Repository of Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek
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Precipitation in synthetic urine
No full textBiomineralizacija obuhvaća složene biokemijske procese u kojima nastaju vrsta mineralizirana tkiva. Patološka biomineralizacija je proces u kojem dolazi do taloženja nepoželjnih minerala u tkivima što može narušiti normalno funkcioniranje organa te organskih sustava. Urolitijaza predstavlja jedan od najzastupljenijih oblika patološke biomineralizacije u modernom društvu, a podrazumijeva stvaranje kamenaca u mokraćnom sustavu. Na njezinu pojavu utječu različiti genetski, nutritivni i ekološki čimbenici te stil života i svakodnevne navike. Najčešći mineral u sastavu mokraćnih kamenaca je kalcijev oksalat. Postoje tri hidratna oblika kalcijevih oksalata: kalcijev oksalat monohidrat (COM),kalcijev oksalat dihidrat (COD) te kalcijev oksalat trihidrat (COT). U ovom završnom radu provedena su istraživanja taložnog sustava umjetnog urina u uvjetima hiperoksalurije. Sintetizirana je stabilna monohidratna faza kalcijeva oksalata čiji su kristali okarakterizirani optičkom mikroskopijom, infracrvenom spektroskopijom te rendgenskom difrakcijom na prahu. Cilj završnog rada bio je istražiti utjecaj različitih koncentracija oksalata na taloženje monohidratne faze kalcijeva oksalata u simuliranim fiziološkim uvjetima.Biomineralization encompasses complex biochemical processes that result in the formation of solid mineralized tissues. Pathological biomineralization is a process in which undesirable minerals are deposited in tissues, potentially disrupting the normal function of organs and organ systems. Urolithiasis is one of the most prevalent forms of pathological biomineralization in modern society and refers to the formation of stones in the urinary system. Its occurrence is influenced by various genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors, as well as lifestyle and daily habits. The most common mineral found in urinary stones is calcium oxalate. There are three hydrated forms of calcium oxalate: calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD), and calcium oxalate trihydrate (COT). In this thesis, research was conducted on a precipitation system using artificial urine under hyperoxaluric conditions. A stable monohydrate phase of calcium oxalate was synthesized, and its crystals were characterized by optical microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. This thesis aimed to investigate the influence of different oxalate concentrations on the precipitation of the monohydrate phase of calcium oxalate
under simulated physiological conditions
Assessment of cooper in biological samples of inhabitants of Eastern Croatia
No full textRad je proveden s ciljem procjene koncentracije bakra (Cu) u biološkim uzorcima (serumu, urinu i kosi) stanovnika istočne Hrvatske. Koncentracije bakra određene su metodom ICP-MS (induktivno spregnuta plazma – masena spektrometrija), a dobiveni rezultati su analizirani metodama osnovne statistike i klaster analizom. Većina vrijednosti koncentracije bakra u serumu, urinu i kosi 594 ispitanika s 11 različitih lokacija isto ne Hrvatske, bila je unutar vrijednosti dobivenih na područjima koja nisu bila izložena antropogenim utjecajima. Zabilježene su i manje razlike unutar istraživanih lokacija. Rasponi medijana koncentracija bakra iznosili su: u serumu 744,4 – 1022,23 μg/L, u urinu 6,49 – 28,98 μg/L i kosi 6,2 – 23,57 μg/g.The study was conducted with the aim of assessing copper (Cu) concentrations in biological samples (serum, urine, and hair) of residents from eastern Croatia. Copper concentrations were determined using the ICP-MS method (Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry), and the obtained results were analyzed using basic statistical methods and cluster analysis. Most of the copper concentration values in serum, urine, and hair of 594 participants from 11 different locations in eastern Croatia were within the range of values observed in areas not exposed to anthropogenic influences. Minor differences were also recorded among the investigated locations. The ranges of median copper concentrations were as follows: in serum 744.4 – 1022.23 μg/L, in urine 6.49 – 28.98 μg/L, and in hair 6.2 – 23.57 μg/g
The impact of shift work on the quality of life of nurses/technicians in Zabok General Hospital and Croatian Veterans Hospital
No full textCilj istraživanja: Cilj istraživanja je ispitati čimbenike koje pridonose lošoj kvaliteti života i sna kod medicinskih sestara/tehničara koji rade u smjenama. Sekundarni cilj istraživanja je ispitati postoje li razlike između kvalitete života i sna s medicinskim sestrama koje rade u jutarnjoj smjeni.
Nacrt istraživanja: Za potrebe ovog istraživanja provedena je presječna studija.
Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanju su sudjelovali zaposlenici Opće bolnice Zabok i bolnice hrvatskih veterana koji rade kao medicinske sestre i tehničari u smjenskom ili isključivo jutarnjem rasporedu. Ostali djelatnici nisu bili uključeni jer nisu zadovoljavali definirane kriterije. Ukupno je ispitano 140 sudionika, a podaci su prikupljeni putem anonimne ankete. Za statističku analizu korištene su standardne statističke metode.
Rezultati: Ispitanici koji rade smjenski rad značajno lošije iskazuju opću kvalitetu života, češće se osjećaju umorno nakon posla, više doživljavaju stres na radnom mjestu i negativnije ocjenjuju utjecaj rada na slobodno vrijeme i obiteljski život.
Zaključak: Ispitanici koji rade jutarnji rad iskazuju veće zadovoljstvo kvalitetom sna, imaju manje problema s usnivanjem i ocjenjuju opću kvalitetu života i sna boljom u odnosu na one koji rade u smjenama.Objectives: The primary aim of this research is to investigate factors that contribute to poor quality of life and sleep among nurses/technicians working in shifts. The secondary objective of the research is to compare the quality of life and sleep with nurses working morning shifts.
Study design: A cross-sectional study was conducted for the purposes of this research.
Subjects and methods: The study included nurses and medical technicians employed at Zabok General Hospital and the Croatian Veterans Hospital working either in shifts or exclusively morning schedules. Employees outside this category were excluded based on defined criteria. A total of 140 participants completed an anonymous survey. Standard statistical methods were used for data analysis.
Results: Respondents working shifts reported significantly lower overall quality of life. They felt tired more frequently after work, experienced higher levels of workplace stress, and rated the impact of work on their free time and family life more negatively.
Conclusion: Participants working morning shifts report higher satisfaction with sleep quality, fewer difficulties falling asleep, and generally better ratings of their overall quality of life and sleep compared to shift workers
Relationship of the level of coronary artery disease and function of the peripheral microcirculation
No full textCilj istraživanja: Cilj je bio utvrditi stupanj koronarne bolesti kod postakutnih i kroničnih
bolesnika s koronarnom bolešću. Također, cilj je bio utvrditi povezanost stupnja koronarne
srčane bolesti i mikrovaskularne reaktivnosti u odgovoru na podražaj acetilkolinom i
okluzijom (postokluzivna reaktivna hiperemija).
Ustroj studije: Istraživanje je ustrojeno kao presječno s povijesnim podacima.
Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanju su sudjelovale dvije skupine ispitanika. Uključeno je
ukupno 48 akutnih i 49 kroničnih bolesnika s koronarnim sindromom. Kod postojeće kohorte
bolesnika očitani su koronarografski nalazi i izračunati Gensini te SYNTAX scoreovi. Te su
vrijednosti analizirane uz već prikupljene vrijednosti funkcije periferne mikrocirkulacije, koja
je ispitivana kao promjena protoka krvi u mikrocirkulaciji kože podlaktice. Uključene su još i
biokemijska te antropometrijska mjerenja.
Rezultati: Skupina ispitanika s akutnom kardiovaskularnom bolešću imala je značajno
povišene razina kolesterola i urata. U skupini ispitanika s kroničnom kardiovaskularnom
bolešću postoji značajna poveznica između vrijednosti urata i vrijednosti SYNTAX (I, II PCI,
II CABAG) te Gensini scoreova. U obje skupine ispitanika postoji značajna povezanost
vrijednosti urata te SYNTAX II CABG i Gensini scoreova.
Zaključak: Ispitanici koji pripadaju skupini akutnih koronarnih bolesnika imaju veći stupanj
koronarne bolesti jer im je izmjeren veći SYNTAX i Gensini score u usporedbi s ispitanicima
s kroničnom koronarnom bolesti. Nije pronađena značajna povezanost između stupnja
koronarne srčane bolesti i mikrovaskularne reaktivnosti u odgovoru na podražaj acetilkolinom
i okluzijom (postokluzivna reaktivna hiperemija). Međutim, utvrđena je povezanost
poremećaja strukture konduktivnih krvnih žila s poremećajem mikrovaskularne reaktivnosti.Objectives: The aim was to determine the degree of coronary artery disease in acute and
chronic patients with coronary artery disease. The aim was to determine the connection of the
degree of coronary artery disease and microvascular reactivity in response to acetylcholine
and occlusion (PORH).
Study Design: The research was structured as cross-sectional with historical data.
Patients and Methods: The study was undertaken on two subject groups. 48 acute and 49
chronic patients with cardiovascular disease were included. Choronarographic findings were
used to calculate Gensini and SYNTAX scores. Those values were analised along with
peripheral circulation function values, which were tested as the change of microcirculation
blood flow in the forearm. Among the collected data were: age, sex, body mass index and
waist to hip ratio. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured and mean arterial
pressure values were noted. Biochemical blood measurements included: total cholesterol,
LDL and HDL cholesterol, plasma glucose, urate and transferrin.
Results: The study was conducted on 98 subjects, 76 male (78 %) and 21 female (22 %), aged
between 50 and 67 years. The group of subjects with acute cardiovascular disease had a
significantly high level of cholesterol and urates. There is a significant correlation between
urate levels and SYNTAX score II CABG and Gensini score values in both study groups.
Higher SYNTAX score II CABG values are significantly correlated with higher left and right
posterior CIMT values and both left and right interadventitious CCA measurements in both
study groups.
Conclusion: Subjects with acute coronary disease had a higher degree of coronary illness due
to higher values of SYNTAX score and Gensini score, unlike the subject group with chronic
coronary illness, where lower values were measured.
9. SUMMARY
27
No significant correlation between the degree of coronary ilness and microvascular reactivity
(measured as AchID and PORH) was found. However, the connection between the disorder of
the structure of conductive blood vessels and the disorder of microvascular reactivity has been
established
The Antioxidant Activity of Ice Cream Supplemented with Turmeric and Black Pepper Powder
No full textZačini koji se hrani dodaju za poboljšanje okusa, boje i mirisa, često imaju i antioksidativna svojstva. Zadatak ovog rada bio je ispitati utjecaj dodatka praha kurkume te crnog papra na antioksidacijska svojstva mliječnog sladoleda. Kurkuma u prahu dodavala se u udjelima 0,5 %, 1,0 % i 2,0 %, u dvije serije bez i s dodatkom crnog papra u udjelu 0,02 %, dok je mliječni sladoled bez dodataka služio kao kontrolni uzorak. Nakon proizvodnje sladoleda, isto kao i nakon jednog, dva i tri mjeseca skladištenja na dvije različite temperature (-18 °C i -32 °C) određen je udio ukupnih polifenola Folin-Ciocalteu-ovom metodom, antioksidacijska aktivnost sladoleda pomoću DPPH metode te indeks bjeline i žutine. Rezultati istraživanja ukazali su na to da je dodatak navedenih začina utjecao na povećanje indeksa žutine te smanjenje indeksa bjeline. Također, došlo je do značajnog povećanja udjela ukupnih polifenola, kao i antioksidacijske aktivnosti. Štoviše, dodatak papra dodatno je povećao ove vrijednosti. Tijekom skladištenja u trajanju od tri mjeseca došlo je do pada udjela ukupnih polifenola i antioksidacijske aktivnosti, a promjene su bile intenzivnije kod uzoraka skladištenih na -18 °C. Također, zamijećene su promjene analiziranih indeksa boje, upravo zbog moguće razgradnje pigmenata, a promjene su bile manje kod uzoraka skladištenih na -32 °C. Iako je udio ukupnih polifenola, a time i antioksidacijska aktivnost sladoleda tijekom tri mjeseca skladištenja opala, u sladoledu su i dalje prisutni polifenoli te ima antioksidacijsku aktivnost što pruža temelj za daljnje moguće iskorištenje ovih začina u proizvodnji sladoleda s potencijalnim funkcionalnim svojstvima.Spices added to food to enhance flavor, color, and aroma also have antioxidant properties. This study aimed to examine the effect of adding turmeric powder and black pepper on the antioxidant properties of dairy ice cream. Turmeric powder was added in amounts of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%, in two series: one without and one with the addition of black pepper at a concentration of 0.02 %, while dairy ice cream without spices serve as a control sample. After the ice cream production, as well as after one, two, and three months of storage (at -18 °C and – 32 °C), total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were analyzed, using a Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH method, respectively. In addition, the yellowness and whiteness index were also determined. The results indicated that the addition of the mentioned spices led to an increase in the yellowness index and a decrease in the whiteness index. Additionally, there was a significant increase in the total polyphenol content, as well as in antioxidant activity. Moreover, the addition of black pepper further enhanced these values. During storage over a three-month period, there was a decline in the total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity, with the changes being more pronounced in samples stored at -18 °C. Furthermore, due to pigment degradation during the storage, evaluated colour parameters were changed during the storage, while this change was less for samples stored at -32 °C. Although the total polyphenol content, and consequently the antioxidant activity of the ice cream, decreased during the three-month storage period, polyphenols are still present in the ice cream, and it retains antioxidant activity which provides a basis for the further potential use of these spices in the production of ice cream with potential functional properties
QUATERNIZATION OF PYRIDINE DERIVATES AND COUMARIN HALIDES
No full textU ovom radu opisana je sinteza kvaternih soli piridoksal-oksima reakcijama kvaternizacije piridin-2-
aldoksima, piridin-3-aldoksima i piridin-4-aldoksima s bromiranim kumarinskim spojevima (3-
bromacetilkumarin i 7-(2-brometoksi)-4-metilkumarin) u svrhu priprave novih spojeva s potencijalnim
biološkim aktivnostima. Također, u teorijskom dijelu istaknuta su svojstva i primjena piridina i derivata
kumarina na koje će se referirati produkti koji nastaju.This paper describes the synthesis of quaternary salts of pyridoxal oxime by the quaternization
reaction of pyridine-2-aldoxime, pyridine-3-aldoxime and pyridine-4-aldoxime with brominated coumarin
compounds (3-bromoacetyl coumarinand 7-(2-bromoethoxy)-4-metylcoumarin) with the purpose of forming
new compounds with potential biological activity. Furthermore, the theoretical part of the paper deals with the
properties and the application of pyridines and coumarin derivatives to which the resulting products will refer
Oxidative stress as pathological mechanism of parvalbumin interneurons damage
No full textOksidativno – redukcijski procesi događaju se u svim stanicama u
organizmu, a kada se ravnoteža pomakne u smjeru oksidacije govorimo o disbalansu koji dovodi do
stanja oksidativnog stresa – patološkog stanja u kojem se nakuplja toliko reaktivnih vrsta da ih naš
organizam više ne može efikasno otklanjati Brzoizbijajući parvalbuminski interneuroni posebno su
osjetljivi na oksidativni stres u periodu njihova postnatalnog sazrijevanja. Izlaganje NMDA
receptora nekompetitivnim antagonistima poput ketamina, koji blokiraju ove receptore, pokreće IL-
6/Nox2 put u kojem se aktivira Nox2 oksidaza, odgovorna za nakupljanje slobodnih radikala i
povišenja razine oksidativnog stresa koji ometa razvoj parvalbuminskih interneurona i može dovesti
do gubitka istih.Oxidative – reduction processes occur in all cells of the organism but when the
balance shifts in the direction of oxidation we have a disbalance which leads to state of oxidative
stress – pathological condition in which so many reactive speaces are accumulated that our body can
no longer effectively eliminate it. Fast-spiking parvalbumin interneurons are particularly sensitive
to oxidative stress in period of their postnatal maturation. Exposure of NMDA receptors to
noncompetitive antaginists such as ketamine, which block these receptors, triggers IL-6/Nox2
pathway in which the Nox2 oxidaze is acivated which is responsoable for accumulation of free
radicals and invoking oxidative stress that interferes the development of parvalbumin interneurons
and it can lead to thair loss
NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF WHEAT SEEDLINGS BIOFORTIFIED WITH IODINE
No full textJod kao esencijalni element sudjeluje u normalnom funkcioniranju organizma,
a naročito štitne žlijezde gdje je neophodan za sintezu tiroksina te trijodtironina. Malnutricija uzrokovana
neadekvatnim unosom joda može se spriječiti biofortifikacijom usjeva, kao i različitim dodacima prehrani.
Stoga je cilj ovog rada bio pšeničnu travu koja se često koristi kao dodatak prehrani, obogatiti jodom. Pšenična
trava bogata je vitaminima, mineralima, fenolnim spojevima te joj se pripisuju brojna pozitivna znanstveno
potvrđena djelovanja na ljudski organizam. Nutritivna vrijednost, u ovom istraživanju, vrednovana je
mjerenjem količine vitamina C, ukupnih fenola, klorofila, karotenoida, ukupnih šećera i celuloze te ukupne
antioksidacijske aktivnosti. Povećanjem koncentracije kalijeva jodida, koji se koristio za biofortifikaciju
pšenične trave, povećavala se i količina vitamina C, proteina, klorofila i ukupnih šećera u pšeničnoj travi. S
druge strane, visoke koncentracije pokazale su se toksičnima budući da je došlo do smanjenja biomase i
klijavosti pšenice. Stoga, pšenična trava obogaćena jodom zbog svoje nutritivne vrijednosti ima potencijal za
upotrebu u svakodnevnoj prehrani ili za liječenje malnutricije.As an essential element, iodine participates in the normal functioning of the organism,
especially the thyroid gland, where it is necessary for the synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
Malnutrition caused by inadequate iodine intake can be prevented by crop biofortification as well as various
dietary supplements. Therefore, the aim of this work was to enrich wheatgrass which is often used as a dietary
supplement with iodine. Wheatgrass is rich in vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds and is attributed to
many positive scientifically proven effects on the human body. Nutritional value, in this study, was evaluated
by measuring the amount of vitamin C, total phenols, chlorophyll, carotenoids, total sugars and cellulose, and
total antioxidant activity. By increasing the concentration of potassium iodide, which was used for the
biofortification of wheatgrass, the amount of vitamin C, protein, chlorophyll and total sugars in wheat grass
also increased. On the other hand, high concentrations proved to be toxic as there was a decrease in wheat
biomass and germination. Therefore, wheatgrass enriched with iodine due to its nutritional value has the
potential for use in the daily diet or for the treatment of malnutrition
SYNTHESIS OF SOME QUINAZOLINONE DERIVATIVES USING GREEN SYNTHETIC METHODS – A COMPARISON OF MECHANOSYNTHESIS AND ULTRASOUND ASSISTED SYNTHESIS
No full textKako bi se smanjio negativan utjecaj na okoliš, unazad nekoliko godina zelena
kemija ubrzano napreduje. Blaţi uvjeti reakcije, redukcija štetnih otapala, veća iskorištenja i kraće reakcijsko
vrijeme su sve prednosti zelenih metoda sinteze u odnosu na konvencionalne. Sinteza potpomognuta
ultrazvukom i mehanokemijska sinteza jedne su od zelenih metoda korištenih u ovomu radu. Te metode su
primjnjene za sintezu 20 različitih derivata Schiffovih baza. Schiffove baze su vaţna skupina spojeva jer
pokazuju antiupalna, antibakterijska, antivirusna, antikancerogena, antitumorska i mnoga druga pozitivna
svojstva. Ţeljene Schiffove baze sintetizirane su iz prekurzora 3-amino-2-metilkinazolin-4(3H)-ona i različito
supstituiranih aromatskih aldehida u različitom rasponu iskorištenjIn order to prevent a negative impact on environment, green chemistry is being rapidly
developed. Milder reaction conditions, reduction of harmful solvents, higher yields and shorter reaction time are
all benefits of green chemistry in comparison to the conventional methods. Ultrasound assisted synthesis and
mechanochemical synthesis are green chemistry methods used in this research. Using these methods, twenty
different Schiff bases were synthesised. Schiff bases are desirable compounds due to their anti-inflamtory, antibacterial, anti-viral, anri-cancer, anti-tumor and many other positive properties. Schiff bases were synthesized
from 3-amino-2-methyl-quinazolin-4(3H)-one and substitued aromatic aldehydes in different yields
Forms and legal effects of apparent concurrence in Croatian criminal lawv
No full textPrividni stjecaj, iako nije zakonski institut, vrlo često se pojavljuje u sudskoj praksi. Riječ je o situaciji u kojoj počinitelj s jednom ili s više radnji ispunjava bića dvaju ili više kaznenih djela, ali se osuđuje samo za jedno. Teorija razlikuje četiri oblika prividnog stjecaja. Općeprihvaćeni oblici su specijalnost, supsidijarnost i konsumpcija dok se alternativitet smatra spornim. Pregledavajući dostupnu literaturu, zaključuje se kako pojam prividnog stjecaja nije detaljno razrađen i analiziran. Od sredine 20. stoljeća nisu zabilježene značajnije promjene niti se hrvatska kaznenopravna teorija upuštala u dublju analizu ovog instituta. Doktorska disertacija polazi od činjenice kako je potrebno provesti istraživanje o tome koji se oblici prividnog stjecaja javljaju u hrvatskom kaznenom pravu, u poredbenim pravnim sustavima kao i u hrvatskoj sudskoj praksi te koji su njegovi pravni učinci. Kako bi se utvrdile sličnosti i razlike, u doktorskoj disertaciji uspoređen je institut prividnog stjecaja sa zakonski uređenim institutima i to s produljenim kaznenim djelom i beznačajnim djelom. Osim toga, posebno je analiziran prividni stjecaj u odnosu na načelo ne bis in idem i na Blockburger test. Kako bi se utvrdilo koji oblici prividnog stjecaja postoje u sudskoj praksi te je li sudska praksa po pitanju prividnog stjecaj ujednačena ili postoje različita pravna stajališta, provedeno je istraživanje koje je obuhvatilo sudske odluke od 2013. do 2024. godine pred različitim općinskim i županijskim sudovima, Visokim kaznenim sudom Republike Hrvatske i Vrhovnim sudom Republike Hrvatske. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na određena kaznena djela kod kojih se prividni stjecaj najčešće pojavljuje, kao što je kazneno djelo prijetnje, kazneno djelo nasilja u obitelji i kazneno djelo tjelesne ozljede. Iz široke analize, iznijet će se sažetak zaključaka do kojih se došlo razmatranjem prividnog stjecaja u poredbenim sustavima, hrvatskoj kaznenoj literaturi i sudskoj praksi te će se ukazati na nova rješenja i smjernice po pitanju prividnog stjecaja kako bi se otklonilo neujednačeno postupanje sudova, a posljedično i nesigurnost građana u pravni poredak. S obzirom da prividni stjecaj nije zakonski institut, u radu će se osvrnuti i na mogućnost zakonskog uređenja ovog instituta.Apparent concurrence, although not a legal institute, frequently appears in judicial practice. It refers to a situation where the perpetrator, with one or more actions, fulfills the elements of two or more criminal offenses but is convicted for only one. The theory distinguishes four forms of apparent concurrence. The generally accepted forms are specialty, subsidiarity and consumption, while alternativity is considered controversial. Upon reviewing the available literature, it is concluded that the concept of apparent concurrence has not been thoroughly elaborated or analyzed. Since the mid-20th century, there have been no significant changes, nor has Croatian criminal law theory delved into a deeper analysis of this institute. This doctoral dissertation is based on the fact that research is needed on which forms of apparent concurrence appear in Croatian criminal law, in comparative legal systems, as well as in Croatian judicial practice, and what its legal effects are. In order to determine the similarities and differences, the doctoral dissertation compares the institute of apparent concurrence with legally regulated institutes, namely, with the continuing offense and the insignificant offense. Additionally, apparent concurrence is specifically analyzed in relation to the principle of ne bis in idem and the Blockburger test. To determine which forms of apparent concurrence exist in judicial practice and whether judicial practice on the issue of apparent concurrence is consistent or if there are different legal positions, research was conducted covering final court decisions from 2013. to 2024. from various municipal and county courts, the High Criminal Court of the Republic of Croatia, and the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia. Special emphasis is placed on certain criminal offenses where apparent concurrence most commonly occurs, such as the criminal offense of threats, the criminal offense of domestic violence, and the criminal offense of bodily injury. From the broad analysis, a summary of the conclusions reached by examining apparent concurrence in comparative systems, Croatian criminal literature, and judicial practice will be presented, and new solutions and guidelines on the issue of apparent concurrence will be suggested to eliminate inconsistent court practices, and consequently, citizens' insecurity in the legal system. Since apparent concurrence is not a legal institute, a doctoral dissertation will also consider the possibility of legally regulating this institute