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Modern perception of ethics in public administration
No full textTema ovog rada pod naslovom Suvremeno poimanje etike u javnoj upravi usmjerena je na prikaz razvoja etičkih standarda kroz povijesna razdoblja. Ujedno, u radu se obrađuje i razvoj etike u javnoj upravi Republike Hrvatske u tri ključne epohe, a dan je i uvid u aktualne etičke vrijednosti koje se očekuju od zaposlenih u državnoj službi. Metoda na kojoj se rad temelji je analiza dostupne znanstvene i stručne literaturi. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je razvidna konstatna promjena i napredak u pridaju značaja, interpretaciji i shvaćanju važnosti temeljnih etičkih standarda u javnoj upravi za efikasno funkcioranje javnog sustava, ali i uredno funkcioniranje društva u cjelini.The topic of this paper, titled The historical background of the contemporary understanding of ethics in public administration, focuses on the development of ethical standards throughout historical periods. Additionally, the paper examines the evolution of ethics in the public administration of the Republic of Croatia across three key eras, providing insight into the current ethical values expected of civil servants. The methodology used in this research is based on the analysis of available scientific and professional literature. The research results indicate a clear and continuous change and progress in the recognition, interpretation, and understanding of the importance of fundamental ethical standards in public administration, which are crucial for the efficient functioning of the public system as well as the proper functioning of society as a whole
Relationship between public administration and citizens on the example of web sites of the cities of Zagreb, Split and Rijeka
No full textKvalitetan odnos između uprave i građana ključan je za dobro funkcioniranje svakog političko - upravnog sustava. Odnos međusobnog povjerenja od velike je važnosti. Zbog toga je nužno da uprava bude transparentna i otvorena kako bi građani imali što bolji uvid u sve procese i probleme, a time i motivaciju za sudjelovanje u upravnim procesima kroz razne oblike savjetovanja, javnih rasprava, podnošenja prijedloga, predstavki, pritužbi, prijave problema i slično. Danas je uloga građanina značajno proširena u odnosu na ranija vremena kada je to bila uloga podanika ili samo korisnika usluga. Na primjerima gradova Zagreba, Splita i Rijeke pokazalo se da uprava ulaže resurse za što otvoreniji i dostupniji pristup građanima. Razvoj digitalnih platformi ubrzao je procese i povećao dostupnost usluga. Građanima je danas vrlo lako pronaći važne akte, obrasce, odluke, podnijeti zahtjeve, uključiti se u e-savjetovanja vezano uz nacrte određenih akata, pronaći najnovije gradske vijesti, prijaviti određene probleme ili nepravilnosti na svom lokalnom području, informirati se o svim važnim stvarima koja se tiču njihovih prava i kvalitete života odnosno biti aktivni građani sa visokim stupnjem participacije. Gradovi Zagreb, Split i Rijeka imaju jako velik broj digitalnih platformi (od geoportala, e-savjetovanja, e-inicijativa, e-javnih rasprava pa nadalje) te mnogo dostupnih usluga, informacija i kontakata na svojim web stranicama. Dostupan je velik broj e-usluga i one su danas temelj ostvarivanja prava građana te ih je potrebno konstantno razvijati i nadograđivati. . U današnje vrijeme sve većeg razvoja digitalizacije, web stranice gradova prvi su i glavni kontakt između građana i uprave. Putem njih građani ostvaruju brojna svoja prava (poput zakonski uređenog prava na pristup informacijama), nalaze važne kontakte, obrasce i akte. Putem web stranica građani imaju uvid u trošenje javnog novca, u donošenje akata, u projekte koji se provode u gradu, važne informacije o prometu, događanjima u gradu i slično. U ovome radu analizirane su web stranice tri velika hrvatska grada, međutim bitno je napomenuti da jako važnu ulogu u odnosu uprave i građana danas čine i društvene mreže putem kojih je komunikacija neposrednija i brža i dodatno jača povjerenje građana prema upravi.A high-quality relationship between the administration and citizens is crucial for the good functioning of any political-administrative system. The relationship of mutual trust is of great importance. For this reason, it is necessary for the administration to be transparent and open so that citizens have the best possible insight into all processes and problems, and thus the motivation to participate in administrative processes through various forms of consultation, public hearings, submission of proposals, petitions, complaints, reports of problems and the like. Today, the role of the citizen is significantly expanded compared to earlier times when it was the role of subjects or only users of services. On the examples of the cities of Zagreb, Split and Rijeka, it turned out that the administration invests resources for the most open and accessible access to citizens. The development of digital platforms accelerated processes and increased the availability of services. Today, it is very easy for citizens to find important acts, forms, decisions, submit requests, get involved in e-consultations related to the drafts of certain acts, find the latest city news, report certain problems or irregularities in their local area, get information about all important things that concern their rights and quality of life, i.e. be active citizens with a high degree of participation. The cities of Zagreb, Split and Rijeka have a very large number of digital platforms (from geoportals, e-consultations, e-initiatives, e-public debates and beyond) and many available services, information and contacts on their websites. A large number of e-services are available and today they are the basis for the realization of citizens' rights and need to be constantly developed and upgraded. . In the present time of increasing development of digitization, the websites of cities are the first and main contact between citizens and the administration. Through them, citizens exercise many of their rights (such as the legally regulated right to access information), find important contacts, forms and acts. Through websites, citizens have insight into the spending of public money, the adoption of acts, projects implemented in the city, important information about traffic, events in the city, and the like. In this paper, the websites of three large Croatian cities were analyzed, but it is important to note that a very important role in the relationship between the administration and citizens today is also played by social networks, through which communication is more direct and faster and further strengthens citizens' trust in the administration
Inspection supervision in labor relations
No full textInspekcijski nadzor, kao posao državne uprave, reguliran je Zakonom o sustavu državne uprave. Inspekcijski nadzor u kontekstu radnih odnosa i zaštite na radu provode inspektori rada zaposleni u okviru Državnog inspektorata. Inspekcijski nadzor obuhvaća postupke koji uključuju izravan uvid u opće i pojedinačne akte, uvjete i način rada pravnih i fizičkih osoba, s ciljem poduzimanja upravnih mjera za usklađivanje s propisima. Državni inspektorat je državna upravna organizacija unutar kojeg djeluje 16 inspekcija uključujući i inspekciju rada. Inspektori rada su ovlašteni izricati upravne mjere u obliku rješenja, izdavati prekršajne naloge i podnositi optužne prijedloge. Inspekcija rada ima ključnu ulogu u zaštiti prava iz radnog odnosa i osiguranju sigurnosti i zaštite na radu. Njezina odgovornost uključuje nadzor nad prijavama na obvezno mirovinsko i zdravstveno osiguranje, nadzor nad radom maloljetnika, isplatom plaća, korištenjem godišnjih odmora, ispravnosti osobne zaštitne opreme, procjenom rizika na poslovima na radu. Mjera uspješnosti njezinog djelovanja očituje se u smanjenju ozljeda na radu i profesionalnih bolesti te u smanjenju slučajeva nezakonitog rada.Inspection supervision, as a state administration task, is regulated by the State Administration System Act. Inspection supervision in the context of employment relations and occupational safety is carried out by labor inspectors employed within the State Inspectorate. Inspection supervision encompasses procedures that include direct insight into general and individual acts, conditions and methods of work of legal and natural persons, with the aim of taking administrative measures to comply with regulations. The State Inspectorate is a state administrative organization within which 16 inspections operate, including the labor inspection. Labor inspectors are authorized to issue administrative measures in the form of decisions, issue misdemeanor orders and file indictments. The labor inspection plays a key role in protecting employment rights and ensuring safety and health at work. Its responsibilities include supervision of applications for mandatory pension and health insurance, supervision of the work of minors, payment of wages, use of annual leave, proper use of personal protective equipment, and risk assessment at work. The measure of the success of its activities is reflected in the reduction of injuries at work and occupational diseases, and in the reduction of cases of illegal work
Criminal Law Aspects of Domestic Violence
No full textNasilje u obitelji predstavlja različite vrste zlostavljanja među članovima obitelji. Tradicionalno se smatralo isključivo privatnim problemom, no postupnim jačanjem društvene svijesti o njegovim posljedicama te razvojem pokreta za zaštitu ljudskih prava došlo je do postupnog reguliranja te problematike. Zakonske intervencije omogućile su jasnije definiranje obiteljskog nasilja, sankcioniranje počinitelja te osiguravanje zaštite i podrške žrtvama. U radu se analiziraju najvažniji međunarodni dokumenti koji su postavili temelje za pravnu regulaciju obiteljskog nasilja, uključujući Konvenciju o uklanjaju svih oblika diskriminacije žena (CEDAW) i Istanbulsku konvenciju, i koji definiraju obiteljsko nasilje kao ozbiljno kršenje ljudskih prava i obvezuju države na usvajanje učinkovitih preventivnih i represivnih mjera. Izlaže se praksa Europskog suda za ljudska prava kroz analizu nekih od najznačajnijih presuda kojima Sud interpretira obvezu država da učinkovito istražuju i sankcioniraju slučajeve nasilja te osiguraju adekvatnu zaštitu žrtava. Daje se uvid u razvoj hrvatskog zakonodavstva u području zaštite od nasilja u obitelji te se analiziraju ključni pravni akti, uključujući Zakon o zaštiti od nasilja u obitelji i Kazneni zakon te njihove izmjene i prilagodbe međunarodnim standardima. Uz analizu pravnog okvira u radu se pruža i statistički uvid u prekršajnu i kaznenu sferu obiteljskog nasilja u Republici Hrvatskoj. Analizirani su podaci o broju prijavljenih i osuđenih osoba, vrstama izrečenih sankcija te udjelu recidivista, čime se daje jasniji prikaz učinkovitosti pravosudnog sustava u suzbijanju obiteljskog nasilja. Naglašava se važnost dosljedne provedbe pravnih propisa i daljnjeg unaprjeđenja institucionalnog okvira zaštite žrtava kako bi se osigurala učinkovita borba protiv obiteljskog nasilja.Domestic violence represents different types of abuse between family members. Traditionally, it was considered exclusively a private problem, but with the gradual strengthening of social awareness of its consequences and the development of the movement for the protection of human rights, the issue was gradually regulated. Legal interventions made it possible to define domestic violence more clearly, sanction perpetrators, and ensure protection and support for victims. The paper analyzes the most important international documents that laid the foundations for the legal regulation of domestic violence, including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Istanbul Convention, which define domestic violence as a serious violation of human rights and oblige states to adopt effective preventive and repressive measures. The practice of the European Court of Human Rights is presented through the analysis of some of the most significant judgments by which the Court interprets the obligation of states to effectively investigate and sanction cases of violence and ensure adequate protection of victims. An insight into the development of Croatian legislation in the field of protection against domestic violence is given, and key legal acts are analyzed, including the Law on Protection against Domestic Violence and the Criminal Code, as well as their amendments and adaptations to international standards. Along with the analysis of the legal framework, the paper also provides a statistical insight into the misdemeanor and criminal sphere of domestic violence in the Republic of Croatia. Data on the number of reported and convicted persons, the types of imposed sanctions and the proportion of recidivists were analyzed, which gives a clearer picture of the effectiveness of the judicial system in suppressing domestic violence. The importance of consistent implementation of legal regulations and further improvement of the institutional framework for the protection of victims is emphasized in order to ensure an effective fight against domestic violence
Protection of Refugees in International Law
No full textMeđunarodno pravo je tek u prvoj polovini 20. stoljeća usmjerilo svoju normativnu zaštitu na izbjeglice, što je rezultiralo usvajanjem ključnih međunarodnih instrumenata za njihovu zaštitu, kao i uspostavom relevantnih institucija nadležnih za njihovu provedbu. U ovom radu analizirane su temeljne odrednice međunarodnopravne zaštite izbjeglica, u cilju temeljitijeg sagledavanja suvremenih izazova i pravnih pitanja u ovoj oblasti. Rad započinje uvidom u povijesni i pravni razvoj zaštite izbjeglica, s posebnim osvrtom na Konvenciju o pravnom položaju izbjeglica iz 1951. i Protokol iz 1967. Uz detaljno pojašnjenje uvjeta za stjecanje i prestanak izbjegličkog statusa, posebna pažnja posvećena je analizi instituta non-refoulement i prava na azil kao temeljnih mehanizama zaštite izbjeglica. Završni dio rada posvećen je identificiranju ključnih međunarodnih organizacija nadležnih za zaštitu izbjeglica i razmatranju njihove uloge u tom kontekstu.International law directed its normative protection towards refugees only in the first half of the 20th century, which resulted in the adoption of key international instruments for their protection, as well as the establishment of relevant institutions responsible for their implementation. This thesis analyzes the fundamental aspects of international legal protection of refugees, with the aim of providing a comprehensive understanding of contemporary challenges and legal issues in this field. The study begins with an overview of the historical and legal development of refugee protection, with a particular focus on the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol. Along with a detailed explanation of the conditions for acquiring and losing refugee status, special attention is given to the analysis of the principle of non-refoulement and the right to asylum as fundamental mechanisms of refugee protection. The final section of the thesis is dedicated to identifying key international organizations responsible for refugee protection and examining their role in this context
Conscientious Objection - Selected Constitutional Issues
No full textInstitut priziva savjesti zaštićen je kao jedna od temeljnih sloboda u okviru slobode mišljenja, savjesti i vjeroispovijedi. Ustav Republike Hrvatske izričito jamči pravo na priziv savjesti oslanjajući se na čl. 9. Europske konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda. U javnosti posljednjih godina o prizivu savjesti najviše se govorilo u kontekstu odbijanja vršenja prekida trudnoće, koji nije primjereno dostupan jer ga u nekim zdravstvenim ustanovama svi ginekolozi odbijaju izvršiti uslijed svog priziva savjesti. Iako ne postoje službene statistike, Izvješću o radu pravobraniteljice za ravnopravnost spolova za 2018. g. pokazalo je da gotovo 59 posto (58,8%) zdravstvenih djelatnika odbija obavljati pobačaje. Prema podacima Ženske mreže ''Hrabra sestra'' iz travnja 2024. godine u Hrvatskoj 29 zdravstvenih ustanova ima ugovorenu uslugu prekida trudnoće na zahtjev s Hrvatskim zavodom za zdravstveno osiguranje, od toga u njih 6 ginekolozi uopće ne obavljaju pobačaj. Priziv savjesti u praksi može dovesti do ograničenje prava na zdravstvenu zaštitu i kršenja ljudskih prava žena. Manjkava regulativa omogućava zlouporabu prava i onemogućava pravodobno pružanje zdravstvene usluge. Dakle, u Hrvatskoj u području medicine izrijekom je priznat prigovor savjesti liječnicima, medicinskim sestrama, primaljama, zdravstvenim i nezdravstvenim djelatnicima u provođenju postupka medicinski pomognute oplodnje i farmaceutima (ljekarnicima). Do 2011. g. priziv savjesti nije uopće bio štićen u okviru čl. 9. EKLJP-a, već isključivo temeljem čl. 4. st. 3. EKLJP-a revidiravši to tek 2011. u predmetu Bayatyan protiv Armenije gdje je odlučio da je priziv savjesti prirodni dio prava zajamčenog člankom 9. Konvencije. Hrvatska nije ispunila svoju obvezu da cjelovito i efikasno regulira priziv savjesti i time mnogim ženama onemogućila reproduktivnu zdravstvenu zaštitu.The right to conscientious objection is protected as one of the fundamental freedoms within the freedom of thought, conscience and religion. The Constitution of the Republic of Croatia explicitly guarantees the right to conscientious objection, relying on Article 9 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. In recent years, conscientious objection has been most discussed in the public context of refusal to perform abortion procedures, which are not sufficiently accessible, as some gynecologists in certain healthcare institutions refuse to carry them out due to their conscientious objection. Although there are no official statistics, the 2018 Report on the work of the Ombudswoman for Gender Equality showed that almost 59% (58.8%) of healthcare workers refuse to perform abortions. According to data from the Women’s Network "Brave Sister" in April 2024, 29 healthcare institutions in Croatia have contracted abortion services with the Croatian Health Insurance Fund, but in 6 of them, gynecologists do not perform abortions at all. Conscientious objection in practice can lead to restrictions on the right to healthcare and violations of women's human rights. Inadequate regulation allows for abuse of the right and prevents the timely provision of healthcare services. Thus, in Croatia, the conscientious objection is explicitly recognized for doctors, nurses, midwives, healthcare and non-healthcare workers involved in assisted reproductive procedures and pharmacists. Until 2011, conscientious objection wasn't protected under Article 9 of the ECHR but solely under Article 4, paragraph 3 of the ECHR, which was revised in 2011 in the case Bayatyan v. Armenia, where it was decided that conscientious objection is a natural part of the right guaranteed by Article 9 of the Convention. Croatia has not fulfilled its obligation to comprehensively and effectively regulate conscientious objection, thereby preventing many women from accessing reproductive healthcare services
The Election for the Council of the Czech national minority on the territory of the Republic of Croatia
No full textIzbor članova vijeća češke nacionalne manjine u Republici Hrvatskoj dio je institucionalnog okvira zaštite manjinskih prava, uređenog Ustavnim zakonom o pravima nacionalnih manjina te Zakonom o izboru vijeća i predstavnika nacionalnih manjina. Ovaj rad analizira pravni okvir, postupak izbora te izazove s kojima se susreće vijeće češke nacionalne manjine. Kroz pregled zakonodavnih izmjena i prakse provedbe izbora, ističe se važnost političke participacije pripadnika manjinskih zajednica. Unatoč formalnoj zajamčenosti prava, praksa pokazuje ograničeni utjecaj vijeća na donošenje odluka u lokalnim samoupravama, financijske prepreke te demografske izazove koji utječu na aktivno sudjelovanje pripadnika češke manjine u političkom životu. Rad ukazuje na nužnost unaprjeđenja financiranja, jačanja političke autonomije vijeća i poticanja mladih pripadnika manjina na uključivanje u manjinsku politiku kako bi se osigurala održivost ovog modela političkog zastupanja.The election of members of the Czech National Minority Council in the Republic of Croatia is part of the institutional framework for the protection of minority rights, regulated by the Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities and the Act on the Election of Councils and Representatives of National Minorities. This paper analyses the legal framework, the election procedure and the challenges faced by the Czech National Minority Council. Through an overview of legislative amendments and the practice of conducting elections, the importance of political participation of members of minority communities is highlighted. Despite the formal guarantee of rights, practice shows the limited influence of the council on decision-making in local governments, financial obstacles and demographic challenges that affect the active participation of members of the Czech minority in political life. The paper points to the necessity of improving financing, strengthening the political autonomy of the council and encouraging young members of minorities to get involved in minority politics in order to ensure the sustainability of this model of political representation
Young Adults in Croatian Criminal Law
No full textOvaj se rad bavi položajem mlađih punoljetnika u hrvatskom kaznenom pravu, odnosno počiniteljima kaznenih djela koji su navršili osamnaest godina, ali nisu navršili dvadeset i jednu godinu života. Na njih se primjenjuje opće kazneno pravo, odnosno Kazneni zakon, uz mogućnost primjene maloljetničkih sankcija, pod određenim uvjetima koji se moraju ispuniti. U postupku protiv mlađih punoljetnika sudi vijeće za mladež, koje mora primjenjivati određene odredbe Zakona o sudovima za mladež, kojima se položaj mlađeg punoljetnika poboljšava u odnosu na strogo formalni postupak prema punoljetnim počiniteljima. U radu će biti obrađeni uvjeti pod kojima sud može izreći maloljetničku sankciju punoljetnom počinitelju, način izvršavanja kazne maloljetničkog zatvora i kazne zatvora, kao najtežih kazni koje se mogu izreći mlađim punoljetnicima, kao i mogućnosti državnog odvjetnika za obustavu kaznenog progona u skladu s načelom svrhovitosti, koje se često primjenjuje u postupcima prema maloljetnicima. Rad će također prikazati i najčešća kaznena djela koja čine mlađi punoljetnici te statističke podatke o izricanim sankcijama. Rad ističe važnost medijacije u okviru izvansudske nagodbe u predmetima protiv mlađih punoljetnika kao jedne od alternativa kaznenom postupku.This thesis examines the legal status of young adults in Croatian criminal law, offenders who have reached the age of 18 but have not yet turned 21. While the Criminal Code applies to them, they may also be subject to juvenile sanctions under certain conditions. Proceedings against young adults are conducted by a juvenile panel, which is required to apply specific provisions of the Juvenile Courts Act that improve their legal position compared to the strictly formal procedure applicable to adult offenders. The thesis explores the legal criteria for imposing juvenile sanctions on a young adult offender, the execution of juvenile imprisonment sentence and imprisonment- the most severe penalties applicable to this category of offenders- as well as the prosecutor's discretion to discontinue criminal proceedings based on the principle of opportunity, a practice frequently applied in juvenile cases. Additionally, it presents an overview of the most common criminal offenses committed by young adults, along with statistical data on imposed sanctions. Finally, the thesis highlights the significance of mediation in out-of-court settlements as an alternative to formal criminal proceedings for young adult offenders
Merger of Public Limited Company
No full textTema ovog diplomskog rada je pripajanje društava kao jedna od statusnih promjena društva koja je moguća u hrvatskom pravnom poretku. Do pripajanja društva dolazi iz različitih razloga, a to su ekonomski, pravni i financijski. Sam proces pripajanja veoma je zahtjevna aktivnost koja zahtijeva veliku pažnju svih uključenih sudionika. U radu se detaljno analiziraju svi potrebni pravni koraci za uspješno i zakonito provođenje postupka pripajanja.The topic of this thesis is the merger of companies as one of the status changes of the company that is possible in the Croatian legal system. Mergers of companies occur for various reasons, namely economic, legal and financial. The joining process itself is a very demanding activity that requires a lot of attention from all involved participants. The paper analyzes in detail all the necessary legal steps for the successful and legal implementation of the merger procedure
Legalization of Prostitution and Human Trafficking - Solution or Risk
No full textLegalizacija prostitucije, kao kontroverzan društveni i pravni fenomen, ima dubok utjecaj na različite aspekte društva kako s aspekta radnog i socijalnog prava tako i kaznenog jer je gotovo uvijek dovede u odnos s trgovinom ljudima.
Iako se prostitucija može promatrati kroz različite teorijske okvir važno je razumjeti kako društvo pristupa ovoj problematici te kako različite politike utječu na živote onih koji se bave tom djelatnosti. Jedna od ključnih činjenica je da legalizacija ne eliminira tržište ilegalnih prostitutki ili eksploataciju migranata. Mnogi trgovci koriste upravo legalne sustave za prikrivanje ilegalnih aktivnosti. Cilj ovog rada je istražiti različite pristupe prostituciji te sagledati na koji način zakonodavni okvir može utjecati na seksualne radnike kao i na trgovinu ljudima.
U prvom dijelu rada, razmotrit će se povijest i evolucija trgovine ljudima i prostitucije u različitim društvima dok će u drugom dijelu biti analizirani različiti režimi regulacije prostitucije i njihov utjecaj na trgovinu ljudima.The legalization of prostitution, as a controversial social and legal phenomenon, has a profound impact on various aspects of society, both in terms of labor and social rights as well as criminal law, since it almost always intersects with human trafficking.
Although prostitution can be viewed through different theoretical frameworks, it is important to understand how society approaches this issue and how different policies affect the lives of those involved in this activity. One key fact is that legalization does not eliminate the market for illegal prostitutes or the exploitation of migrants. Many traffickers use legal systems to conceal their illegal activities. The aim of this paper is to explore various approaches to prostitution and examine how legal frameworks can influence sex workers as well as human trafficking.
The first part of the paper will discuss the history and evolution of human trafficking and prostitution in different societies, while the second part will analyze different models of prostitution regulation and their impact on human trafficking