Veterinary medicine - Repository of PHD, master's thesis
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Guidelines for radiological diagnosis and monitoring of breast lesions
No full textRadiološke slikovne metode imaju ključnu ulogu u dijagnostici i praćenju promjena u dojkama. Smjernice za dijagnostiku i praćenje lezija dojke naglašavaju važnost kombinacije različitih radioloških metoda kako bi se postigla što veća točnost dijagnoze i učinkovitost praćenja.
Radiološke metode kao što su mamografija, ultrazvuk, magnetska rezonancija (MR), igraju ključnu ulogu u razlikovanju benignih i malignih lezija. Mamografija je osnovna metoda za probir asimptomatskih žena zbog svoje visoke osjetljivosti za otkrivanje mikrokalcifikata, dok ultrazvuk pruža dodatne informacije kod žena s gustim dojkama te je koristan u vođenju biopsija. MR pruža visoku osjetljivost za detekciju lezija s pojačanom vaskularizacijom, dok su sonoelastografija i digitalna tomosinteza nove tehnologije koje poboljšavaju točnost dijagnostike.
U radu se također razmatraju preporuke i smjernice za primjenu ovih metoda u različitim kliničkim situacijama, uključujući probir kod nisko i visokorizičnih žena, dijagnostiku simptomatskih pacijentica te praćenje nakon liječenja raka dojke. Smjernice su ključne za standardizaciju pristupa, poboljšanje kvalitete skrbi i osiguranje dosljednih rezultata u dijagnostici i liječenju bolesti dojke. Redovito ažuriranje smjernica u skladu s najnovijim znanstvenim saznanjima i tehnološkim napretkom od presudne je važnosti za osiguranje optimalne skrbi za pacijentice.
Ovaj rad pruža sveobuhvatan pregled trenutnih smjernica i preporuka te ističe važnost kontinuirane edukacije i prilagodbe prakse najnovijim dostignućima u radiološkoj dijagnostici dojki.Radiological imaging methods play a key role in diagnosing and monitoring breast changes. The guidelines for diagnosing and monitoring breast lesions emphasize the importance of combining different radiological methods to achieve the highest possible accuracy of diagnosis and effectiveness of monitoring.
Radiological methods such as mammography, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are key in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions. Mammography is the basic method for screening asymptomatic women due to its high sensitivity to detect microcalcifications. At the same time, ultrasound provides additional information in women with dense breasts and is useful in conducting biopsies. Magnetic resonance imaging offers high sensitivity for lesion detection with enhanced vascularization, while sonoelastography and digital tomosynthesis are new technologies that improve diagnostic accuracy.
The paper also considers recommendations and guidelines for the application of these methods in various clinical situations, including screening in low and high-risk women, diagnosis of symptomatic patients, and monitoring after breast cancer treatment. The guidelines are essential to standardize access, improve the quality of care and ensure consistent results in diagnosing and treating breast disease. Regular updating of the guidelines in line with the latest scientific knowledge and technological advances is of crucial importance for ensuring optimal care for female patients.
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of current guidelines and recommendations and highlights the importance of continuing education and adapting practice to the latest developments in radiological breast diagnosis
Digitalisation and multiplication of bone models in anatomical collection
No full textPoznavanje anatomije ljudskog tijela temelj je obrazovanja svakog liječnika. Medicinski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu počeo je svoju nastavnu djelatnost upravo uvodnim predavanjem anatomije dr. Drage Perovića. Zavod za anatomiju od svojih početaka do današnjeg dana redovito priprema biološke anatomske preparate koji studentima omogućavaju lakše savladavanje gradiva. Osiguravanju bioloških anatomskih preparata prethodi detaljno razrađena procedura doniranja tijela te njihove stručne obrade kako bi postala didaktička pomagala. Idealni biološki modeli kosti vremenom postaju krhki te rukovanjem dolazi do njihovog oštećivanja. Kako bi očuvali biološke anatomske preparate od oštećenja te idealne modele učinili dostupnim rukovanju što većem broju studenata medicine, studentska Sekcija za inovacije, u dogovoru s Katedrom za anatomiju i kliničku anatomiju, obradila je anatomske modele kosti metodama 3D skeniranja i 3D tiska. Metodom 3D skeniranja, oblici i anatomski detalji kosti u jednakim su proporcijama digitalizirani te pohranjeni na računalu. Ovisno o potrebama Katedre, moguće je umnožiti i veći broj modela. Umnažanje se vrši pomoću metoda 3D tiska. Metode 3D tiska korištene u umnažanju koštanih preparata su SLA i FDM. Plastični modeli otisnuti pomoću obje metoda čvršći su od bioloških koštanih preparata, time su otporniji na habanje i oštećenja. Otisnuti plastični preparati i u slučaju oštećenja lako se mogu nadomjestiti ponovnim tiskom preparata. Replikacija preparata pohranjenog na računalu metodom 3D tiska, brži je, jednostavniji, jeftiniji i sigurniji proces od tradicionalnog pribavljanja bioloških preparata. Digitalizirane modele se prema željama nastavnika može modificirati ovisno o potrebama nastavnog procesa.Knowledge of human anatomy is the foundation of every physician's education. University of Zagreb School of Medicine began its teaching activities with an introductory lecture on anatomy by Dr. Drago Perović. From its inception to the present day, the Department of Anatomy regularly prepares biological anatomical models that allow students to more easily master the course material. The availability of biological anatomical specimens is preceded by a complex procedure of body donation followed by a long and detailed process before becoming didactic tools. Over time, ideal biological bone models become fragile and are prone to damage through their handling. To preserve biological anatomical specimens from damage and make ideal models available for handling by as many medical students as possible, the student Section for Innovations, in agreement with the Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, processed anatomical bone models using 3D scanning and 3D printing methods. Using the 3D scanning method, the shapes and the anatomical details of the bones were digitized in equal proportions and stored on a computer. Depending on the needs of the Department, it is possible to replicate a larger number of models. Multiplication is carried out using 3D printing methods. The 3D printing methods used in the multiplication of bone specimens are SLA and FDM. Printed plastic models from both methods are stronger than biological bone specimens, making them more resistant to tear and wear. Printed plastic specimens can be easily replaced by reprinting in the event of damage. Replicating a specimen stored on a computer using 3D printing is a faster, simpler, cheaper, and safer process than the traditional acquisition of biological specimens. Digital models can be modified according to the instructor's wishes depending on the pedagogical needs
Transgender surgery
No full textRodna disforija je stanje u kojem osoba osjeća nelagodu zbog nesklada između svog rodnog identiteta i anatomskog spola. Transseksualnost se odnosi na osobe koje su započele ili završile promjenu spola. Ovi pojmovi više se ne smatraju mentalnim poremećajima, već su prema novoj ICD-11 klasifikaciji svrstani u kategoriju "Conditions related to sexual health". Liječenje rodnog identiteta i rodne disforije zahtijeva multidisciplinarni pristup koji uključuje psihološku podršku, socijalnu tranziciju, hormonsku terapiju i kirurške intervencije. Psihološka podrška uključuje psihoterapiju, psihoedukaciju i, po potrebi, psihofarmakoterapiju. Socijalna tranzicija obuhvaća prilagodbu svakodnevnog života, uključujući promjenu imena, zamjenica, izgleda i načina odijevanja. Hormonska terapija provodi se pod nadzorom endokrinologa, a uključuje primjenu hormona suprotnog spola kako bi se postigle fizičke promjene u skladu sa željenim identitetom. Kirurški postupci za promjenu spola dijele se na operacije iz ženskog u muški spol (FTM) i iz muškog u ženski spol (MTF). FTM operacije uključuju mastektomiju, metoidioplastiku, faloplastiku te mogućnost histerektomije s adneksektomijom. MTF operacije obuhvaćaju feminizaciju lica, augmentaciju grudi, orhidektomiju, vaginoplastiku i vulvoplastiku. Genitalne kirurške procedure za FTM, metoidioplastika i faloplastika, omogućuju stvaranje funkcionalnog penisa. Postupci se razlikuju ovisno o tehnici, ali sve uključuju kreiranje falusa koji može omogućiti mikciju u stojećem položaju i seksualnu funkciju. Genitalne kirurške procedure za MTF uključuju vaginoplastiku, gdje se najčešće koristi tehnika inverzije penilne kože ili sigmoidna vaginoplastika. Sve navedene tehnike imaju visok stupanj zadovoljstva među pacijentima zbog estetskih i funkcionalnih rezultata. Operacije promjene spola predstavljaju ključan korak u afirmaciji rodnog identiteta za mnoge transrodne osobe. Ove medicinske procedure, uz psihološku i hormonsku podršku, značajno smanjuju rodnu disforiju i poboljšavaju kvalitetu života.Gender dysphoria is a condition in which a person feels uneasy about discord between his gender identity and the anatomical sex. Transsexuality refers to persons who have started or completed a sex change. These terms are no longer considered mental disorders, but according to the new ICD-11 classification they are classified as “conditions related to sexual health”. Treatment of gender identity and gender dysphoria requires a multidisciplinary approach including psychological support, social transition, hormone therapy and surgical interventions. Psychological support includes psychotherapy, psychoeducation and, where appropriate, psychopharmacotherapy. The social transition involves adjusting everyday life, including changing the name, pronoun, appearance and way of dressing. Hormone therapy is performed under the supervision of an endocrinologist and includes the use of the opposite sex hormone to achieve physical changes according to the desired identity. Surgical procedures for gender reassignment are divided into operations from female to male (FTM) and male to female (MTF). FTM operations include mastectomy, metoidioplasty, phalloplasty, and the possibility of hysterectomy with adnexectomy. MTF operations include facial feminisation, chest augmentation, orchiectomy, vaginoplasty and vulvoplasty. Genital surgical procedures for FTM, metoidioplasty and phalloplasty allow the formation of a functioning penis. Procedures vary according to technique, but all include the creation of phallus that can enable standing motion and sexual function. Genital surgery procedures for MTF include vaginoplasty, where the most used technique is penile skin inversion or sigmoid vaginoplasty. All these techniques have a high level of satisfaction among patients due to aesthetic and functional results. Gender change operations are a key step in affirming gender identity for many transgender people. These medical procedures, with psychological and hormonal support, significantly reduce gender dysphoria and improve quality of life
Limitations of life-sustaining treatments in intensive care units in Croatia: a multicenter retrospective study
No full textAim: In order to gain insight into the current prevailing practices regarding the limitation of life-sustaining treatment in intensive care units (ICUs) in Croatia, we assessed the frequency of limitation and provision of certain treatment modalities, as well as the associated patient and ICU-related factors.
Methods: A multicenter retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in 17 ICUs in Croatia. We reviewed the medical records of patients deceased in 2017 and extracted data on demographic, clinical, and health care variables. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the associations between these variables and treatment modalities.
Results: The study enrolled 1095 patients (55% male; mean age 69.9±13.7). Analgesia and sedation were discontinued before the patient's death in 23% and 34% of the cases, respectively. Patients older than 71 years were less often mechanically ventilated (P<0.001), and less frequently received inotropes and vasoactive therapy (P=0.002) than younger patients. Patients hospitalized in the ICU for less than 7 days less frequently had discontinuation of mechanical ventilation and inotropes and vasoactive therapy than patients hospitalized for 8 days and longer (P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that ICU type was a crucial determinant, with multidisciplinary and surgical ICUs being associated with higher odds of intubation, mechanical ventilation, vasoactive and inotropic therapy, analgesia, and sedation.
Conclusion: Older patients and those diagnosed with stroke and intracranial hemorrhage received fewer therapeutic modalities. All the observed treatment modalities were more frequently discontinued in patients who were hospitalized in the ICU for a prolonged time
The importance of early diagnosis and treatment of acquired hemophilia
No full textStečena hemofilija je rijetki hemostatski poremećaj uzrokovan nastankom neutralizirajućih autoantitijela (inhibitora) protiv faktora zgrušavanja, najčešće usmjerenih protiv faktora VIII (FVIII). U ovom radu većina pojmova odnosi se na stečenu hemofiliju uzrokovanu inhibitorima faktora FVIII, odnosno na stečenu hemofliju A (AHA), iako postoje vrlo rijetki slučajevi koji uključuju stečene inhibitore i protiv drugih faktora zgrušavanja. Inhibitori dovode do smanjenja aktivnosti FVIII, a ono do povećane sklonosti krvarenju s visokim morbiditetom i mortalitetom. Stečena hemofilija ima nisku incidenciju od otprilike 1,5 slučajeva na milijun ljudi, te raste s dobi. Bolest je često povezana s različitim bolestima i stanjima, uključujući autoimunosne i zloćudne bolesti, trudnoću i postporođajno razdoblje, a može biti i idiopatska. Prepoznavanje ranih simptoma i okidača te brzo postavljanje dijagnoze i započinjanje terapije ključno je za zbrinjavanje ove kompleksne bolesti. Klinička slika stečene hemofilije obuhvaća nagli i iznenadni početak krvarenja, bilo spontano ili nakon invazivnog postupka, kod osobe koja nema osobnu ili obiteljsku povijest krvarenja. Rani dijagnostički postupak je ključan i složen. Karakteristične laboratorijske značajke stečene hemoflije uključuju produženo aktivirano parcijalno tromboplastinsko vrijeme, smanjenu aktivnost FVIII i prisutnost autoantitijela protiv FVIII. Glavni ciljevi terapije su kontrola krvarenja hemostatskom terapijom i eliminacija inhibitora imunosupresivnom terapijom, te liječenje osnovne podležeće bolesti. Važan je individualizirani pristup pojedinom bolesniku, jer u nekih bolesnika postoji istovremeni i povišeni rizik za trombotske i infektivne komplikacije.Acquired hemophilia is a rare hemostatic disorder caused by the development of neutralizing autoantibodies (inhibitors) against coagulation factors, most commonly directed against factor VIII (FVIII). In this paper, most terms refer to acquired hemophilia caused by inhibitors against FVIII, known as acquired hemophilia A (AHA), although there are very rare cases involving acquired inhibitors against other coagulation factors. These inhibitors lead to a reduction in FVIII activity, resulting in an increased tendency for bleeding with high morbidity and mortality. Acquired hemophilia has a low incidence of approximately 1.5 cases per million people, and its incidence increases with age. The disease is often associated with various conditions, including autoimmune and malignant diseases, pregnancy, and the postpartum period, and it can also be idiopathic. Recognizing early symptoms and triggers, promptly establishing a diagnosis, and initiating therapy are crucial for managing this complex condition. The clinical presentation of acquired hemophilia involves the sudden and unexpected onset of bleeding, either spontaneously or after an invasive procedure, in individuals without a personal or family history of bleeding. Early diagnostic procedures are critical and complex. Characteristic laboratory features of acquired hemophilia include prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, reduced FVIII activity, and the presence of autoantibodies against FVIII. The primary therapeutic goals are to control bleeding with hemostatic therapy and to eliminate inhibitors with immunosuppressive therapy, along with treating any underlying disease. An individualized approach to each patient is essential, as some patients have concurrent elevated risks for thrombotic and infectious complications
Management of distal radius fractures in adult and pediatric populations
No full textCilj: Svrha ove retrospektivne analize bila je odrediti učestalost prijeloma distalnog radijusa i korištenih metoda liječenja u djece i odraslih liječenih u Klinici za kirurgiju Kliničkog bolničkog centra Zagreb.
Materijali i metode: Ovo je istraživanje obuhvatilo ukupno 324 ispitanika liječenih u stacionaru Klinike za kirurgiju Kliničkog bolničkog centra Zagreb koji su šifrirani prema MKB-10 kao S52.5 (prijelom donjeg dijela palčane kosti) od 2017. do 2023. godine. Prikupljeni su podaci o dobi, spolu, godini u kojoj je došlo do prijeloma, postojanju epifizeolize u djece, primijenjenim metodama liječenja i pojavi sekundarnog pomaka nakon liječenja.
Rezultati: Najviše prijeloma distalnog radijusa liječeno je 2018. godine (17,28 %), a najmanje 2020. godine (11,73 %). Najveća incidencija bila je u dječjoj populaciji i češći su bili pacijenti muškog spola (61,11 %). U odrasloj populaciji kirurške metode liječenja primijenjene su u 44,44 % slučajeva, a konzervativne u 55,56 %. Najčešće korištena kirurška metoda u odrasloj populaciji bila je otvorena repozicija i unutarnja fiksacija pločicom. U djece s prijelomima distalnog radijusa korištena je konzervativna metoda u 89,47 % slučajeva, a od kirurških metoda najčešće je korištena perkutana fiksacija Kirschnerovim žicama. Bilo je 55 epifizeoliza u djece koje su liječene zatvorenom repozicijom i imobilizacijom u 87,27 % slučajeva.
Zaključak: Ova retrospektivna analiza pokazala je različitu učestalost korištenih metoda liječenja u odrasloj i dječjoj populaciji. U odrasloj populaciji češće su korištene kirurške metode liječenja u usporedbi s dječjom.Objective: The aim of this retrospective analysis was to determine the incidence of distal radius fractures and treatment options used in children and adults treated in the Department of Surgery at the Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb.
Materials and methods: This study included a total of 324 patients treated in the Department of Surgery at the Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb with a distal radius fracture from 2017 to 2023. For each patient, data on age and gender was collected, the year in which the fracture occurred, involvement of growth plate in children, treatment methods used and incidence of secondary dislocations after treatment.
Results: The highest incidence of fractures was in 2018 (17.28 %) and the lowest in 2020 (11.73 %). Highest incidence occurred in the pediatric population and most of the patients were boys (61.11 %). In the adult population surgical treatment was used in 44.44 % of cases and conservative treatment in 55.56 %. Open reduction and plate internal fixation was used most often as surgical treatment in adults. Children with distal radius fractures were most often treated conservatively in 89.47 % of cases and the most used surgical method was percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation. Involvement of the growth plate occurred in 55 children and they were mostly treated with closed reduction and immobilization in 88.27 % of cases.
Conclusion: This retrospective analysis has shown different incidence of treatment methods used in adult and pediatric populations. Surgical methods of treatment are more prevalent in adults compared with children
Istraživanje stavova i prakse objavljivanja radova u otvorenom pristupu među hrvatskim znanstvenicima - anketni upitnik
No full textAnketni upitnik izrađen za potrebe istraživanja stavova i prakse objavljivanja radova u otvorenom pristupu među hrvatskim znanstvenicima. Anketa je provedena od u on-line obliku, od 23. veljače do 21. ožujka 2023.g
Development and characterization of a non-transgenic rat model of tauopathy induced by injection of tau protein into the entorhinal cortex
No full textU istraživanju Alzheimerove bolesti (AD) najviše su korišteni transgenični animalni modeli koji zapravo nisu pogodni za istraživanje složenih procesa sporadične AD, koja čini više od 95% svih slučajeva AD-a. Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio karakterizacija netransgeničnog štakorskog modela tauopatije koji će pridonijeti boljem razumijevanju patologije transsinaptičkog širenja i agregacije tau proteina u AD-u i mogućem iznalaženju novih terapijskih ciljeva za sprječavanje nastanka te zaustavljanje širenja navedenih patoloških promjena. Budući da najranije neurofibrilarne promjene u mozgu osoba s AD-om nastaju u moždanom deblu i entorinalnoj moždanoj kori, odakle se šire duž anatomski povezanih područja, za proučavanje njezinog transsinaptičkog širenja provedena je jednostrana stereotaksijska inokulacija tau oligomera ili sintetskih tau fibrila u medijalni dio entorinalne moždane kore Wistar štakora. Inokulacija tau oligomera i tau fibrila uzrokovala je progresiju neurofibrilarnih promjena iz entorinalne moždane kore u druga, s njom povezana područja mozga, slično kao što se to događa i u mozgu čovjeka s AD-om. Nastanak i širenje patološki promijenjenog tau proteina, kako je pokazano pomoću AT8 protutijela na relativno velik epitop i vjerojatno strukturno važan dio tau proteina fosforiliran na serinu199, serinu202 i treoninu205, događalo se brže u životinja inokuliranih tau fibrilima u odnosu na životinje kojima su bili inokulirani tau oligomeri. U životinja kojima su inokulirani tau oligomeri, zbog sporijeg širenja bilo je potrebno jedanaest mjeseci za zahvaćanje svih područja mozga. Osim navedenih neurofibrilarnih promjena, inokulacija tau fibrila i tau oligomera izazvala je i pojavu konformacijski promijenjenog tau proteina, stvaranje inkluzija pozitivnih na histokemijska bojenja po Gallyasu i Bielschowskom koja su potvrdila akumuliranje fosforiliranih tau proteina, nakupljanje amiloida-β, gubitak sinapsi u hipokampusu i tim promjenama odgovarajuće značajne kognitivne deficite potvrđene testovima otvorenog polja, prepoznavanja novog objekta, prepoznavanja nove lokacije objekta i T-labirint testom.Transgenic mouse models have been extensively used in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research, although they are limited in their ability to replicate the complex process of sporadic AD, which concerns well over 95% of all AD cases. In this study, we aimed to characterize a non-transgenic rat model of tauopathy that can contribute to a better understanding of possible pathological changes, trans-synaptic spread and tau protein aggregation in AD, and find new therapeutic targets to prevent the onset or stop the spread of those pathological changes. To analyze trans-synaptic spread in Wistar rats, unilateral inoculation of tau oligomers or synthetic tau fibrils into the medial entorhinal cortex was performed, since it has been shown that the earliest neurofibrillary changes in AD brains originate in the brainstem and entorhinal cortex from where they further propagate along anatomically connected regions. Inoculation of tau oligomers and tau fibrils caused the progression of neurofibrillary changes from the entorhinal cortex to other connected brain regions, similar to AD-related changes outlined in the human brain. The development and spreading of supposedly the earliest tau pathological change, as revealed by using the AT8 monoclonal antibody to the relatively complex epitope and likely structurally important part of tau protein phosphorylated at Ser199, Ser202, and Thr205 residues, occurred much faster in animals inoculated with tau fibrils than in animals inoculated with tau oligomers. Due to a slower propagation, in animals inoculated with tau oligomers it took eleven months for all areas of the brain to be affected. In addition to neurofibrillary changes, stereotaxic inoculation of tau fibrils and tau oligomers caused the appearance of conformationally altered tau protein, formation of Gallyas- and Bielschowsy-positive inclusions that confirmed the accumulation of phosphorylated tau proteins, accumulation of amyloid , loss of synapses in the hippocampus, and significant corresponding cognitive deficits documented by using the open field test, novel object location test, novel object recognition test and T-maze test
Ustrajnost (grit) medicinskih sestara/tehničara u vrijeme pandemije Covid-19
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic brought many new challenges to whole society, and especially to health systems, including nurses who had to find the strength and perseverance to overcome all obstacles and challenges. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of perseverance among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine the influence of age, gender, level of education and work experience on their perseverance. The study includeed 109 respondents (88.1% females), in the Special Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation Krapinske Toplice during February 2021. The validated GRIT questionnaire was used as a research instrument, which contains 12 statements to which respondents responded on a Likert scale from 1 to 5. The data was analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics, and presented at the significance level of P<0.05. Analyzing the collected data, the mean value of perseverance was 3.59±0.49. There was no difference in perseverance between participants in terms of age, gender, ward they work in, and their work experience. A statistically significant difference was found regarding the level of education. The highest level of perseverance was found among nurses with a specialist degree (4.22) or a university graduate professional studies degree (3.97), and the lowest level of perseverance among those with completed undergraduate professional nursing studies (3.51; P=0.042). The results point to a difference in the level of perseverance of nurses depending on the level of education, but not on the workplace. The research on the perseverance of nurses is important for the further development of the nursing profession.Pandemija COVID-19 donijela je brojne nove izazove cijelom društvu, a posebno zdravstvenim sustavima, pa tako i medicinskim sestrama koje su morale smoći snage i ustrajnosti da prebrode sve prepreke i izazove. Cilj ove studije bio je istražiti razinu ustrajnosti medicinskih sestara i tehničara tijekom pandemije COVID-19 istražiti utjecaj dobi, spola, stupnja obrazovanja i radnog iskustva na njihovu ustrajnost. Istraživanje je provedeno na 109 sudionika, od kojih je 88,1 % bilo ženskog spola. Kao instrument istraživanja korišten je validirani upitnik GRIT. Podaci su analizirani deskriptivnom i analitičkom statistikom, s prikazom značajnosti na razini P<0,05. Analizom prikupljenih podataka utvrđena je prosječna vrijednost ustrajnosti 3,59±0,49. Nije bilo razlika u ustrajnosti između sudionika s obzirom na dob, spol, odjel na kojem rade te radno iskustvo. Statistički značajna razlika utvrđena je s obzirom na razinu obrazovanja. Najvišu razinu ustrajnosti u radu pokazale su medicinske sestre/tehničari s diplomom specijalističkog stručnog studija (4,22) ili sveučilišnog diplomskog stručnog studija (3,97), dok je najniža razina ustrajnosti zabilježena kod onih sa završenim preddiplomskim stručnim studijem sestrinstva (3,51; P=0,042). Rezultati istraživanja upućuju na razlike u razini ustrajnosti medicinskih sestara/tehničara ovisno o razini obrazovanja, ali ne i o radnom mjestu. Istraživanje o ustrajnosti medicinskih sestara i tehničara ima važnost za daljnji razvoj sestrinske profesije
Complications after phacoemulsification cataract surgery
No full textGlavna uloga leće je akomodacija i fokusiranje slike na žutu pjegu. Katarakta je bolest oka kod koje dolazi do zamućenja leće. Postoji više uzroka za nastanak katarakte, a najčešći je starija dob. Ultrazvučna operacija katarakte je sigurna i brza operacija uz pomoć koje se leća može fakoemulzificirati te zamijeniti umjetnom lećom. Postoje brojni rizični čimbenici za razvoj katarakte, uključujući pušenje, šećernu bolest i izlaganje ultraljubičastom svjetlu. Komplikacije nakon ultrazvučne operacije katarakte su relativno rijetke, ali potencijalno teške te mogu trajno ugroziti vid pacijenata. Rizični čimbenici za nastanak postoperativnih komplikacija nakon zahvata uključuju stariju dob, šećernu bolest, muški spol i kombinaciju operacije katarakte s još jednom operacijom na oku. Neke uobičajene komplikacije nakon ultrazvučne operacije katarakte uključuju: upalu oka, infekciju oka, edem rožnice, porast intraokularnog tlaka, odignuće mrežnice, krvarenje te zamućenje stražnje kapsule leće.The main role of the lens is accommodation and focusing of the light onto the macula. Cataract is an eye disease in which clouding of the lens develops. There are several causes for the development of cataracts, the most common of which is old age. Phacoemulsification cataract surgery is a safe and quick operation with the help of which the lens can be phacoemulsified and replaced with an artificial lens. There are many risk factors for developing cataracts, including smoking, diabetes, and exposure to ultraviolet light. Complications after ultrasound cataract surgery are relatively rare, but potentially severe and can permanently endanger patients' sight. Risk factors for the occurrence of postoperative complications after the procedure include older age, diabetes, male gender and the combination of cataract surgery with another eye surgery. Some common complications after phacoemulsification cataract surgery include: eye inflammation, eye infection, corneal edema, increased intraocular pressure, retinal detachment, hemorrhage, and posterior capsule opacification