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Nosocomial infections in Zabok General Hospital and Croatian Ve
No full textCilj istraživanja: Utvrditi prevalenciju bolničkih infekcija prema trenutnim MDR uzročnicima, utvrditi distribuciju uzročnih patogena prema bolničkim odjelima i procijeniti ishod zaraženih bolesnika, uključujući analizu trajanja i ishode liječenja.
Vrsta studije: Retrospektivna studija.
Ispitanici i metode: Ispitanici istraživanja bili su hospitalizirani pacijenti u periodu od 1. siječnja 2022. do 31. prosinca 2024., a njihovo liječenje bilo je komplicirano razvojem bolničke infekcije. Za realizaciju studije upotrijebljeni su podatci o inficiranim pacijentima koji su pribavljeni iz bolničkog informatičkog sustava.
Rezultati: Ukupna prevalencija bolničkih infekcija u studiji iznosila je 0,71 %. Najčešći izolirani uzročnik bolničkih infekcija je Acinetobacter baumanii (33 %). Najveći broj hospitaliziranih pacijenata boravio je u vrijeme infekcije u Jedinici intenzivnog liječenja (njih 46 %) i na tom odjelu stopa prevalencije iznosila je 13,98 %. Najčešća infekcija (od njih 206) bila je pneumonija (56 %). Najčešći ishod bolničkih infekcija je smrt kod 36 % pacijenata, a potom otpust, odnosno izlječenje kod 35 % pacijenata.
Zaključak: Istraživanje prevalencije bolničkih infekcija u Općoj bolnici tijekom triju godina ukazuje na stopu prevalencije od 0,71 %. Relativno nizak postotak dovodi do zaključka da Bolnica uspješno provodi preventivne mjere i postupke kontrole infekcija. Ipak, i dalje je potrebno kontinuirano praćenje i redovito revidiranje postojećih higijenskih protokola i radnih uputa, ulaganje u edukaciju zdravstvenog i nezdravstvenog osoblja, implementaciju novih tehnologija te dodatna istraživanja s ciljem boljeg razumijevanja faktora koji mogu utjecati na pojavu bolničkih infekcija.Research objective: Determining the prevalence of hospital infections according to current MDR pathogens, determining the distribution of causative pathogens according to hospital departments, and assessing the outcome of infected patients, including an analysis of the duration and the outcome of the treatment.
Type of study: Retrospective study
Respondents and methods: The study subjects were the patients hospitalized from January 1, 2022 to December 31 2024, whose treatment worsened due to development of a hospital-acquired infection. The study was conducted according to the data from the infected patients obtained from the hospital information system.
Results: The overall prevalence of hospital infections in study was 0.71 %. The most common isolated pathogen of hospital infections was Acinetobacter baumanii (33 %). At the time of infection, most oft the hospitalized patients were situated in the Intensive care unit (46 %), and the prevalence rate in that department was 13.98 %. The most common infection (of the 206) was pneumonia (56 %). The most common outcome of hospital infections was death in 36 % of patients, followed by the medical discharge or healing in 35 % of the patients.
Conclusion: The study of the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections in a general hospital over a three-year period indicated a prevalence rate of 0.71 %. The relatively low percentage leads to the conclusion that the Hospital is successfully implementing preventive measures and procedures in the infection control. However, continuous monitoring and regular revision of the existing hygiene protocols and work instructions are still necessary, as well as investing in the education of healthcare and non-healthcare staff, the implementation of new technologies, and the additional research to better understand the factors that can influence the occurrence of hospital-acquired infections
The role of artificial intelligence in performing management functions : Final paper
No full textSvrha ovog završnog rada je prikaz raznih načina pomoću kojih organizacije svakodnevno koriste
umjetnu inteligenciju u svom poslovanju. Primjena umjetne inteligencije (UI) u menadžmentu
postaje sve važnija tema za organizacije zbog njezine brzine i preciznosti u obavljanju zadataka.
Unazad par godina znatno je uznapredovala i promijenila način na koji organizacije posluju.
U poslovnom svijetu koristi se u različitim menadžerskim funkcijama kao što su planiranje,
organiziranje, upravljanja ljudskim potencijalima te kontrola unutar poduzeća. Cilj rada je analiza
prednosti i izazove primjene umjetne inteligencije u obavljanju upravljačkih funkcija. U uvodnom
dijelu rada prikazan je opći pregled primjene UI u menadžmentu, s naglaskom na analizu i
donošenje odluka te automatizaciju. Nadalje, sistematizirani su načini pomoću kojih pomaže u
preciznijem postavljanju ciljeva, praćenju izvedbe zaposlenika, boljem predviđanju, ili boljoj
organizaciji i drugim menadžerskim funkcijama. Osim glavnih funkcija u menadžmentu, prikazana
je i šira primjena UI u različitim poslovnim područjima poput marketinga, financija, upravljanja
rizicima te strateškog upravljanja. Menadžeri koji koriste umjetnu inteligenciju u svakodnevnom
radu štede vrijeme i novac svojoj organizaciji, te tako imaju vremena za rješavanje drugih strateški
važnijih problema. Zaključno, umjetna inteligencija može uvelike pomoći organizaciji da ostane
konkurentna i da unaprijedi svoje poslovanje. Ujedno, primjena UI će otvoriti mogućnosti za
potpuno nova radna mjesta te istovremeno zamijeniti rutinske poslove ili podatkovno kompleksne
analize sa novim načinima rada kojima će se zaposlenici morati kontinuirano prilagođavati.The purpose of this final paper is to present various ways in which organizations use artificial
intelligence (AI) in their daily operations. The application of AI in management has become an
increasingly important topic for organizations due to its speed and accuracy in performing tasks.
In recent years, it has significantly advanced and transformed the way organizations operate.
In the business world, it is used across different managerial functions such as planning, organizing,
human resource management, and control within a company. The aim of this paper is to analyze
the advantages and challenges of applying AI in performing managerial functions. The introductory
part provides a general overview of AI application in management, with a focus on analysis,
decision-making, and automation. Furthermore, the paper systematizes the ways in which AI
contributes to more precise goal setting, performance monitoring, forecasting, improved
organization, and other managerial functions. In addition to core management functions, the
broader application of AI in various business areas such as marketing, finance, risk management,
and strategic management is also presented. Managers who use AI in their daily work save time
and money for their organization, enabling them to focus on solving other strategically important
issues. In conclusion, AI can significantly help organizations remain competitive and improve their
operations. At the same time, its application will create entirely new jobs while replacing routine
tasks or data-intensive analyses with new ways of working that employees will need to
continuously adapt to
The Role of Retail-Ready Packaging in the Consumer Shopping Experience : Graduate paper
No full textOvaj diplomski rad istražuje utjecaj pakovanja spremnog za maloprodaju na potrošačko
ponašanje, odnosno na percepciju, navike i preferencije kupaca u maloprodajnom okruženju.
Cilj rada bio je utvrditi koliko ovakva ambalaža, koja je primarno korištena zbog optimizacije
logistike i lakšeg izlaganja proizvoda, zapravo utječe na odluke potrošača.
Kroz kvantitativno istraživanje provedeno na 114 ispitanika, analizirani su njihovi stavovi o
vizualnoj privlačnosti pakiranja, utjecaju pozicije na polici, učestalosti kupovine te važnosti
faktora poput cijene, kvalitete i dizajna proizvoda. Rezultati pokazuju da pakovanje spremno
za maloprodaju potrošači većinom percipiraju kao tehnički, ali ne marketinški alat. Iako ne
doživljavaju ovu vrstu ambalaže kao pokazatelj kvalitete, prepoznaju njezinu praktičnost i
ulogu u urednijem izgledu prodajnog prostora.
Najveći utjecaj na kupovne odluke imaju kvaliteta proizvoda, cijena i jasnoća informacija, dok
vizualni elementi poput boje i dizajna pakovanja imaju važnu ulogu u privlačenju pažnje,
posebno kod impulzivnih kupovina ili kod manje poznatih brendova. Istraživanje također ističe
važnost fizičke prisutnosti proizvoda, unatoč očekivanjima da mlađe generacije, poput
generacije Z, preferiraju isključivo online kupovinu.
Iako pakovanje spremno za maloprodaju samo po sebi nije presudan faktor u odluci o kupnji,
njezina pravilna upotreba u kombinaciji s dobrim dizajnom, jasnom komunikacijom i
strateškim pozicioniranjem može pozitivno utjecati na ukupno potrošačko iskustvo i vidljivost
proizvoda na tržištu.This thesis investigates the impact of retail-ready packaging on consumer behavior, i.e. on the
perception, habits and preferences of customers in the retail environment. The aim of the paper
was to determine to what extent this type of packaging, which is primarily used to optimize
logistics and facilitate product display, actually influences consumer decisions.
Through a quantitative survey conducted on 114 respondents, their views on the visual appeal
of packaging, the influence of position on politics, purchase frequency and factors of
importance such as price, quality and product design were analyzed. The results show that
consumers mostly perceive retail-ready packaging as a technical, but not a marketing tool.
Although they do not perceive this type of packaging as an indicator of quality, they recognize
its practicality and role in a tidier appearance of the retail space.
The greatest influence on purchasing decisions is the quality of the product, price and clear
information, while visual elements such as color and packaging design play an important role
in attracting attention, especially in impulsive purchases or with lesser-known brands. The
research also highlights the importance of the physical presence of the product, despite
expectations that younger generations, such as Generation Z, prefer to shop exclusively online.
Although RRP packaging in itself is not a decisive factor in the purchase decision, its proper
use in combination with good design, clear communication and strategic positioning can
positively influence the overall consumer experience and visibility of the product in the market
Architectural - urban design of Retfala - south business zone
No full textTema završnog rada je urbanističko i arhitektonsko rješenje poslovne zone Retfala Jug na zapadnom dijelu Osijeka. Idejno urbanističko rješenje osmišljeno je kako bi unaprijedilo postojeće okruženje, poboljšalo prometnu povezanost te stvorilo uvjete za budući razvoj. Fokusirano je na jasnu komunikaciju između različitih dijelova zone i njene vitalnosti izvan radnog vremena. Dobivena markica za daljnju razradu nalazi se na sjeverozapadnom dijelu obuhvata, čime položaj parcele postaje prva točka u razvijanju koncepta. Ideja je stvoriti reprezentativni orijentir u prostoru, jasno vidljiv s prilazeće prometnice. Arhitektonsko rješenje je izvedeno da se zgrada uzdiže svojom visinom kako bi postala reprezentativan orijentir na samom ulazu u grad. Spiralno, rotacijski, stepenasto i terasasto slaganje etaža stvara vanjske terase koje obogaćuju zgradu svojim mikroambijentima i zgrada se tako nastoji fokusirati na doticaj korisnika i okoline.The topic of the final thesis is the urban and architectural design of the Retfala Jug business zone in the western part of Osijek. The conceptual urban solution was designed to improve the existing environment, i mprove traffic connections and create conditions for future development. It is focused on clear communication between different parts of the zone and its vitality outside of working hours. The obtained plot for further development is located in the northwestern part of the district, making the position of the plot the first point in developing the concept. The idea is to create a r epresentative landmark in space, clearly visible from the approaching road. The architectural solution is designed so that the building rises in height to become a representative landmark at the very entrance to the city. The spiral, rotational, stepped and terraced arrangement of floors creates terraces that enrich the building with its micro-ambiences and the building thus seeks to focus on the interaction between users and the environment
Value Added Tax: Theoretical Framework and Empirical Impact Analysis on the Budget and Economy : Graduate paper
No full textPorez na dodanu vrijednost (PDV) jedan je od najčešće korištenih oblika oporezivanja. Ključna
karakteristika PDV-a je da omogućuje formiranje realnih tržišnih cijena budući da se svi
proizvodi i usluge oporezuju pod istim uvjetima. PDV u Republici Hrvatskoj predstavlja
predmet rasprave u gospodarskim i političkim krugovima, a u Republici Hrvatskoj trenutna
standardna stopa iznosi 25% što je među najvišima u Europi. Ovaj rad ima za cilj istražiti pojam
i načela PDV-a, povijest i razvoj PDV-a u Republici Hrvatskoj te istražiti primjenu PDV-a u
Republici Hrvatskoj. Osim toga, istražit će se funkcija i značaj PDV-a u fiskalnoj politici i
utjecaju na gospodarstvo. U empirijskom dijelu ovog diplomskog rada prikazano je kako PDV
utječe na potrošnju i životni standard potrošača, kako utječe na specifične sektore te će se
prikazati usporedba stopa PDV-a Republike Hrvatske s drugim zemljama članicama EU.
Zaključno, analiza pokazuje da je PDV jedan od ključnih fiskalnih instrumenata u Republici
Hrvatskoj te ima značajan utjecaj na proračunske prihode, potrošnju i gospodarsku aktivnost.
Usporedba s ostalim članicama EU ukazuje na razlike u pristupima oporezivanju te moguće
prilagodbe porezne politike u budućnosti.Value Added Tax (VAT) is one of the most commonly used forms of taxation. A key
characteristic of VAT is that it enables the formation of real market prices, as all goods and
services are taxed under the same conditions. In the Republic of Croatia, VAT is a subject of
debate in both economic and political circles. The current standard VAT rate in Croatia is 25%,
which is among the highest in Europe. This paper aims to explore the concept and principles of
VAT, the history and development of VAT in the Republic of Croatia, as well as its
implementation in practice. Furthermore, the paper will examine the function and significance
of VAT in fiscal policy and its impact on the economy. The empirical part of this thesis presents
how VAT affects consumer spending and living standards, its influence on specific sectors, and
includes a comparison of VAT rates in Croatia with those of other EU member states. In
conclusion, the analysis shows that VAT is one of the key fiscal instruments in the Republic of
Croatia, with a significant impact on budget revenues, consumption, and economic activity. The
comparison with other EU member states highlights differences in taxation approaches and
potential adjustments to tax policy in the future
Impact of anthracycline-based chemotherapy on oxidative stress, inflammation and methylation status of RB1 gene in peripheral blood in patients with sarcoma
No full textOvo istraživanje provedeno na kohorti bolesnika sa sarkomom pokazalo je da bolesnici sa sarkomom mogu imati promjenu metilacije gena RB1 u leukocitima periferne krvi te da se viša razina upale i niža razina antioksidansa u perifernoj krvi može povezati s većim tumorskim opterećenjem. Niža razina oksidacijskog stresa i upale te snižena metilacija CpG85 gena RB1 nakon kemoterapije antraciklinima odražava njen pozitivan učinak.This study conducted on a cohort of patients with sarcoma showed that patients with sarcoma may have changes in the methylation of the RB1 gene in peripheral blood leucocytes, and that higher levels of inflammation and lower levels of antioxidants in peripheral blood can be associated with greater tumor burden. The lower levels of oxidative stress and inflammation, along with the reduced methylation of the CpG85 region of the RB1 gene after anthracycline chemotherapy, reflect its positive effect
The Impact of Clinical Teaching on the Conceptualization of Disease: A Case Study of Faculty of Medicine Osijek Students
No full textCilj istraživanja:
Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati kako klinička nastava utječe na konceptualizaciju bolesti kod
studenata medicine, te analizirati razlike u percepciji bolesti između studenata pretkliničkih i
kliničkih godina studija.
Nacrt studije:
Provedena je presječna studija na Medicinskom fakultetu Osijek.
Ispitanici i metode:
U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 115 studenata prve, druge, pete i šeste godine integriranog
prijediplomskog i diplomskog studija medicine. Studenti su ispunjavali anketni upitnik s 50 pitanja
o konceptualizaciji bolesti. Prikupljeni su i demografski podaci, a rezultati su analizirani
deskriptivnom i inferencijalnom statistikom.
Rezultati:
Studenti pete i šeste godine značajno češće određena stanja prepoznaju kao bolesti u odnosu na
studente prve i druge godine. Najveće slaganje svih ispitanika postignuto je kod infektivnih i
malignih bolesti (npr. tuberkuloza, karcinom pluća), dok su stanja poput akni, tinitusa i
intoksikacije alkoholom rjeđe prepoznata kao bolesti, osobito među studentima pretkliničkih
godina. Žene su u manjoj mjeri sklone određena stanja prepoznati kao bolest, a prisutnost
zdravstvenih radnika u obitelji povećava sklonost prepoznavanju bolesti.
Zaključak:
Klinička nastava značajno utječe na konceptualizaciju bolesti kod studenata medicine, pri čemu
studenti viših godina šire poimaju pojam bolesti. Percepcija bolesti ovisi o razini medicinskog
znanja, osobnim iskustvima i društvenim utjecajima, što ukazuje na važnost praktične nastave u
oblikovanju budućih liječnika.Title: The Influence of Clinical Teaching on Conceptualization of Disease on the Example of
Faculty of Medicine Osijek Students
Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine how clinical teaching influences the
conceptualization of disease among medical students, and to analyze differences in disease
perception between preclinical and clinical year students.
Study Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine in Osijek.
Participants and Methods: The study included 115 students from the first, second, fifth, and
sixth years of the integrated undergraduate and graduate medical program. Students completed a
questionnaire with 50 items regarding the conceptualization of disease, along with demographic
data. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: Fifth- and sixth-year students significantly more often recognized certain conditions as
diseases compared to first- and second-year students. The highest agreement among all participants
was observed for infectious and malignant diseases (e.g., tuberculosis, lung cancer), while
conditions such as acne, tinnitus, and alcohol intoxication were less frequently recognized as
diseases, especially among preclinical students. Female students were less likely to recognize
certain conditions as diseases, and the presence of healthcare professionals in the family increased
the tendency to recognize diseases.
Conclusion: Clinical teaching significantly influences the conceptualization of disease among
medical students, with senior students adopting a broader concept of disease. Disease perception
depends on the level of medical knowledge, personal experience, and social influences,
highlighting the importance of practical teaching in shaping future physician
Kojem razdoblju pripada renesansa?
No full textKojem razdoblju pripada renesansa? Ah, svi će povikati, lagano pitanje, svi to znaju, 15.-16. stoljeće, to je renesansa! No je li baš tako? Koja su uopće obilježja renesanse
Methods for optical detection of perfluoroalkyl compounds
No full textPerfluoroalkilne i polifluoroalkilne tvari, PFAS, predstavljaju skupinu toksičnih i vrlo opasnih spojeva koje se dugoročno zadržavaju u okolišu i ljudskom organizmu. Vrlo su otporne i stabilne čak i pri ekstremnim uvjetima te ih je zbog toga teško detektirati i ukloniti. Nakon dugotrajnih istraživanja i mnogo uloženog truda razvijene su metode koje pomažu u prepoznavanju PFAS spojeva u vodi, tlu, krvi i hrani. Ovaj rad obuhvaća detaljan prikaz djelovanja tih metoda, a kao najpouzdanija i kao metoda koja donosi najbolje rezultate bez da zahtjeva kompleksnu pripremu prije same detekcije, smatra se LC-MS/MS analiza. U ovom radu opisane se mnoge druge metode kao što su elektrokemijske, optičke, fluorescencijske i kolorimetrijske. Glavni cilj ovog rada je predstaviti opasnost koju uzrokuju PFAS spojevi te opisati najpouzdanije metode kojima se navedeni spojevi detektiraju u prirodi.Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represent a group of toxic and highly hazardous compounds that persist in the environment and the human body over long periods. They are extremely resistant and stable, even under extreme conditions, which makes them difficult to detect and remove. After extensive research and significant effort, methods have been developed to help identify PFAS compounds in water, soil, blood, and food. This paper provides a detailed overview of how these methods work, with LC-MS/MS analysis being considered the most reliable and effective technique, as it delivers the best results without requiring complex sample preparation prior to detection. The paper also describes various other methods such as electrochemical, optical, fluorescence, and colorimetric techniques. The main objective of this work is to present the dangers posed by PFAS compounds and to describe the most reliable methods used to detect these substances in the environment
The effects of pesticides on the development of biofilms
No full textBiofilm je skup mikrobnih kolonija zatvorenih unutar samo-proizvedenog
ekstracelularnog polisaharidnog matriksa (glikokaliksa). U ovom je radu istražen te opisan utjecaj pesticida
na aktivnost biofilmova. Biofilmovi su razvijani u mikrotitracijskim pločicama gdje su kvantificirani pomoću
Kristal violet testa. Enzimska aktivnost je izmjerena pomoću UV-Vis spektrofotometra. Dokazano je da
manje koncentracije pesticida imaju slabiji utjecaj na razvoj biofilmova.Biofilm is an aggregate of microbial colonies enclosed in self-produced extracellular polysaccharide matrix
(glycocalyx). This paper researches and describes the effects of several types of pesticides on sole activity of
biofilms formed in the soil. Biofilms were developed in microtitle plates where they were quanitified using
Crystal violet assay. Enzym activitiy was measured using UV-Vis spectrophotomete. It was proven that
lower concentration of pesticide have weaker effect on the development of biofilms