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Synthesis, characterization and derivatization of a polysubstituted piperidino-morpholine spiro building block
No full textMale molekule s novim mehanizmima djelovanja neophodne su u rješavanju izazovnih biomedicinskih problema današnjice poput rezistencije na postojeće lijekove za liječenje raka i zaraznih bolesti. Jedan od pristupa otkriću novih biološki aktivnih molekula uključuje sintezu usmjerenu na raznolikost (engl. diversity-oriented synthesis, DOS), koja primarno podrazumijeva razlike u strukturnoj okosnici, supstituentima i stereokemiji. Različiti lijekovi koji u svojoj strukturi sadrže morfolinski prsten imaju široku terapijsku primjenu. Privilegirani je farmakofor s mogućnošću stvaranja molekulskih interakcija s raznovrsnim biološkim metama i modificiranja farmakokinetičkih svojstava. Stoga je morfolin strukturni motiv od posebnog interesa za dizajniranje i razvoj lijekova. Istodobno je povećan interes za sintezu manje planarnih biološki aktivnih spojeva što rezultira uvođenjem spiro spojeva u nova istraživanja.
Slijedom navedenih spoznaja, cilj ovog diplomskog rada bila je sinteza i karakterizacija polisupstituiranog piperidino-morfolinskog spiro gradivnog bloka te njegova derivatizacija u svrhu dobivanja novih spojeva s različitim svojstvima, korištenjem principa sinteze usmjerene na raznolikost. Osnovna strukturna okosnica sintetizirana je preko dva sintetska puta, u šest odnosno četiri reakcijska koraka, od kojih je zadnji korak intramolekulska ciklizacija u bazičnim uvjetima. U nekoliko sljedećih sintetskih koraka, iz glavnog intermedijara 6, pripravljeni su odgovarajući prekursori. Šest novih derivata 9a-c i 13a-c dobiveno je iz spojeva 8 i 12 s dvije slobodne amino-skupine, završnim reakcijama N-acetiliranja, sulfonamidacije i Eschweiler-Clarke reakcijom. Strukturna raznolikost postignuta je supstituiranjem osnovne strukturne okosnice u tri različita položaja, a strukture novosintetiziranih spojeva potvrđene su uobičajenim spektroskopskim metodama (1D i 2D NMR, MS). Dokazana je izražena trodimenzionalnost struktura finalnih spojeva 9a-c i 13a-c pomoću NOESY NMR spektara. Finalnim spojevima određena su i fizikalno-kemijska svojstva in silico.Small molecules with novel mechanisms of action are necessary in addressing today’s challenging biomedical problems such as resistance to existing drugs for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. One of the approaches to the discovery of new bioactive molecules includes diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS), which primarily implies differences in the molecular scaffold, substituents and stereochemistry. Various drugs containing a morpholine ring in their structure are widely used for the treatment of numerous diseases. It is a privileged pharmacophore with the possibility of forming molecular interactions with diverse biological targets and modifying pharmacokinetic properties. Therefore, morpholine is a structural motif of special interest for the drug design and development. At the same time, interest for the synthesis of less planar bioactive compounds increases, resulting in the introduction of spiro compounds into new studies.
Following the stated facts, the aim of this thesis was to synthesize and characterize polysubstituted piperidino-morpholine spiro building block. Furthermore, this scaffold was derivatized in order to obtain novel compounds with different properties, using the diversity-oriented synthesis approach. The scaffold was synthesized via two synthetic routes, in six or four reaction steps, with the last step of intramolecular cyclization under basic conditions. In several subsequent chemical reactions, the corresponding precursors were prepared from the main intermediate 6. Six novel derivatives 9a-c and 13a-c were obtained from compounds 8 and 12 with two free amino groups by N-acetylation, sulfonamidation and Eschweiler-Clarke reaction respectively. Structural diversity was achieved by substituting the scaffold at three different positions. The structures of the novel compounds were confirmed by standard spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR, MS). Noticeable three-dimensionality of the structures of the final compounds 9a-c and 13a-c was proved by means of NOESY NMR spectra. Additionally, the physicochemical properties of final compounds were calculated in silico
Mercury in dietary supplements for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases
No full textDodaci prehrani namijenjeni za pomoćno liječenje upalnih bolesti crijeva mogu imati značajnu
ulogu u liječenju tih bolesti zbog prisustva raznih biološki aktivnih. Također sve se češće koriste za
povećanje unosa esencijalnih vitamina i minerala, no zbog manje restriktivnih zakonskih zahtjeva i
nedovoljne kontrole, postoji rizik od kontaminacije i nuspojava. Cilj ovoga rada bio je procijeniti
kvalitetu dodataka prehrani mjerenjem koncentracije žive u tim pripravcima. Živa i njezini spojevi
spadaju među najtoksičnije okolišne kontaminante. Izloženost čak i malim količinama žive može
izazvati ozbiljne zdravstvene probleme, uključujući mutagene i teratogene učinke, oksidativni stres,
disfunkciju mitohondrija, te toksičnost za središnji i periferni živčani sustav, kao i bubrege. Upravo
zbog ovih razloga potrebno je odrediti moguće kontaminacije živom. Koncentracija žive u ispitanim
dodacima prehrani određena je atomskom apsorpcijskom spektrometrijom uz pomoć analizatora
žive. Ova metoda je korištena zbog njezine brzine i jednostavnosti. Rezultati istraživanja uspoređeni
su sa maksimalnom dopuštenom razinom žive u dodacima prehrani koja je postavljena od strane
različitih regulatornih tijela. Svi analizirani dodaci prehrani zadovoljavaju zahtjeve to jest razina
žive je ispod maksimalne dopuštene razine, osim u dva uzorka justicije. Odnosno, analizom rezultata
utvrđeno je da izračunate vrijednosti hipotetskog unosa žive u slučaju tjedne uporabe testiranih
pripravaka ne prelaze PTWI vrijednost (privremeni podnošljivi tjedni unos), ali primjenom dva
uzorka utvrđene su PDE vrijednosti iznad dozvoljenih. U zaključku ovog rada istaknuta je važnost
stalne kontrole sadržaja žive u tržišno dostupnim dodacima prehrani.Dietary supplements intended for adjunct treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases can play a
significant role in treating these conditions due to the presence of various biologically active
substances. They are also increasingly used to boost the intake of essential vitamins and minerals.
Still, due to less stringent regulatory requirements and insufficient control, there is a risk of
contamination and side effects. This study aimed to assess the quality of dietary supplements by
measuring the mercury concentration in these products. Mercury and its compounds are among the
most toxic environmental contaminants. Exposure to even small amounts of mercury can cause
serious health problems, including mutagenic and teratogenic effects, oxidative stress, mitochondrial
dysfunction, and toxicity to the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as the kidneys. For
these reasons, it is necessary to determine potential mercury contamination. The mercury
concentration in the tested dietary supplements was determined using atomic absorption
spectrometry with a mercury analyzer. This method was chosen for its speed and simplicity. The
research results were compared with the maximum allowable mercury level in dietary supplements
set by various regulatory bodies. All analyzed dietary supplements meet the requirements, meaning
the mercury levels are below the maximum permissible level, except in two justice samples. The
analysis of the results also showed that the calculated values of hypothetical mercury intake in the
case of weekly use of the tested products do not exceed the PTWI (provisional tolerable weekly
intake). Still, after orally administering two samples, the PDE values were determined to be above
the permitted ones. In the conclusion of this work, the importance of constant control of the mercury
content in commercially available food supplements is emphasized
Synthesis of new ferrocene-pyridine ligands and their metal complexes
No full textCilj ovog rada bila je sinteza novih ferocen-piridinskih liganada (6–9) i njihovih
Re(I)-(6-Re–8-Re) i Ru(II)-kompleksa (6-Ru-cim–9-Ru-cim, 8-Ru–fenil). Ligandi su sintetizirani regioselektivnom 1,3-dipolarnom cikloadicijom iz prethodno sintetiziranih terminalnih ferocenskih alkina (3–5) i kloriranog piridin-2-aldoksima (2). Terminalni ferocenski alkini (3–5) sintetizirani su O-propargiliranjem ferocen alkohola, ferocen aldoksima i ferocen karboksilne kiseline s propargil-bromidom uz prisutstvo baze. Klorirani aldoksimski
prekursor (2) sintetiziran je iz piridin-2-aldehida u dva stupnja. U prvom je stupnju
piridin-karbaldehid preveden u piridin-aldoksim (1), koji je u drugom stupnju kloriran s N-klorsukcinimidom. Sintetizirani piridin-izoksazoli (6–9) korišteni su kao ligandi za metalne komplekse s renij(I) pentakarbonil-kloridom (6-Re–8-Re), diklor(benzen)rutenij(II) dimerom (8-Ru–fenil) i diklor(p-cimen)rutenij(II) dimerom (6-Ru-cim–9-Ru-cim). Strukture spojeva potvrđene su spektroskopijom 1H i 13C NMR.The aim of this work was the synthesis of new ferrocene-pyridine ligands (6–9) and their Re(I)-(6-Re–8-Re) and Ru(II)-complexes (6-Ru-cym–9-Ru-cym, 8-Ru-phenyl). Ligands were synthesized by regioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition from previously synthesized terminal ferrocene alkynes (3–5) and chlorinated pyridine-2-aldoxime (2). Terminal ferrocene alkynes (3–5) were synthesized by O-propargylation of ferrocene alcohol, ferrocene aldoxime and ferrocene carboxylic acid with propargyl bromide in the presence of a base. The chlorinated aldoxime precursor (2) was synthesized from pyridine-2-carbaldehyde in two steps. In the first step, pyridine carbaldehyde was converted into pyridine aldoxime (1), which was chlorinated with N-chlorosuccinimide in the second step. Synthesized pyridine isoxazoles (6–9) were used as ligands for metal complexes with rhenium(I) pentacarbonyl chloride, dichloro(benzene)ruthenium(II) dimer and dichloro(p-cymene)ruthenium(II) dimer.
The structures of the compounds were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy
Expression of autophagy markers HSC70, LC3B, LAMP2A, GRP78 and mTOR in St8sia1 knockout mice
No full textGen St8sia1 kodira enzim GD3-sintazu koja katalizira nastajanje GD3, disijalogangliozida b-serije, dodatkom sijalinske kiseline na GM3, monogangliozid a-serije. GD3 sudjeluje u različitim stadijima procesa autofagije. Kolokalizira s PIP3 i BECN1 tijekom formiranja fagofora, ulazi u interakciju s LC3B u membrani autofagosoma te s LAMP1 tijekom nastajanja autolizosoma. Kod miševa bez GD3-sintaze dolazi do akumulacije gangliozida a-serije i nedostatka gangliozida b- i c-serije. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi je li ekspresija HSC70, LC3B, LAMP2A, GRP78 i mTOR, proteina koji sudjeluju u procesu autofagije, promijenjena kod miševa kojima nedostaje gen St8sia1. Prerezi uški devet miševa bez gena St8sia1 i pet miševa divljeg tipa korišteni su za detekciju proteina HSC70, LC3B, LAMP2A, GRP78 i mTOR imunofluorescencijskim bojenjem. Izdvojeni su dijelovi preparata koji prikazuju epidermu te je na njima analizirana ekspresija proteina od interesa. Kod miševa bez gen St8sia1 uočena je značajno povišena ekspresija proteina HSC70, GRP78 i mTOR te smanjena ekspresija proteina LC3B. Ekspresija LAMP2A nije bila promijenjena. Ovakvi rezultati ukazuju na to da nedostatak GD3-sintaze dovodi do promjena u ekspresiji pojedinih proteina povezanih s autofagijom, najvjerojatnije zbog nedostatka gangliozida GD3 i promjene ukupnog sastava gangliozida.GD3 synthase, enzyme that catalyses formation of GD3, disialoganglioside of b-series, by adding sialic acid resiude on GM3, monosialoganglioside of a-series, is encoded by St8sia1 gene. GD3 is involved in several stages of autophagy process. It colocalizes with PIP3-BECN1 complex during the phagophore formation, interacts with LC3B in autophagosome membrane and with LAMP1 during the autolyzosome fomation. Lack of GD3 synthase leads to accumulation of a-series gangliosides and a deficiency of b- and c-series gangliosides. The aim of this theses was to investigate the effect of St8sia1 silencing on the expression of proteins HSC70, LC3B, LAMP2A, GRP78 and mTOR which are involved in autophagy. Histological sections of ear of nine St8sia1 knockout mice and five wild-type mice were used for detection of proteins HSC70, LC3B, LAMP2A, GRP78 and mTOR by immunofluorescence staining. The epidermis parts were separated and analyzed in order to quantify the expression of the proteins of interest. Increase in the expression of proteins HSC70, GRP78 and mTOR was observed in St8sia1 knockout mice, while the expression of protein LC3B was reduced. The expression of LAMP2A was not significantly different. The results of this study suggest that deficiency of GD3 synthase leads to changes in the expression of autophagy related proteins, which is probably related to GD3 deficiency and alterations of ganglioside composition
Comparative analysis of chiller operating with air- and water-cooled condenser
No full textTema završnog rada je usporedba rada rashladnog agregata s vodom i zrakom hlađenim kondenzatorom poslovne zgrade na području grada Zagreba. Nazivni rashladni učinak rashladnika vode iznosi 1 MW. Rashladno postrojenje koristi se za hlađenje vode u temperaturnom režimu 12/7 °C. Radna tvar je propan R290.
S konstantnim rastom cijena energenata, zahtjev za energetsko učinkovitim sustavima je sve veći. Osim uporabe frekventnih pretvarača za regulaciju kompresora, pumpi i ventilatora, odabir adekvatnog načina hlađenja kondenzatora u sustavima s rashladnicima kapljevine predstavlja krucijalan segment u energetskoj učinkovitosti cjelokupnog sustava. Odabir jednog sustava nad drugim nije toliko jednostavno koliko se čini; pogon ventilatora, kompresora i održavanje sustava samo su neke od komponenata koje se moraju uzeti u obzir pri odabiru principa hlađenja. U ovome radu provest će se detaljna termotehnička analiza koja će dati odgovor na pitanje koji način hlađenja kondenzatora je optimalan za zadani sustav i kolike su uštede odabirom jednog sustava nad drugim.The topic of the final paper is comparative analysis of chiller operating with air- and water-cooled condenser of an office building in the area of the city of Zagreb. The nominal cooling
effect of the evaporator is 1 MW, through which water passes, at a temperature regime of 12/7
°C, cooled by the working substance R290. With the constant rise in energy prices, the demand
for energy efficient systems is increasing. In addition to the use of frequency converters for the
regulation of pumps and fans, the selection of an adequate method of cooling the condenser in
systems with chillers represents a crucial segment in the energy efficiency of the entire system.
Choosing one system over another is not as simple as it seems; fan drive, compressor and
system maintenance are just few of the components that must be taken into account when
choosing a specific cooling system of chillers. In this paper, a detailed thermotechnical analysis
will be carried out, which will answer the question of which method of cooling the condenser
is optimal for the given system and how much savings there are by choosing one system over
another
Globalna strukturna analiza rešetkaste palubne konstrukcije poluuronjive plutajuće proizvodne jedinice
No full textThe goal of this thesis is to perform a global structural analysis of the deck truss structure of a semi-submersible Floating Production Unit (FPU). The primary objective of this structural analysis is to verify the global strength of the deck truss structure, ensuring its compliance with the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) rules for building and classifying Floating Production Installations (FPI). Semi-submersible FPUs are vital in offshore oil and gas production, providing a stable platform for drilling, production, and processing operations in deepwater environments. The deck truss structure is a critical component, supporting the topside facilities and ensuring the overall stability and integrity of the unit. The research involves developing a detailed finite element model (FEM) of the deck truss structure, incorporating material properties, geometric configuration s, and boundary conditions. The model is used to simulate various loading scenarios, including environmental loads, as well as operational loads from equipment and personnel. The analysis aims to identify critical stress points and potential failure modes, ensuring that the deck truss structure meets the required global strength criteria as specified by ABS standards
Strukturna analiza detalja rešetkaste palubne konstrukcije poluuronjive plutajuće proizvodne jedinice
No full textSemi-submersible oil platforms are used in areas with harsher meteorological conditions and at depths greater than 520 meters, where the use of fixed structures is no longer practical. These Floating Production Units (FPU) are column-stabilized floating units with usually four or six major columns. They are also anchored (moored) to the seabed, which allows the translation and rotation of the structure. The columns are connected to the watertight pontoons that are submerged under the sea level. These pontoons secure enough buoyancy of the structure which keeps it afloat even in the heavy seas. Since the waterline of these structures is located along the position of the column, the small waterplane area is the first advantage of such structures due to lower wave load. Pontoons are filled with water once the unit is placed in the desired drilling location, providing enough stability. The deck of the FPU is supported on the very top of the columns by a truss structure[1]. Clearance of the deck truss allows the crew and the equipment to work and operate at the minimum wave load conditions. The deck truss consists of upper (main) deck and lower (production) deck. These decks consist of different I-profiles (bar elements), and they are connected using tubular bars. Consequently, multiple elements will cross into one specific point, creating very complicated joints in the process. These joints require specific approach of analysis where plate elements will be used to model very detailed and complicated joints, which will be shown in this thesis. Yielding analysis of two specific critical deck truss structure joints will be performed until they satisfy yielding strength criterion as described in ABS Rules
Development of a conceptual solution for the storage space of a company for the production and sale of coffee
No full textOvaj diplomski rad obrađuje tematiku upravljanja zalihama i skladištenja materijala u odabranoj tvrtki unutar industrije kave. U uvodnom dijelu rada opisani su osnovni pojmovi iz područja logistike, s naglaskom na deset ključnih logističkih aktivnosti. Zatim je predstavljena odabrana tvrtka iz industrije kave te je, kroz ključne logističke aktivnosti, opisan logistički dio poslovanja tvrtke. U nastavku je dan detaljniji teorijski pregled logističkih aktivnosti upravljanja zalihama i skladištenja, a nakon toga je opisano kako se te dvije aktivnosti obavljaju u svakodnevnom poslovanju odabrane tvrtke. U zadnjem dijelu rada, predstavljeno je idejno rješenje skladištenja sirovina, kupovne robe i gotovih proizvoda u budućem proizvodno-skladišnom objektu tvrtke.This master’s thesis addresses the topic of inventory management and material storage in a selected company within the coffee industry. The introductory section outlines the basic concepts in logistics, with an emphasis on ten key logistics activities. Subsequently, the selected coffee industry company is presented, and the logistics aspect of its operations is described through these key logistics activities. The following section provides a detailed theoretical overview of inventory management and warehousing logistics activities, followed by a description of how these activities are performed in the daily operations of the chosen company. The final part of the thesis presents a conceptual solution for the storage of raw materials, purchased goods, and finished products in the company's future production and warehouse facility
Promiscuous aldol additions of phosphoenolpyruvate to aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes catalysed by PEP-dependent synthases
No full textStvaranje C-C veze ključna je u sintetskoj organskoj kemiji jer povezuje manje podjedinice u složenije molekule. Klasična sinteza zahtijeva sofisticirane asimetrične metode i zaštitu funkcionalnih skupina. Biokatalitička kondenzacija postaje sve zanimljivija jer omogućava dobivanje sterički čistih molekula bez potrebe za zaštitom funkcionalnih skupina. Ovaj rad istražuje neprirodne aldolne adicije fosfoenolpiruvata (PEP) na alifatske i aromatske aldehide, katalizirane PEP-ovisnim aldolazama, fokusirajući se na enzime DHAPH i KDOH iz metagenomske zbirke. Cilj rada bio je optimizirati reakcijske uvjete i ispitati konverziju i enantioselektivnost ovih enzima kako bi se utvrdila njihova primjenjivost u formiranju C-C veze. U eksperimentalnom dijelu, istraženo je 38 enzima iz metagenomske zbirke s različitim aldehidima. Najbolji rezultati postignuti su s enzimom KDOH i aldehidom fenilacetaldehidom, gdje su konverzije dosegle do 92,7 %. Posebno su se istaknuli karbamatni spojevi, s konverzijama koje su prelazile 56,6 %. Optimizacija udjela dimetilformamida (DMF) pokazala je da smanjenje DMF-a povećava enzimske aktivnosti, ali je njegovo potpuno uklanjanje nepoželjno zbog netopivosti aldehida u vodi. DMF udio od 5 % naspram 20 % doveo je do značajnog povećanja konverzije, čak do 44,9 %. Daljnja ispitivanja pročišćenih enzima pokazala su niže stope konverzije u usporedbi s početnim probirom, a neki od razloga mogu biti gubitk stabilizirajućih faktora ili parcijalne denaturacije enzima tijekom pročišćavanja. Također, enantioselektivnost se nije mogla jasno odrediti zbog niske aktivnosti enzima i formiranja nusprodukata umjesto ciljanih produkata reakcije. DHAPH i KDOH enzimi imaju potencijal za daljnju primjenu u formiranju C-C veze, ali su potrebna dodatna istraživanja i optimizacija reakcijskih uvjeta kako bi se postigli zadovoljavajući rezultati.The formation of C-C bonds is crucial in synthetic organic chemistry as it connects smaller subunits into more complex molecules. Sophisticated asymmetric methods and protection of functional groups are required in classical synthesis. Biocatalytic condensation is becoming increasingly interesting as it allows the production of sterically pure molecules without the need for functional group protection. Unnatural aldol additions of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, catalyzed by PEP-dependent aldolases, are investigated in this study, focusing on DHAPH and KDOH enzymes from a metagenomic library. The aim was to optimize reaction conditions and examine the conversion and enantioselectivity of these enzymes to determine their applicability in C-C bond formation.
In the experimental part, 38 enzymes from the metagenomic library were tested with different aldehydes. The best results were achieved with the KDOH enzyme and phenylacetaldehyde, with conversions reaching up to 92,7 %. Carbamate compounds were particularly notable, with conversions exceeding 56,6 %. Optimization of dimethylformamide (DMF) content showed that reducing DMF increases enzyme activities, but its complete removal is undesirable due to the insolubility of aldehydes in water. A DMF content of 5 % compared to 20% led to a significant increase in conversion, up to 44,9 %. Further testing of purified enzymes showed lower conversion rates compared to initial screening, possibly due to the loss of stabilizing factors or partial denaturation of enzymes during purification. Additionally, enantioselectivity could not be clearly determined due to low enzyme activity and the formation of by-products instead of target reaction products. DHAPH and KDOH enzymes have potential for further application in C-C bond formation, but additional research and optimization of reaction conditions are needed to achieve satisfactory results
Material working conditions in Physical and Health Education classes
No full textTema ovog diplomskog rada je utjecaj materijalnih uvjeta rada na kvalitetu nastave Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture u osnovnim školama. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na razlike između škola u urbanim sredinama, koje često raspolažu boljim uvjetima, i onih u ruralnim područjima, gdje su materijalni resursi ograničeni. U radu se analiziraju ključni aspekti tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture, uključujući važnost rane tjelesne aktivnosti, prilagodbu nastavnih sadržaja razvojnoj dobi učenika te utjecaj socioekonomskih čimbenika na zdravlje i tjelesni razvoj djece.
Također, razmatra se uloga dodatnih aktivnosti kao što su natjecanja u razredu, zimovanja i ljetovanja, koje za učenike iz škola s lošim materijalnim uvjetima predstavljaju iznimno vrijedne prilike za stjecanje novih iskustava i širenje vidika. Ove aktivnosti pomažu u prevladavanju nedostataka u svakodnevnom školskom okruženju, potičući učenike na razvijanje samopouzdanja, socijalnih vještina i zdravih životnih navika.
Kroz analizu relevantne literature i kurikularnih zahtjeva, rad ukazuje na važnost modernizacije školske infrastrukture i kontinuirane edukacije učitelja u cilju osiguravanja ravnopravnog pristupa kvalitetnoj tjelesnoj i zdravstvenoj kulturi za sve učenike. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na potrebu za poboljšanjem uvjeta rada u školama u ruralnim područjima, gdje nedostatak osnovnih resursa može negativno utjecati na motivaciju učenika i njihove zdravstvene ishode.
Zaključak rada ističe da, unatoč izazovima, kreativni pristupi i dodatne aktivnosti mogu značajno doprinijeti kvaliteti nastave i ukupnom razvoju učenika, te daje smjernice za daljnja istraživanja i praktične preporuke za unaprjeđenje materijalnih uvjeta u školama.The topic of this thesis is the impact of material working conditions on the quality of physical and health education in primary schools. Special emphasis is placed on the differences between schools in urban areas, which often have better conditions, and those in rural areas, where material resources are limited. The thesis analyzes key aspects of physical and health education, including the importance of early physical activity, the adaptation of teaching content to the developmental age of students, and the influence of socioeconomic factors on the health and physical development of children.
The role of additional activities, such as classroom competitions, winter camps, and summer camps, is also considered, as these represent extremely valuable opportunities for students from schools with poor material conditions to gain new experiences and broaden their horizons. These activities help to overcome the shortcomings of everyday school environments, encouraging students to develop confidence, social skills, and healthy lifestyle habits.
Through the analysis of relevant literature and curricular requirements, the paper highlights the importance of modernizing school infrastructure and the continuous education of teachers to ensure equal access to quality physical and health education for all students. Special emphasis is placed on the need to improve working conditions in schools in rural areas, where the lack of basic resources can negatively affect students' motivation and health outcomes.
The conclusion emphasizes that, despite the challenges, creative approaches and additional activities can significantly contribute to the quality of teaching and the overall development of students and provides guidelines for further research and practical recommendations for improving material conditions in schools