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Postupak donošenja proračuna jedinica lokalne samouprave
No full textPostupak donošenja proračuna jedinica lokalne samouprave predstavlja jedan od ključnih instrumenata lokalne uprave za planiranje, upravljanje i nadzor nad javnim financijama. Na primjeru Grada Zadra, analiziran je cjelokupan proces donošenja proračuna – od pripreme nacrta i sudjelovanja upravnih tijela, preko savjetovanja s javnošću, do donošenja i izvršenja proračuna. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na transparentnost, zakonitost i sudjelovanje građana u procesu planiranja financijskih prioriteta. U prvoj fazi procesa, upravna tijela Grada Zadra pripremaju prijedloge programa i planova koji se zatim konsolidiraju u nacrt proračuna. Nacrt se izrađuje u skladu s fiskalnim pravilima i zakonodavnim okvirom, osobito Zakonom o proračunu i Zakonom o lokalnoj i područnoj (regionalnoj) samoupravi. Uključivanje lokalnih zajednica kroz javne rasprave i savjetovanja važan je korak u osiguravanju participativnog pristupa. Nakon usvajanja prijedloga proračuna od strane gradskog vijeća, slijedi faza izvršenja, u kojoj se sredstva troše u skladu s planiranim stavkama, uz stalni nadzor financijskih službi i mogućnost rebalansa. Uspješnost provedbe ovisi o učinkovitoj koordinaciji svih aktera, poštivanju rokova te primjeni alata za fiskalni nadzor i izvještavanje. Na primjeru Grada Zadra vidljivo je kako kvalitetna izrada i provedba proračuna doprinosi stabilnosti javnih financija, razvoju lokalne infrastrukture i većem povjerenju građana. Istovremeno, ovo potvrđuje važnost jačanja kapaciteta lokalnih jedinica u financijskom upravljanju, kao i potrebe za kontinuiranim unapređenjem transparentnosti i otvorenosti u proračunskim procesima.The budget adoption process of local self-government units is one of the key tools for local authorities in planning, managing, and controlling public finances. Using the City of Zadar as an example, the entire budgeting process is analyzed – from draft preparation and the involvement of administrative bodies, through public consultations, to the adoption and execution of the budget. Special attention is given to transparency, legality, and citizen participation in setting financial priorities. In the initial phase, administrative departments of the City of Zadar prepare proposals for programs and plans, which are then consolidated into a draft budget. The draft is developed in accordance with fiscal rules and legal regulations, particularly the Budget Act and the Local and Regional Self-Government Act. Involving local communities through public discussions and consultations is a key step in ensuring a participatory approach. Once the city council adopts the budget proposal, the execution phase follows, during which funds are spent according to planned allocations, under continuous monitoring by financial departments and with the possibility of budget revision. Successful implementation depends on effective coordination, adherence to deadlines, and the use of fiscal control and reporting tools. The case of the City of Zadar demonstrates how well-prepared and executed budgets contribute to the stability of public finances, the development of local infrastructure, and increased citizen trust. It also highlights the importance of strengthening local units' financial management capacities and the need for continuous improvement of transparency and openness in budgetary processes
MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL TRADING COMPANIES IN THE AREA OF THE CITY OF NIN
No full textUpravljanje komunalnim trgovačkim društvima temelji se na osiguravanju učinkovitog i održivog pružanja komunalnih usluga građanima i turistima. Ključne djelatnosti ovih društava uključuju održavanje javnih površina, vodoopskrbu i odvodnju, gospodarenje otpadom, prometnu infrastrukturu te grobljanske i druge usluge od javnog interesa. Grad Nin kroz svoje komunalno društvo KOMUNALAC NIN d.o.o. nastoji osigurati kvalitetnu infrastrukturu i čistoću, uz pridržavanje ekoloških standarda i zakonskih regulativa. Financiranje se ostvaruje putem proračuna, komunalnih naknada i drugih prihoda, dok se upravljanje provodi kroz nadzorne odbore i gradske odluke. S obzirom na značaj turizma, posebna se pažnja posvećuje održavanju plaža, parkova i javnih površina, kao i modernizaciji sustava gospodarenja otpadom. Digitalizacija poslovanja i optimizacija resursa dodatno doprinose efikasnosti poslovanja ovog komunalnog društva. Komunalno trgovačko društvo KOMUNALAC NIN d.o.o. uspješno posluje već godinama, ali ono treba i dalje nastaviti razvijati strategije održivog razvoja komunalne infrastrukture, s naglaskom na ekološku odgovornost, digitalizaciju poslovanja i prilagodbu novim zakonskim regulativama.The management of utility companies is based on ensuring the efficient and sustainable provision of utility services to citizens and tourists. The key activities of these companies include the maintenance of public areas, water supply and drainage, waste management, transport infrastructure, and cemetery and other services of public interest. The City of Nin, through its utility company KOMUNALAC NIN d.o.o., strives to ensure quality infrastructure and cleanliness, while adhering to environmental standards and legal regulations. Financing is achieved through the budget, utility fees and other revenues, while management is carried out through supervisory boards and city decisions. Given the importance of tourism, special attention is paid to the maintenance of beaches, parks and public areas, as well as the modernization of the waste management system. Digitalization of business and optimization of resources further contribute to the efficiency of the business of this utility company. The utility company KOMUNALAC NIN d.o.o. has been operating successfully for years, but it needs to continue to develop strategies for the sustainable development of utility infrastructure, with an emphasis on environmental responsibility, digitalization of business and adaptation to new legal regulations
THE EUROPEAN MONETARY UNION
No full textEuropska monetarna unija (EMU) predstavlja jedan od najvažnijih oblika ekonomske
integracije u Europi, proizašao iz težnji za uspostavom stabilnog i konkurentnog tržišta nakon
razdoblja gospodarske i političke nestabilnosti, osobito nakon Drugog svjetskog rata. U procesu
integracije koji se temeljio na uvjerenju da je to jedini održivi put prema trajnom miru i razvoju,
naglasak je stavljen na stabilnost cijena, kontrolirani javni dug i deficit, stabilne kamatne stope
te stabilan devizni tečaj. Upravo to predstavlja konvergencijske kriterije za ulazak u monetarnu
uniju koji su utvrđeni 1992. u Maastrichtu kada je službeno uspostavljena Europska unija.
Nakon procesa integriranja Europe logičan korak je bio uspostaviti i institucionalizirati
monetarnu uniju što je i učinjeno u tri osnovne faze. Prva faza je od 1990. 1993. obilježena
uspostavom liberalnog kretanja kapitala. Drugu fazu od 1994. do 1998. obilježila je uspostava
Europskog monetarnog instituta čiju ulogu je preuzela Europska središnja banka, te obveza
država članica za ispunjenjem strogo utvrđenih konvergencijskih kriterija i osnivanje Europske
središnje banke. Treću faza od početka 1999. označilo je uvođenje valute euro u
bezgotovinskom obliku i Europskog tečajnog mehanizma II koji je bio za razliku od ERM I
zadužen za stabilnost tečaja između eura i valuta država članica koje se nalaze izvan
europodručja. Jedna od takvih država izvan europodručja bila je i Republika Hrvatska koja se
01. srpnja 2013. ulaskom u Europsku uniju obvezala i na uvođenje zajedničke valute euro. To
je bio njezin strateški cilj koji je naposlijetku i postignut unatoč skepticizmu i pozivu na
referendum te je službeno 01. siječnja 2023. hrvatsku kunu zamijenila eurom i time postala
punopravnom članicom europskog monetarnog sustava.The European Monetary Union (EMU) represents one of the most important forms of economic
integration in Europe, arising from the desire to establish a stable and competitive market after
a period of economic and political instability, especially after the Second World War. In the
integration process, which was based on the belief that this was the only sustainable path to
lasting peace and development, the emphasis was placed on price stability, controlled public
debt and deficit, stable interest rates and a stable exchange rate. These are precisely the
convergence criteria for entering the monetary union, which were established in 1992 in
Maastricht when the European Union was officially established. After the process of European
integration, the logical step was to establish and institutionalize a monetary union, which was
done in three basic phases. The first phase, from 1990 to 1993, was marked by the establishment
of the liberal movement of capital. The second phase from 1994 to 1998 was marked by the
establishment of the European Monetary Institute, whose role was taken over by the European
Central Bank, and the obligation of the member states to fulfill strictly defined convergence
criteria and the establishment of the European Central Bank. The third phase from the beginning
of 1999 was marked by the introduction of the euro currency in a non-cash form and the
European Exchange Rate Mechanism II, which, unlike ERM I, was responsible for the stability
of the exchange rate between the euro and the currencies of the member states located outside
the euro area. One of that countries outside the euro area was the Republic of Croatia, which,
upon joining the European Union on 1 July 2013, committed itself to the introduction of the
common currency, the euro. This was its strategic goal, which was ultimately achieved despite
skepticism and calls for a referendum, and on 1 January 2023, it officially replaced the Croatian
kuna with the euro and thus became a full member of the European Monetary System
LEGAL STATUS OF POLITICAL PARTIES
No full textPolitičke stranke igraju ključnu ulogu u suvremenim demokratskim sustavima oblikujući političke procese i omogućujući građanima izražavanje svojih političkih stavova i interesa. Pravna regulativa političkih stranaka obuhvaća normativne okvire koji reguliraju njihovo osnivanje, djelovanje, financiranje te prava i obveze unutar političkog sustava. Ovi okviri osiguravaju djelovanje stranaka u skladu s načelima demokracije, slobode udruživanja i političke konkurencije. Pravni status političkih stranaka od velike je važnosti u kontekstu međunarodnog prava jer osigurava da su njihove aktivnosti u skladu s međunarodnim normama i standardima demokracije. Posebno je značajna uloga političkih stranaka u izborima i demokratskim procesima s obzirom da im pravni okvir omogućava slobodno udruživanje, političko natjecanje i aktivno sudjelovanje u oblikovanju političke volje građana, a to je temelj demokratskih društava. Političke stranke suočavaju se s izazovima poput nejednakosti u financiranju, nedostatka transparentnosti i potrebe za većom odgovornošću što ima značajan utjecaj na njihovu učinkovitost i povjerenje građana. Razumijevanje pravnih okvira političkih stranaka ključno je za unaprjeđenje njihove uloge u demokratskim društvima i osiguranje njihove odgovornosti prema građanima i političkom sustavu.Political parties play a key role in modern democratic systems by shaping political processes and enabling citizens to express their political views and interests. The legal regulation of political parties encompasses normative frameworks that govern their establishment, operation, financing as well as their rights and obligations within the political system. These frameworks ensure that parties operate in accordance with the principles of democracy, freedom of association and political competition. The legal status of political parties is of great importance in the context of international law as it ensures that their activities align with international norms and democratic standards. The role of political parties in elections and democratic processes is particularly significant as their legal framework allows free association, political competition and active participation in shaping the political will of citizens, which is the foundation of democratic societies. Political parties face challenges such as inequality in funding, lack of transparency and the need for greater accountability, which significantly affect their effectiveness and citizens' trust. Understanding the legal frameworks governing political parties is crucial for enhancing their role in democratic societies and ensuring their accountability to citizens and the political system
Legal framework for foreigners from third countries to work in the Republic of Croatia
No full textKako Europska unija tako i Republika Hrvatska kao njena najmlađa članica posljednjih godina se suočava sa sve većim brojem stranih državljana koji u potrazi za boljim životom biraju upravo Hrvatsku kao perspektivnu destinaciju za ostvarivanje svog sna o boljem životu. Kroz povijest Republika Hrvatska je 13 puta mijenjala svoj krovni dokument koji uređuje politiku prema strancima te se time prilagođavala promjenama uzrokovanim migracijama stanovništva i potrebama za prilagodbom regulativi Europske unije. Ovim preglednim radom cilj je približiti recentnu zakonsku regulativu ovog pitanja te istražiti potencijalne izazove i perspektive ovako osmišljenog zakonskog okvira.Both the European Union and the Republic of Croatia, as its youngest member, have been facing an increasing number of foreign citizens in recent years who, in search of a better life, choose Croatia as a promising destination for realizing their dream of a better life. Throughout history, the Republic of Croatia has changed its umbrella document regulating policy towards foreigners 13 times, thus adapting to changes caused by population migration and the need to adapt to European Union regulations. The aim of this review paper is to bring together recent legislation on this issue and explore potential challenges and perspectives of such a designed legal framework
PARENTAL CARE AFTER DIVORCE
No full textRoditeljska skrb odnosi se na prava i obveze roditelja prema djeci, odnosno na odgovornost roditelja da donose odluke u interesu svog djeteta i osiguraju mu odgoj, obrazovanje i dobrobit, a razvod braka predstavlja pravni postupak kojim se službeno prekida bračna zajednica. Oba navedena pojma kroz povijest su bili oblikovani na razne načine, a u ovom radu će biti pobliže obrađeni i definirani, te će se obratiti pažnja na načine ostvarivanja roditeljske skrbi nakon razvoda, ali i na prava djece u navedenom procesu. Zakonski propisi koji se odnose na spomenute pojmove određeni u najvećoj mjeri određeni su Obiteljskom zakonom koji je usklađen s Konvencijom o pravima djeteta i ostalim međunarodnim dokumentima. Veliku ulogu za vrijeme i nakon procesa razvoda braka imaju državna tijela (poput Zavoda za socijalni rad), koja zajedno sa strankama sudjeluju u navedenom procesu te sa savjetodavnom funkcijom vode stranke prema sporazumnom i optimalnom ishodu. Između ostalog, u radu će biti istaknuta istraživanja koja su provedena po pitanju utjecaja razvoda braka na maloljetnu djecu na temelju čega će biti donesena završna misao rada.Parental care refers to the rights and obligations of parents towards children, or rather to the responsibility of parents to make decisions in the best interests of their child and ensure their upbringing, education and well-being, while divorce is a legal procedure that officially terminates a marital union. Both of the above concepts have been shaped in various ways throughout history, and this paper will examine and define them in more detail, paying attention to the ways of exercising parental care after divorce, as well as to the rights of children in the aforementioned process. The legal regulations relating to the aforementioned concepts are largely determined by the Family Act, which is in line with the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other international documents. A major role during and after the divorce process is played by state bodies (such as the Institute for social work), which, together with the parties, participate in the aforementioned process and, with an advisory function, guide the parties towards an agreed and optimal outcome. Among other things, the paper will highlight research conducted on the impact of divorce on minor children, on the basis of which the final thought of the paper will be drawn
THE LEGAL STATUS OF RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES IN REPUBLIC OF CROATIA
No full textVjerske zajednice kroz povijest u Hrvatskoj nisu nikada imale jednak status, sve do stvaranja Republike Hrvatske. U Republici Hrvatskoj pravo na slobodu mišljenja i vjeroispovijed zaštićeno je Ustavom iz 1990. godine, a koje pravo se ne može ograničiti čak ni za vrijeme trajanja određene ugroze odnosno opasnosti poput rata i slično. Kako bi se sve vjerske zajednice poštivale jednako, država mora biti neutralna prema svim religijama tj. mora svim zajednicama omogućiti da ostvare jednaka prava. Iako je država neutralna prema svim religijama ipak postoji pet tipova vjerskih zajednica koje imaju različit pravni status i to:
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Katolička Crkva čiji je položaj reguliran Ugovorima sklopljenima između Republike Hrvatske i Svete Stolice;
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vjerske zajednice koje su potpisale posebne ugovore s državom;
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vjerske zajednice koje su registrirane kao vjerske zajednice u registru vjerskih zajednica;
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vjerske zajednice koje su registrirane kao udruge (tzv. vjerske zajednice u nastajanju);
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neregistrirane vjerske zajednice koje nemaju niti pravni oblik vjerskih zajednica niti vjerskih udruga.
Pravni status Katoličke Crkve u Republici Hrvatskoj je najsloženiji u analiziranju obzirom da treba uzeti u obzir niz elemenata i to: Ustav Republike Hrvatske, Ugovore sklopljene između Svete Stolice i Republike Hrvatske, zakonodavstvo Republike Hrvatske i Zakonik kanonskog prava odnosno unutarnji pravni sustav Katoličke Crkve.Religious communities throughout history in Croatia have never had equal status, until the creation of the Republic of Croatia. In the Republic of Croatia, the right to freedom of thought and religion is protected by the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia from 1990th, and this right cannot be restricted even during a certian threat or danger such as war and similar. In order for all religious communities to be respected equally, the state must be neutral towards all religions – it must enable to all communities to exercise equal rights. Although the state is neutral towards all religions, there are still five types of religious communities that have different legal status, as follows:
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the Catholic Churc, whose position is regulated by the Treaties concluded between the Republic of Croatia and the Holy See;
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religious communitities that have signed special agreements with the state;
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religious communities that are registered as religious communities in the register of religious communities;
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religious communities that are registerd as associations (so-called emerging religious communities);
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unregistered religious communities that do not have the legal form of religious communities or religous associations.
The legal status of the Catholic Church in the Republic of Croatia is the most complex for analyze, because of considering many elements: the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, contracts concluded between the Holy See and the Republic of Croatia, the legislation of the Republic of Croatia and the Code of Canon Law (the internal legal system of the Catholic Church)
E-government in the Republic of Croatia
No full textHrvatska od 2000-ih godina kontinuirano ulaže i razvija u svoj proces digitalizacije. Jedan od takvih procesa jest i digitalizacija javne uprave. Kako u kojem vremenskom periodu taj proces digitalizacije se odvijao brže ili sporije, agilnije ili pasivnije. Da bi pristupila Europskoj uniji, Hrvatska je do 2013. morala provesti značajne reforme, posebice vezane uz digitalizaciju javnih usluga. Od 2014. Hrvatska uvodi sustav e-Građani kao jedinstvenu kontaktnu točku javnih usluga, te ozbiljnije započinje svoj proces digitalne transformacije. Pandemija COVID-19 uvelike je pripomogla agilnosti u digitalizacijskom procesu, a posebice u procesu digitalizacije javne uprave i dostupnosti digitalnih javnih usluga građanima i poduzećima. Preduvjet za digitalizaciju jest donošenje zakonodavnog okvira na nacionalnoj razini u skladu s europskim direktivama. U ovom radu tako se definiraju digitalna transformacija, europeizacija, e-uprava, e-javne usluge, te se na kraju prikazuje nova Strategija Hrvatskog Sabora za digitalnu Hrvatsku do 2032. godine, a prikazuju se i ciljevi takve Strategije s posebnim fokusom na digitalizaciju javne uprave. Javna uprava u Republici Hrvatskoj posljednjih desetljeća nalazi se u kontinuiranom procesu digitalizacije koji se nastavlja i dalje. U ovom se radu navode se krucijalni problemi u procesu digitalizacije i iznose se potencijala rješenja za uspješnost provedbe daljnjeg digitalizacijskog procesa do 2032. godine.Since the 2000s, Croatia has been continuously investing in and developing its digitalization process. One such process is the digitalization of public administration. How and in what period of time did this digitalization process take place faster or slower, more agile or more passively. In order to join the European Union, Croatia had to implement significant reforms by 2013, especially related to the digitalization of public services. Since 2014, Croatia has been introducing the e-Citizen system as a single point of contact for public services, and is starting its digital transformation process more seriously. The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly contributed to the agility in the digitalization process, and especially in the process of digitalization of public administration and the availability of digital public services to citizens and businesses. A prerequisite for digitalization is the adoption of a legislative framework at the national level in accordance with European directives. This paper defines digital transformation, Europeanization, e-government, e-public services, and finally presents the new Strategy of the Croatian Parliament for a Digital Croatia by 2032, and presents the goals of such a Strategy with a special focus on the digitalization of public administration. Public administration in the Republic of Croatia has been in a continuous process of digitalization for the past decades, which continues to this day. This paper identifies crucial problems in the digitalization process and presents potential solutions for the successful implementation of the further digitalization process by 2032
COMPETITIVE CIVIL SERVICE SALARY SYSTEM IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA
No full textKompetitivni sustav plaća državnih službenika u Republici Hrvatskoj temelji se na organizaciji i regulaciji plaća unutar javnog sektora, a te su plaće regulirane Zakonom o plaćama u državnoj službi i javnim službama, koji postavlja jasne kriterije i parametre za određivanje visine plaća, uzimajući u obzir radno mjesto, odgovornosti, obrazovanje i stručnost zaposlenika. Kompetitivni sustav plaća državnih službenika u RH ima za cilj uskladiti potrebe javne uprave s fiskalnim realnostima zemlje. Iako je sustav dizajniran za poštivanje profesionalnosti i pravde, izazovi u održavanju ravnoteže između konkurentnosti i fiskalne discipline ostaju prisutni. Za potrebe diplomskoga rada analizirale su se visine plaća službenika i namještenika u gradovima Zadarske županije pokazuje iz čega se može vidjeti da među gradovima postoje određene razlike u visini plaća, a iste razlike proizlaze iz više čimbenika, uključujući veličinu grada, broj stanovnika, opseg nadležnosti i aktivnosti gradske uprave, ali i interne organizacijske politike i način upravljanja ljudskim resursima. Kao najveći problem mogla bi se izdvojiti neujednačenost plaća među istim radnim mjestima u različitim gradovima, slaba korelacija između učinkovitosti i visine plaće te nedostatak jasnog sustava napredovanja.The competitive salary system for civil servants in the Republic of Croatia is based on the organization and regulation of salaries within the public sector, and these salaries are regulated by the Law on Salaries in the Civil Service and Public Services, which sets clear criteria and parameters for determining the level of salaries, taking into account the job position, responsibilities, education and expertise of employees. The competitive salary system for civil servants in the Republic of Croatia aims to align the needs of public administration with the fiscal realities of the country. Although the system is designed to respect professionalism and justice, challenges in maintaining a balance between competitiveness and fiscal discipline remain present. For the purposes of this thesis, the salary levels of civil servants and employees in the cities of Zadar County were analyzed, which shows that there are certain differences in salary levels between cities, and these differences arise from several factors, including the size of the city, the number of inhabitants, the scope of competences and activities of the city administration, but also internal organizational policies and the method of human resources management. The biggest problem could be the unevenness of salaries among the same jobs in different cities, the weak correlation between efficiency and salary levels, and the lack of a clear system of promotion
MARRIAGE AS A SOCIAL AND LEGAL RELATIONSHIP
No full textBrak je jedan od temeljnih društvenih instituta koji, kroz različite oblike i pravna uređenja,
postoji u svim civilizacijama i zauzima ključno mjesto u strukturi društvenog života. Ovaj rad
istražuje povijesni razvoj braka te sam institut, s posebnim naglaskom na njegove dvije
ključne dimenzije – društvo i pravo – te način na koji te dimenzije međusobno djeluju i
oblikuju jedna drugu. Posebna pažnja posvećuje se suvremenim društvenim promjenama koje
izazivaju redefiniranje tradicionalnog shvaćanja braka, ističući potrebu za prilagodbom
pravnog okvira novim oblicima zajedničkog života, među kojima se posebno izdvaja
priznavanje istospolnih brakova. Razumijevanje braka u današnjem kontekstu zahtijeva
sveobuhvatan pristup koji integrira pravne, sociološke i kulturološke perspektive, čime se
omogućuje dublje razumijevanje njegove uloge i funkcije u oblikovanju društvenih normi te
ljudskih odnosa.Marriage is one of the fundamental social institutions that, in various forms and legal
frameworks, exists in all civilizations and holds a key place in the structure of social life. This
paper examines the historical development of marriage and the institution itself, with a
particular emphasis on its two key dimensions – society and law – and the ways in which
these dimensions interact and shape one another. Special attention is given to contemporary
social changes that challenge the traditional understanding of marriage, highlighting the need
to adapt the legal framework to new forms of cohabitation, with particular emphasis on the
recognition of same-sex marriages. Understanding marriage in today’s context requires a
comprehensive approach that integrates legal, sociological, and cultural perspectives, thereby
enabling a deeper understanding of its role and function in shaping social norms and human
relationships