Osim toga, dokazano je da je infekcija astrocita in vivo produktivna te da astrociti doprinose širenju CMV infekcije u mišjem mozgu. Ova saznanja doprinose boljem razumijevanju neuropatogeneze kongenitalne CMV infekcije i otvaraju nova pitanja o utjecaju infekcije na funkciju astrocita i o ulozi ostalih staničnih vrsta u mozgu tijekom infekcije.Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a widespread virus, characterized by the establishment of lifelong latency. In healthy individuals the infection is typically asymptomatic, however, in immunocompromised persons and in congenitally infected children CMV infection can lead to a life-threatening condition. Congenital CMV infection is the most common intrauterine infection that can affect brain development and cause permanent neurological disabilities. So far, it was clear that CMV can infect most brain cell types in vitro to a certain level, but whether this is also true in vivo and whether the infection is productive remains unknown. Thus, the main objective of this thesis was to determine whether CMV infects astrocytes in vivo and whether astrocytes support successful viral replication, using a mouse model of congenital infection. In this research we have used wild-type mice and mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV), but also a conditional Cre/loxP reporter system, consisting of recombinant MCMV-flox virus and transgenic mouse strain in which Cre recombinase is active only in astrocytes. After MCMV infection of newborn mice and organ harvesting at certain time points, analysis of astrocyte infection was performed using immunohistochemical staining, as well as determination of brain virus titers by plaque assay. The results obtained from this study confirmed that MCMV successfully infects astrocytes in vivo, moreover, at the peak of infection in the brain, a third of the infected cells were astrocytes. In addition, it has been shown that astrocytes support productive CMV infection in vivo and that they contribute to virus spread throughout the brain. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the neuropathogenesis of congenital CMV infection and are raising new questions about the impact of infection on astrocyte function and the role of other brain cell types during infection
Mathematical model development for ATP synthesis in a cascade reaction
No full textAdenozin trifosfat (ATP) ima veliku ulogu u skladištenju energije koja je potrebna za odvijanje bioloških procesa u živim stanicama – sinteze, transporta, mobilnosti molekula i sl. Energija se skladišti u vezama među fosfatnim skupinama, a strukturu molekule ATP-a čini lanac od tri fosfatne skupine uz D-ribozu i adenin. Njegova upotreba porasla je primjenom izvanstaničnih enzimskih procesa u raznim industrijskim svrhama poput proizvodnje lijekova, vitamina, hrane, tekstila i dr. Zbog visoke cijene i česte primjene sve veća pažnja posvećena je razvijanju novih puteva njegove regeneracije. U ovom radu opisan je proces sinteze ATP-a iz adenozina i adenozin monofosfata (AMP) linearnom kaskadnom reakcijom uz upotrebu enzima ADK, PPK2-I te PPK2-II. Eksperiment je proveden upotrebom matematičkog modeliranja i genetskog algoritma uz računalne programe SCIENTIST i GALOP (engl. Genetic Algorithm for the Optimization of Processes). U SCIENTIST-u je provedena simulacija sinteze ATP-a, dok je pomoću GALOP- -a provedena optimizacija početnih uvjeta procesa – koncentracije adenozina, AMP-a, magnezijevih iona te vrijeme trajanja reakcije. Vrijednosti koncentracija enzima i polifosfata održavane su konstantnima. Cilj rada pronalazak je optimalnih uvjeta procesa pri kojima je moguće postići maksimalnu koncentraciju ATP-a. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su kako je pri optimalnim uvjetima moguće postići koncentraciju ATP-a od 20,7 mM.Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) plays a significant role in storing the energy required for biological processes in living cells – synthesis, transport, mobility of molecules and more. The energy is stored in the bonds between phosphate groups, and the structure of the ATP molecule consists of a chain of three phosphate groups along with D-ribose and adenine. The necessity for ATP has increased with the application of extracellular enzymatic processes for different industrial purposes, such as production of drugs, vitamins, food, textiles and others. Due to its high cost and frequent usage, increasing attention has been focused on developing novel pathways for its regeneration. This paper describes the process of ATP synthesis from adenosine and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) through a linear cascade reaction using the enzymes ADK, PPK2-I, PPK2-II. The experiment was conducted using mathematical modeling and genetic algorithm with computer programs SCIENTIST and GALOP (Genetic Algorithm for the Optimization of Processes). In SCIENTIST, a simulation of ATP synthesis was conducted, while GALOP was used to optimize the initial conditions of process – concentration of adenosine, AMP, magnesium ions and reaction duration. The concentrations of enzymes and polyphosphate were kept constant. The aim of this study was to find the optimal process conditions to achieve the maximum concentration of ATP. The results obtained showed that, under optimal conditions, it is possible to achieve an ATP concentration of 20,7 mM