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Will and the deaf people
No full textnisu problem. Teškoće se posebno javljaju u formalnim situacijama koje zahtijevaju razumijevanje stručne terminologije. Iako im je pristup informacijama moguć, njihovo razumijevanje i usvajanje znanja često je otežano. Ovaj rad se fokusira na pitanje mogu li gluhe osobe sastaviti valjanu oporuku u okviru postojećeg zakonodavstva.
U radu se obrađuje pojam gluhoće te se analiziraju zakoni i međunarodne konvencije koje podržavaju inkluziju osoba s invaliditetom. Posebno se ističe važnost komunikacijskog posrednika koji omogućava bolju povezanost gluhih osoba sa zajednicom. Objašnjava se što je oporuka, njezine karakteristike i što je može učiniti nevaljanom. Također se obrađuje uloga svjedoka i tumačenje oporuka.
Najveći fokus rada je na načinima kako gluhe osobe mogu koristiti različite oblike oporuka. Istražuju se prepreke u razumijevanju pravnih pojmova te manjkavosti obrazovanja za gluhe osobe. Komunikacijski posrednici igraju ključnu ulogu, ali su suočeni s nedostatkom formalnog obrazovanja i nepostojanjem jasnih sankcija za neetično ponašanje. Rad također raspravlja razliku između sudskog tumača i prevoditelja.
Usmena oporuka kao zakonska mogućnost prikazana je kao posebno neprikladna za osobe oštećenog sluha. Zaključuje se da postojeći zakonski okvir ne osigurava jednaku pravnu zaštitu gluhim osobama u izražavanju posljednje volje. Cilj rada je ukazati na potrebu za boljom prilagodbom pravnog sustava ranjivim skupinama.Deaf individuals face daily communication challenges that hearing people often take for granted. These difficulties are especially apparent in formal situations requiring the understanding of technical terminology. Although information is accessible to them, their ability to comprehend and acquire knowledge is often limited. This paper focuses on whether deaf individuals can create a legally valid will within the existing legal framework.
The paper discusses the concept of deafness and reviews laws and international conventions that promote the inclusion of people with disabilities. It emphasizes the importance of communication intermediaries who help deaf individuals connect with the wider community. The concept and characteristics of a will are explained, along with what can make a will invalid. The role of witnesses and the interpretation of wills are also explored.
The main focus is on how deaf individuals can utilize different types of wills. Barriers to understanding legal terms and shortcomings in education for the deaf are examined. Communication intermediaries play a key role, but often lack formal education and operate without clear ethical guidelines or sanctions. The paper also discusses the distinction between court interpreters and translators.
The oral will, although legally available, is shown to be particularly unsuitable for individuals with hearing impairments. The conclusion is that the current legal system does not fully protect the rights of deaf individuals in expressing their final wishes. The aim of this work is to highlight the need for better legal adaptation to support vulnerable communities
Excise duties on energy products and electricity - fiscal function, legislative framework and challenges of implementation in the Republic of Croatia
No full textU ovom radu se pristupa temi trošarina iz više kutova, ne samo iz pravnog i fiskalnog aspekta, nego i o njihovim širim društvenim, ekološkim i gospodarskim učincima.
Da bi razumjeli trošarine potrebno je najprije shvatiti njihovu svrhu, a to je osiguravanje stabilnog izvora proračunskog prihoda, isto tako i da služe kao instrument korekcije negativnih učinaka potrošnje. Stope trošarina određuje Vlada Uredbom, u eurima, prema vrsti proizvoda i načinu uporabe, uz mogućnost povlastica. Stope koje su propisane oslikavaju regulatorne prioritete i razlikuju se za poslovnu i neposlovnu uporabu. Imaju regresivan karakter, pa jače pogađaju kućanstva s nižim prihodima, a u Republici Hrvatskoj se to ublažava kroz sustav subvencija i mogućnosti povrata trošarina u posebnim slučajevima kao što je poljoprivreda, industrijska proizvodnja ili grijanje u javnim ustanovama. Trošarine se sve više koriste kao instrument ekološke politike, podupirući energetsku učinkovitost i smanjenje emisija štetnih tvari. Zapravo država pokušava kroz trošarine nadoknaditi posljedice koje takva potrošnja stvara za društvo kao na primjer, klimatske promjene, narušavanje kvalitete zraka ili oštećenje zdravlja građana. U Republici Hrvatskoj trošarinski sustav za energente nailazi na izazove koji proizlaze iz provedbenih poteškoća, a ne toliko iz zakonskih nejasnoća. Javljaju se administrativne i tehničke barijere i različita tumačenja propisa između obveznika i nadležnih tijela. Zato je važno dalje razvijati sustav i olakšati provedbu u praksi.
Trošarine na energente i električnu energiju već daju važan doprinos državnom proračunu, a kako bi bile još učinkovitije i korisnije, potrebno je prilagoditi ih još dodatno. Ostvarenje toga je moguće kroz bolje praćenje, usmjeravanje prihoda prema okolišnim i socijalnim ciljevima. Time se gradi sustav koji osigurava proračunske prihode, ali jača i društveno povjerenje, i potiče održiv razvoj.This paper approaches the topic of excise duties from multiple angles, not only from the legal and fiscal perspective, but also regarding their broader social, ecological, and economic impacts.
To understand excise duties, it is first necessary to comprehend their purpose, which is to ensure a stable source of budget revenue, while also serving as an instrument for correcting the negative effects of consumption. Excise duty rates are determined by the Government through a Regulation, expressed in euros, depending on the type of product and method of use, with the possibility of exemptions. The prescribed rates reflect regulatory priorities and differ for business and non-business use. They have a regressive character, thus affecting lower-income households more severely, but in Croatia, this is mitigated through a system of subsidies and opportunities for excise refunds in special cases such as agriculture, industrial production, or heating in public institutions. Excise duties are increasingly used as an instrument of environmental policy, supporting energy efficiency and the reduction of harmful emissions. Essentially, the state attempts through excise duties to compensate for the consequences that such consumption creates for society, such as climate change, deterioration of air quality, or damage to citizens' health. In Croatia, the excise system for energy products faces challenges stemming more from implementation difficulties than from legal ambiguities. Administrative and technical barriers arise, as well as differing interpretations of regulations between taxpayers and authorities. Therefore, it is important to continue developing the system and facilitating practical implementation.
Excise duties on energy products and electricity already make a significant contribution to the state budget, and to make them even more effective and beneficial, further adjustments are needed. This can be achieved through better monitoring and directing revenues towards environmental and social goals. In doing so, a system is built that not only secures budget revenues but also strengthens public trust and promotes sustainable development
Decrees of the Government of the Republic of Croatia based on statutory authority
No full textU ovom radu se analizira odnos zakonodavne i izvršne vlasti u Republici Hrvatskoj, uključujući njihove samostalne ovlasti i međusobnu suradnju. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na podzakonske općenormativne akte. Rad obrađuje institut poremećaja nadležnosti između zakonodavne i izvršne vlasti, postupak donošenja uredbi, značaj izvršne klauzule, te ratifikaciju uredaba. Posebna pažnja posvećena je uredbama koje Vlada Republike Hrvatske donosi na temelju ovlasti delegiranih od Hrvatskog sabora.This paper analyzes the relationship between the legislative and executive branches of government in the Republic of Croatia, including their independent powers and mutual cooperation. Special emphasis is placed on subordinate general normative acts. The paper addresses the issue of jurisdictional disruption between the legislative and executive branches, the procedure for adopting decrees, the significance of the executive clause, and the ratification of decrees. Special attention is given to decrees issued by the Government of the Republic of Croatia based on powers delegated by the Croatian Parliament
Cybercrime and Ship Security
No full textTema ovog diplomskog rada je kibernetička sigurnost u pomorskom prometu, s posebnim naglaskom na prijetnje kojima su izloženi brodovi i luke te mjere zaštite koje se poduzimaju radi smanjenja rizika. U uvodnom dijelu rada objašnjava se pojam kibernetičkog kriminala, analiziraju mete napada te se razmatra što čini brodove ranjivima na kibernetičke prijetnje. Dodatno se ističu motivacija napadača te razina svijesti u industriji o opasnostima koje kibernetički napadi nose. U drugom dijelu rada opisane su najčešće vrste napada koje pogađaju pomorski sektor, poput ransomwarea, GPS spoofinga, socijalnog inženjeringa i DDoS napada. Slijede konkretni primjeri stvarnih napada, uključujući incidente u Antwerpenu, tzv. Zombie Zero napad te presretanje financijskih transakcija. Četvrto poglavlje bavi se međunarodnim i nacionalnim propisima koji reguliraju kibernetičku sigurnost u pomorstvu, uključujući pravila IMO-a i ISPS kodeks, kao i ulogu pojedinih država u razvoju sigurnosnih inicijativa. U petom dijelu rada analiziraju se sigurnosne mjere i preventivne aktivnosti različitih aktera, poput P&I klubova, organizacije BIMCO i klasifikacijskih društava. Rad završava zaključkom koji sažima ključne nalaze te ističe važnost kontinuiranog razvoja kibernetičke zaštite u pomorskom sektoru kao neizostavnog dijela moderne sigurnosne politike.The topic of this thesis is cybersecurity in maritime transport, with a particular focus on threats faced by ships and ports, as well as protective measures taken to reduce risks. The introductory section defines cybercrime, analyzes potential attack targets, and examines the vulnerabilities of ships to cyber threats. It also highlights the attackers’ motivations and the level of awareness within the maritime industry regarding these dangers. The second part of the thesis describes the most common types of cyberattacks affecting the maritime sector, such as ransomware, GPS spoofing, social engineering, and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. This is followed by real-world case studies, including incidents in Antwerp, the so-called Zombie Zero attack, and the interception of financial transactions. The fourth chapter covers international and national regulations that govern cybersecurity in maritime transport, including IMO rules, the ISPS Code, and national initiatives developed by individual countries. The fifth section analyzes the security measures and preventive actions taken by various stakeholders, such as P&I clubs, BIMCO, and classification societies. The thesis concludes with a summary of key findings and emphasizes the importance of continuously developing cyber defense strategies as an essential part of modern maritime security policy
Gambling addiction: characteristics and impact on the individual, family and society
No full textSvakim danom raste broj ovisnika o kockanju. U prosjeku svaki treći punoljetni stanovnik Hrvatske sudjeluje u igrama na sreću, a u porastu je i broj mladih ovisnika o kockanju. Tome pridonose dostupnost i pristupačnost igara na sreću te uvođenje mrežnog kockanja uslijed razvoja tehnologije. Obzirom na ove podatke, ne čudi da je Vlada usvojila i podnijela Saboru izmjene i dopune Zakona o igrama na sreću, s ciljem restriktivnije regulacije njihovog oglašavanja, a uvodi se i registar isključenih igrača. Postrožavanje mjera je neophodno da bi se građane zaštitilo od mogućih štetnih posljedica igranja igara na sreću, ali i spriječio rad nelegalnih priređivača igara na internetu. Izrazito je važno u najvećoj mogućoj mjeri smanjiti broj patoloških kockara zbog brojnih negativnih posljedica koje kockanje ima na samog ovisnika, njegovu obitelj te društvo u cjelini. Riječ je o zdravstvenim, financijskim, emocionalnim, obiteljskim, profesionalnim i drugim teškoćama, a ponekad i o kriminalnom ponašanju.The number of gambling addicts is increasing every day. On average, every third adult resident of Croatia participates in games of chance, and the number of young people addicted to gambling is also on the rise. The availability and accessibility of games of chance and the introduction of online gambling due to the development of technology contribute to this. Considering these data, it is not surprising that the Government adopted and submitted to Parliament amendments to the Law on Games of Chance, with the aim of more restrictive regulation of their advertising, and a register of excluded players is introduced. The enforcement of measures is necessary in order to protect citizens from possible harmful consequences of playing games of chance, but also to prevent the work of illegal game organizers on the Internet. It is extremely important to reduce the number of pathological gamblers, as much as possible, because of the numerous negative consequences that gambling has on the addict himself, his family and society as a whole. The negative consequences involved are health, financial, emotional, family, professional and other difficulties, and sometimes criminal behavior
New Legislative Framework Regulating the Status of Protected Tenants in Privately Owned Flats.
No full textU diplomskom radu analizira se povijesni razvoj pravnih instituta stanarskog prava te zakonodavna rješenja koja su dovela do njegova ukidanja. Posebna pažnja posvećena je institutu zaštićenog najma u stanovima u privatnom vlasništvu, s naglaskom na povrede prava vlasništva koje su utvrđene u presudama Europskog suda za ljudska prava u skupini predmeta Statileo te odlukama Ustavnog suda Republike Hrvatske. Novo zakonodavno uređenje predviđa pet programskih mjera koje će se primjenjivati na svaki pojedinačni stan upisan u Registar stanova. Nakon detaljnog prikaza svake pojedine mjere i načina njezine provedbe, u diplomskom radu posebno se ističu moguće nepravde i teškoće koje bi mogle nastati njihovom primjenom.This thesis analyzes the historical development of the legal institute of tenancy rights and the legislative frameworks that led to its abolition. Particular attention is given to the institute of protected lease in privately owned apartments, with an emphasis on violations of property rights established by the European Court of Human Rights in the Statileo group of cases, as well as by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia. The new legislative framework introduces five programmatic measures to be implemented for each individual apartment registered in the Register of Apartments. Following a detailed explanation of each measure and its method of implementation, the thesis highlights potential injustices and difficulties that may arise in practice
Local self-government and citizen participation in the City of Dubrovnik
No full textU ovom radu prikazan je pravni okvir, organizacija i funkcioniranje mjesne samouprave u Republici Hrvatskoj, s posebnim osvrtom na mjesnu samoupravu koja djeluje na području jedinice lokalne samouprave Grada Dubrovnika. Proučeni su relevantni zakonski propisi kojima je regulirana mjesna samouprava, opći akti jedinice lokalne samouprave Grada Dubrovnika te znanstveni radovi iz ovog područja. Posebna pažnja posvećena je analizi poglavlja u Statutu Grada Dubrovnika o mjesnoj samoupravi i neposrednom sudjelovanju građana u odlučivanju. Zatim se donose konkretni podatci kako građani Grada Dubrovnika sudjeluju u odlučivanju i utječu na lokalno upravljanje. Korišteni su dostupni podatci sa službene web stranice Grada Dubrovnika, kao i izvještaji i objave vezane uz projekte mjesne samouprave. Osim toga, provedeni su intervjui s predsjednicima vijeća gradskih kotareva Gruž i Lapad, kako bi se pobliže pružio uvid u rad jedinica mjesne samouprave i njihove suradnje s građanima.This paper presents the legal framework, organization and functioning of sub-municipal government in the Republic of Croatia, with a particular focus on sub-municipal government operating in the area of the local self-government unit of the City of Dubrovnik. Relevant legal regulations regulating sub-municipal government, general legislative acts of the sub-municipal government unit of the City of Dubrovnik, as well as relevant scholarly literature in this domain were studied. Special consideration is given to the analysis of the chapter in the Statute of the City of Dubrovnik on sub-municipal government and direct citizen participation in governance and decision-making processes. Furthermore, the paper presents specific data illustrating manner in which the residents of Dubrovnik participate in local decision-making and exert influence on local governance. Available data from the official website of the City of Dubrovnik were used, as well as reports and communications related to sub-municipal government projects. In addition, interviews were conducted with the chairpersons of the councils representing the city districts of Gruž and Lapad in order to provide closer insights into the practical functioning of sub-municipal government units and their interactions with the citizens
Femicide as the most extreme form of gender-based violence- criminal law perspective
No full textOvaj rad bavi se femicidom kao najozbiljnijim oblikom rodno utemeljenog nasilja nad ženama te njegovim kaznenopravnim aspektima, s posebnim osvrtom na zakonodavni okvir Republike Hrvatske. Femicid je analiziran kroz povijesni razvoj, teorijske pristupe, pravne izvore i aktualnu praksu. Rad započinje prikazom rodno utemeljenog nasilja i njegovog odnosa prema femicidu, pri čemu se naglašava važnost Istanbulske konvencije i ostalih međunarodnih dokumenata poput Rezolucija UN-a. Također su obrađeni pojavni oblici femicida: intimni femicid, neintimni i drugi oblici femicida. Uspoređeni su kaznenopravni modeli regulacije u različitim državama: kao zasebno kazneno djelo, kvalificirani oblik ubojstva, otegotna okolnost pri ubojstvu ili ubojstvo žrtve kao otegotna okolnost u rodno uvjetovanim kaznenim djelima. Središnji dio rada odnosi se na analizu hrvatskog zakonodavstva, s naglaskom na izmjene Kaznenog zakona iz 2024. godine kojima je uvedeno novo kazneno djelo teškog ubojstva ženske osobe iz rodno uvjetovanih razloga. Istaknut je ratio navedenih izmjena i važnost uvođenja zakonske definicije rodno utemeljenog nasilja te njegova uloga kao otegotne okolnosti. Nadalje, femicid se analizira kroz prizmu nasilja u obitelji. U završnom dijelu rada prikazani su statistički podaci u svijetu i u Republici Hrvatskoj, koji potvrđuju ozbiljnost problema i potrebu za boljom prevencijom i institucionalnim djelovanjem. Rad završava zaključkom kako femicid nije samo pravni, već i društveni fenomen koji zahtijeva sveobuhvatan odgovor kroz zakonodavne mjere, edukaciju, prikupljanje podataka i promjenu društvenih stavova.This paper addresses femicide as the most serious form of gender-based violence against women, focusing on its criminal law aspects with a particular emphasis on the legislative framework of the Republic of Croatia. Femicide is analyzed through its historical development, theoretical approaches, legal sources, and current practice. The paper begins with an overview of gender-based violence and its relation to femicide, highlighting the importance of the Istanbul Convention and other international documents such as UN Resolutions. It also examines the various forms of femicide, including intimate, non-intimate, and other types. Criminal law models of regulation in different countries are compared: as a separate criminal offence, as a qualified form of homicide, as an aggravating circumstance in homicide, or as the killing of the victim considered an aggravating factor in gender-based criminal offences. The central part of the paper focuses on the analysis of Croatian legislation, particularly the 2024 amendments to the Criminal Code, which introduced a new criminal offence of aggravated murder of a female person for gender-based reasons. The rationale behind these amendments is explained, as well as the importance of introducing a legal definition of gender-based violence and its role as an aggravating circumstance. Furthermore, femicide is analyzed through the lens of domestic violence. The final part of the paper presents statistical data from both global and Croatian sources, confirming the seriousness of the issue and the need for improved prevention and institutional response. The paper concludes that femicide is not only a legal but also a social phenomenon requiring a comprehensive response through legislative measures, education, data collection, and changes in societal attitudes
Attitudes of local units toward decentralization- the case of the island of Pag
No full textEuropska povelja o lokalnoj samoupravi je prvi dokument kojim je zagarantirano pravo na lokalnu samoupravu, a time i pokretač težnji za decentralizacijom u europskim zemljama. Primjena načela supsidijarnosti garantira odlučivanje i obavljanje poslova na razini koja je najbliža građanima. Glavni alat za prethodno navedeno je lokalna samouprava. Hrvatska je Europsku povelju o lokalnoj samoupravi dijelom ratificirala 1997. godine. Ratifikacijom se obvezala na uspostavu snažnijih lokalnih jedinica sa sve većim brojem prenesenih ovlasti. Opće je poznato kako sve lokalne jedinice nisu jednake po veličini i financijskim mogućnostima. Predmet ovog rada je utvrditi strukturu upravnih tijela i broj zaposlenih u lokalnim jedinicama na otoku Pagu. Nastavno na to, rezultati provedene ankete će pokazati stavove svih lokalnih službenika o mogućnostima lokalnih jedinica u vidu izvršavanja prenesenih ovlasti sa središnje razine.The European Charter of Local Self-Government is the first document that guarantees the right to local self-government, thus serving as a driving force for decentralization efforts in European countries. The application of the principle of subsidiarity ensures decision-making and the performance of tasks at the level closest to the citizens. The main instrument for achieving this is local self-government. Croatia has partially ratified the European Charter of Local Self-Government in 1997. By ratifying it, Croatia committed to establishing stronger local units with an increasing number of transferred powers. It is widely known that not all local units are equal in terms of size and financial capacity. The subject of this paper is to determine the structure of administrative bodies and the number of employees in local units on the island of Pag. Furthermore, the results of the conducted survey will reveal the opinions of local officials regarding the capacities of local units in carrying out delegated powers from the central level
Intercountry adoption and the best interests of the child
No full textU ovom radu analizira se institut međunarodnog posvojenja s naglaskom na zaštitu načela najboljeg interesa djeteta, kao temeljnog načela u svom postupcima koji se tiču djece. Prikazuje se povijesni razvoj međunarodnog posvojenja te glavni međunarodni dokumenti koji ga reguliraju. Obrađuju se različite vrste posvojenja s međunarodnim obilježjem, kao i sam postupak međunarodnog posvojenja. Spominju se razni oblici nezakonitih praksi i zloupotreba međunarodnog posvojenja koja se svode na kršenje načela najboljeg interesa djeteta. Nadalje, navodi se pravno uređenje međunarodnog posvojenja u Republici Hrvatskoj. Na kraju, obrađuje se slučaj posvojenja djece iz Demokratske Republike Kongo.This thesis analyzes the institution of international adoption with emphasis on protecting the principle of child's best interest, as a fundamental principle in all procedures concerning children. The historical development of international adoption is presented, as well as the main international documents that regulate it. Various types of adoption with international characteristics are discussed, as well as the international adoption procedure itself. Forms of illegal practices and abuses of international adoption are mentioned which all boil down to violations of the principle of child's best interest. Furthermore, the legal regulation of international adoption in the Republic of Croatia is outlined. Finally, the case of adoption of children from the Democratic Republic of Congo is addressed