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Exploring the Application of Replay-Based Continuous Learning in a Machine Learning Pipeline
No full textReplay-based continuous learning (CL) methods are utilized to adapt deployed deep learning (DL) models to evolving data while minimizing catastrophic forgetting. However, the primary challenge is that most CL methods in the literature do not focus on real operational data and regression tasks. These key aspects are explored in this study, which applies and evaluates replay-based CL method in a machine learning pipeline that uses real operational data to retrain a DL model for a maritime use case. This pipeline was adapted to the application context based on experiments and discussions with domain experts, by enhancing the sample management. Our results show that even with a small set of replayed samples, the model performance can be improved and catastrophic forgetting can be limited.Peer reviewe
Temporal changes in blood biomarkers associated with sleep apnoea severity : a retrospective cohort study in Finland
No full textIntroduction Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder associated with breathing interruptions during sleep, often leading to oxygen level drops and sleep disturbances. OSA is known to impact various physiological parameters, including haematological and lipid profiles. This study aims to investigate the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy on laboratory values in patients with OSA. Methods A retrospective study was conducted using data from Finland's largest hospital district, including 30 722 adult OSA patients treated between 2005 and 2020. A text search algorithm was implemented within the patient chart data to extract the apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) and the usage of CPAP therapy, along with identifying patients who had declined treatment. Haematological and metabolic laboratory values were collected 3 years before and after the first OSA diagnosis. Analysis of covariance was employed to compare parameter variations across severity levels, adjusted for age, sex and body mass index (BMI). T-test for repeated measurements was used to analyse the differences between data, 3 years prior and 3 years after the first OSA diagnosis. Results The study of 30 722 OSA patients showed varying severity levels: 14.8% mild, 32.6% moderate and 52.6% severe, with an average diagnosis age of 55.0 years and a mean BMI of 32.4. The most clinically significant changes were observed in lipid profile markers, with improvements in cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (p value<0.05), measured before CPAP treatment initiation and after the treatment began. Conversely, glucose levels increased during the follow-up period. Similarly, haematocrit and haemoglobin decreased significantly after initiation of the CPAP treatment. In sex-specific analyses, significant improvements in cholesterol and LDL levels were found in both sexes. Triglyceride levels improved in male patients, in contrast with female participants, whose triglyceride levels increased during the follow-up period. Conclusions CPAP therapy significantly improves cholesterol and LDL levels in both sexes and reduces haematocrit and haemoglobin levels. This study highlights the systemic effects of OSA and underscores the importance of evaluating haematological and lipid profiles in OSA management.Peer reviewe
Making sense of response : How policies affect climate vulnerability
No full textThere is a gap in understanding how different policies affect climate vulnerability and risk development, yet increasingly response is added to the risk framework. We propose a conceptual framework that explains how response and other policies affect risk determinants and demonstrate the application of the framework using a synthesis of empirical literature on climate-related health risks and adaptation in cities. The analysis shows that most of the policies affecting vulnerability and exposure are outside climate interventions, i.e., current conceptualization of response. The inclusion of response and other policies in risk assessments has implications for adaptation research and practice.Peer reviewe
Riskinarvio ja geriatriset interventiot iäkkäillä haurailla potilailla päivystyksessä
No full textDue to the ageing population, there is an increasing number of older patients visiting emergency departments (EDs), underscoring the importance for EDs to be well-prepared to provide patient-centred and medically robust care for older adults. Many of these older individuals have frailty, a condition characterised by reduced strength, slow mobility, exhaustion, low physical activity, and unintentional weight loss. This condition heightens their vulnerability to adverse outcomes from acute stressors such as illnesses or trauma. Frailty, along with the high prevalence of multimorbidity and functional decline in this age group, complicates the evaluation and care of this patient group in EDs. Current diagnostic and risk assessment strategies might not be fully adaptable to the complexities associated with these patients, highlighting the need for more comprehensive approaches in the care of geriatric patients in EDs.
Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) is a multidimensional, interdisciplinary approach designed to evaluate an older patient’s medical, psychological, and functional capabilities. Its goal is to develop a targeted treatment and care plan tailored to the individual’s needs. Implementing CGA principles in EDs has shown promising results in reducing hospitalisations without increasing revisits or other identified harm. The longer-term effectiveness of CGA in EDs remains an area for further research.
This dissertation aims to improve the identification of high-risk older patients with frailty in EDs and evaluate the efficacy of systematic geriatric assessment and individualised care planning in this setting, thus enabling better care for this vulnerable patient group. A series of four studies were conducted in an ED. These studies included older ED patients aged 75 years or older, identified as having frailty or being at risk of frailty, based on Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) assessments.
Study I investigated the predictive accuracy of the National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) and a local three-level triage system. This evaluation focused on 30-day mortality, high-dependency unit (HDU) and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, hospital admissions, revisits to the ED, and ED length of stay (LOS). A total of 1711 ED visits were included in the analysis. The results indicated that NEWS2 modestly predicted 30-day mortality and HDU admissions. The three-level triage system demonstrated low accuracy in predicting mortality while showing moderate accuracy for HDU admissions. Notably, there were no ICU admissions within this population. Both NEWS2 and the triage method showed relatively low accuracy for predicting hospital admissions, and poor accuracy for predicting ED revisits or ED LOS.
Study II focused on the association between body temperature and 30-day and 90-day mortality. The analysis included 1577 ED visits that met the inclusion criteria. Low body temperature (T ≤ 36.0 °C) had a significant association with increased mortality at both 30-day and 90-day follow-ups. This association remained after adjusting for sex, age, and the CFS level. The mortality rate in the high-temperature group (T ≥ 38.1 °C) was not significantly different from that in normothermic patients.
Study III evaluated red cell distribution width (RDW) as a predictor of 30-day mortality in ED patients with frailty. The cohort consisted of 1407 patients who met the inclusion criteria. The study showed that elevated RDW predicts increased mortality. Regression analysis revealed that the increase in mortality was independent of frailty, age, and CFS level.
Study IV was a randomised controlled trial investigating the efficacy of systematic geriatric assessment on cumulative hospital stay in a 365-day follow-up. The secondary outcomes included hospital admission rate from the ED, ED revisits, status of living at home at 365 day of ED visit, mortality, and fall-related ED visits. A total of 213 patients were randomly allocated to the intervention group and 219 to the control group. In this trial, no significant difference was found between the intervention and control groups for cumulative hospital stay or any secondary outcomes. However, the hospital admission rate from the ED was 7.5 percentage points lower in the intervention group. Although this reduction did not reach statistical significance, it aligns with findings from previous studies.
The results of Study I underscore the limitations of vital signs and initial triage categorisation in overall risk evaluation for older patients with frailty in EDs. The results of Studies II and III indicate that low body temperature and elevated RDW are independent risk predictors in older ED patients with frailty. Including these markers could improve the accuracy of screening models that combine multiple predictors for high-risk conditions, potentially enabling more targeted early care. The finding of Study IV is consistent with earlier studies, demonstrating that geriatric assessment in EDs can reduce unnecessary hospitalisations. However, for sustained improvements in health and functioning that lead to reduced hospital stays, improved quality of life, and the ability to maintain home dwelling status, more continuous and intensive interventions, along with smooth care transitions, may be needed.Iäkkäiden päivystyspotilaiden määrä kasvaa tulevina vuosina merkittävästi väestörakenteen muuttuessa. Päivystyksissä tuleekin olla hyvät valmiudet ja osaaminen hoitaa tätä potilasryhmää. Osalla iäkkäistä gerastenia, joka ilmenee lihasheikkoutena, liikkumisen hidastumisena, vähäisenä fyysisenä aktiivisuutena, uupuneisuutena ja painonlaskuna, altistaa toimintakyvyn ja terveydentilan romahtamiselle äkillisten stressitilojen, kuten akuuttien sairauksien ja vammojen yhteydessä. Gerastenia sekä monisairastavuus ja heikentynyt toimintakyky vaikeuttavat iäkkäiden potilaiden vakavien akuuttien tilojen tunnistamista ja hoitoa. Tavanomaiset hoitokäytännöt ja riskin arvioinnin menetelmät eivät sellaisenaan täysin sovellettavissa hauraille iäkkäille potilaille, vaan monitekijäisten tilojen arvioimiseksi tarvitaan kokonaisvaltaisempaa arviointia.
Kokonaisvaltainen geriatrinen arviointi on systemaattinen, moniammatillinen menetelmä, jossa arvioidaan terveydentilaa ja toimintakykyä laaja-alaisesti sisällyttäen osa-alueina mm. sairauksien, toimintakyvyn, lääkehoidon, psyykkisten ja sosiaalisten tekijöiden, kognition ja ravitsemuksen kartoitukset. Arvioinnin myötä laaditaan yksilöllinen hoitosuunnitelma terveydentilan ja toimintakyvyn tukemiseksi, jota toteutetaan moniammatillisessa hoidossa ja seurannassa. Kokonaisvaltaisen geriatrisen arvioinnin menetelmiä päivystyksessä soveltaen on aiemmissa tutkimuksissa onnistuttu vähentämään sairaalahoitoon otettujen potilaiden osuutta ilman lisääntyneitä uusintakäyntejä. Päivystyspotilailla sovelletun geriatrisen arvioinnin pitkäaikaisvaikuttavuudesta ei kuitenkaan ole vielä tietoa.
Tämän väitöskirjan tavoitteina on kehittää korkean kuolleisuusriskin tilojen tunnistamista sekä arvioida päivystyksessä toteutetun systemaattisen geriatrisen arvioinnin ja yksilöllisen hoitosuunnitelman vaikuttavuutta haurailla päivystyspotilailla. Väitöskirja koostuu neljästä osatutkimuksista. Tutkimuskohorttina oli iäkkäät, vähintään 75-vuotiaat päivystyspotilaat, joilla on gerastenia tai ovat gerastenian vaarassa kliinisellä gerastenia-asteikolla (Clinical Frailty Scale, CFS) arvioituna.
Ensimmäisessä osatyössä arvioitiin peruselintoimintojen häiriöiden varhaiseen tunnistamiseen kehitetyn National Early Warning Score 2:n (NEWS2) sekä päivystyksen paikallisen kolmiportaisen kiireellisyysluokituksen osuvuutta 30 vuorokauden kuolleisuuden, teho- tai valvontahoidon sekä sairaalahoidon tarpeen, päivystyksen uusintakäyntien ja päivystyskäynnin keston ennustamisessa. Analyysiin sisällytettiin sisäänottokriteerit täyttävät 1711 päivystyskäyntiä. NEWS2 ennusti kuolleisuutta ja valvontahoitoon siirtymistä kohtalaisen osuvasti. Kiireellisyysluokituksen osuvuus kuolleisuuden suhteen oli heikko, mutta valvontahoitoa se ennusti kohtalaisesti. Tehohoitoon siirtyneitä potilaita ei tutkimusaineistossa ollut lainkaan. Sekä NEWS2 että kiireellisyysluokitus ennusti huonosti päivystyksestä osastohoitoon siirtymistä, eikä kummallakaan arvioinnilla havaittu yhteyttä päivystyskäynnin kestoon.
Toisessa osatyössä tutkittiin gerasteniapotilaiden päivystyskäynnillä mitatun kehon lämpötilan ennustevaikutusta 30 ja 90 vuorokauden kuolleisuuteen. Otokseen sisältyi yhteensä 1577 päivystyskäyntiä, jotka täyttivät osatyön kriteerit. Matalan lämpötilan (≤ 36.0 °C) potilaiden sekä 30 että 90 vuorokauden kuolleisuus havaittiin merkittävästi korkeammaksi verrattuna normaalilämpöisiin ja kuumeisiin potilaisiin. Regressioanalyysi osoitti, että matala kehon lämpö oli itsenäinen riskin ennustemerkki iästä, sukupuolesta ja CFS-luokasta riippumattomana.
Kolmannessa osatyössä arvioitiin punasolujen kokojakauman ennustavuutta (red cell distribution width, RDW) 30 vuorokauden kuolleisuudelle. Osatyössä analysoitiin 1407 kriteerit täyttävän päivystyskäynnin otos. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että korkeampi RDW-arvo ennusti suurempaa kuolleisuutta itsenäisenä riskitekijänä riippumattomana CFS-luokasta, iästä ja sukupuolesta.
Neljäs osatyö oli satunnaistettu vertailututkimus systemaattisen geriatrisen vaikuttavuuden arvioimiseksi. Ensisijaisena tulosmuuttujana oli kumulatiivinen sairaalahoitopäivien määrä vuoden seurannassa. Toissijaisia tulosmuuttujia olivat mm. päivystyksestä sairaalahoitoon otettujen potilaiden osuus, päivystyksen uusintakäynnit, kotona asuvien potilaiden osuus seurannan päättyessä, kuolleisuus ja kaatumisesta johtuvat päivystyskäynnit. Tutkimukseen rekrytoitiin yhteensä 432 potilasta interventio- ja vertailuryhmiin. Merkitsevää eroa interventio- ja kontrolliryhmien välillä ei havaittu kumulatiivisessa hoitopäivien määrässä tai toissijaisissa tulosmuuttujissa. Päivystyksestä osastohoitoon otettujen potilaiden osuus oli 7,5 %-yksikköä pienempi interventioryhmässä. Vaikka ero osastohoitoon otettujen potilaiden osuudessa ei tässä tutkimuksessa ollutkaan tilastollisesti merkitsevä, vastasi ero aiemmissa tutkimuksissa havaittuja tuloksia.
Ensimmäisen osatyön tulokset havainnollistavat, että peruselintoimintojen mittaus ja kiireellisyysluokitusmenetelmät eivät riittävän osuvasti tunnista korkean riskin tiloja haurailla iäkkäillä päivystyspotilailla, vaan tarvitaan systemaattinen, kokonaisvaltainen kliininen tutkiminen riskin arvioimiseksi. Toinen ja kolmas osatyö vahvistavat, että alentunut ruumiinlämpö ja kohonnut RDW ovat itsenäisiä kuolleisuutta ennustavia riskitekijöitä haurailla päivystyspotilailla. Niiden sisällyttäminen useita markkereita yhdistäviin korkean riskin tilojen tunnistamistyökaluihin voi parantaa riskinarvion osuvuutta mahdollistaen kohdennetumman hoidon varhaisessa vaiheessa. Neljännen osatyön tulos tukee aiempia tutkimuksia, joissa on todettu päivystyksessä toteutetun geriatrisen arvioinnin mahdollistavan useammin turvallisen päivystyksestä kotiutumisen sairaalahoitoon siirtymisen sijaan. Pitkäaikaisempia terveyttä, toimintakykyä ja elämänlaatua tukevia ja näiden myötä sairaalahoidon tarvetta vähentäviä vaikutuksia varten tarvitaan kuitenkin avo- ja sairaalahoidossa toteutettavia pidempikestoisia, intensiivisiä ja tiiviisti koordinoituja interventioita.ei saavutettav
Increasing the adoption of home dialysis through improved advanced kidney care patient education : a call for action
No full textBackground. Home dialysis modalities have several advantages yet remain underused in Europe. A minority of people with kidney failure opt for home dialysis, although many more could be suitable. To improve home dialysis uptake, advanced kidney care patient education is essential. The aim was to examine the association of national guidelines for advanced kidney care patient education with home dialysis prevalence and incidence across Europe. Methods. This call for action followed a consensus meeting in Copenhagen, Denmark, in June 2023. The participating professionals had extensive experience in advanced kidney care and home dialysis. We used data from the European Renal Association registry 2021 to examine the association of available national guidelines for advanced kidney care education with home dialysis prevalence and incidence in Europe. Results. In the European dialysis population, home dialysis prevalence is 10.5% and incidence is 13.3%. The organization of advanced kidney care and patient education differ. The availability of national guidelines for advanced kidney care patient education is associated with home dialysis uptake. The prevalence of home dialysis is significantly higher in countries with versus without national guidelines [20.9 versus 7.9%; odds ratio 1.398 (confidence interval 1.115–1.754), P = .004]. Conclusion. Home dialysis prevalence and incidence vary in Europe. The availability of national guidelines for advanced kidney care patient education for professionals is associated with a higher prevalence and incidence of home dialysis. Coordinated action is needed to support advanced kidney care patient education as part of nephrology care to improve kidney care, in order to ensure that the right patient is on the right modality and increase access to home dialysis.Peer reviewe
Learning Command Syntax and Detecting Similarities for Enhanced Cybersecurity through Data Analysis
No full textValley floor inclination affecting valley winds and transport of passive tracers in idealised simulations
No full textIn mountainous regions, diurnal thermally driven winds impact daily weather and air quality. This study investigates how the inclination of idealised valleys affects these winds and the transport of passive tracers using high-resolution numerical simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. We explore a range of valley inclinations from 0 to 2.28°, bridging the gap between previous studies on flat and moderately inclined (up to 0.86°) idealised valleys and steeper (2–5°) real Himalayan valleys. We find that during daytime in the inclined valleys, up-valley winds penetrate deeper into the valleys and become stronger, up to a critical inclination beyond which the winds weaken. The flat-floored valley exhibits the strongest night-time down-valley winds overall, but surface-based down-valley winds are more prominent in inclined valleys. Steeper valleys enhance the vertical transport of passive tracers, resulting in ventilation at higher altitudes compared to the flat-floored valley. Despite stronger overall tracer outflow in the flat-floored valley, this occurs at lower altitudes, leading to most of the ventilated tracers being accumulated in the lowest few kilometres of the atmosphere. Consequently, steeper valleys are more efficient at ventilating tracers to the upper troposphere, which would, for example, lead to higher potential for long-range transport. These findings underscore the critical role of valley geometry in shaping wind patterns and pollutant transport, providing valuable insights for improving transport modelling in mountainous regions.Peer reviewe
Potyviral Translation and Encapsidation Dynamics : A Labyrinth of Viral and Host Factors
No full textPositive stranded RNA viruses are the largest group of plant infecting viruses, causing widespread losses to crop plants. They are intracellular parasites and multiply their genomes using host resources. A myriad of factors and processes come together to produce a successful viral infection. These factors encompasses both viral and host proteins and processes that are intertwined in their roles.
This study set out to decipher the intricacies involved in potyviral multiplication, with a special focus on translation, and touching upon replication and encapsidation. The study exploits virus model systems of potato virus A (PVA) and turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) of the genus Potyvirus and potato virus X (PVX), genus Potexvirus to study their interaction with host plants such as Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana.
One of the first goals of the treatise was to quantify the distribution of PVA RNA taking part in each step of its infection cycle. This goal was pursued by mapping out the proportion of viral RNA (vRNA) that takes part in translation and encapsidation, utilizing the methods of polysome profiling and immuno-capture RT-qPCR, respectively. The results revealed that only a tiny fraction of vRNA takes part in viral protein synthesis and that a majority of the vRNA is encapsidated and exists as virions.
Zooming in on viral proteins, the focus was on the role of potyviral helper component proteinase (HCPro) and coat protein (CP) during PVA gene expression and encapsidation. Although, replication was thought to be essential for virion formation, the study illustrated that replication is not pre-requisite for encapsidation of viral genomes. Visualisation of non-replicating vRNA in its encapsidated form under negative staining electron microscopy showed that encapsidation can occur even in the absence of viral replication. Furthermore, the role of HCPro in stabilising PVA CP and subsequently its virions was demonstrated.
The study also delved into the maze of interactions that takes place between viral and host factors that result in a favourable outcome for the virus, i.e., infection. A widely conserved development related plant protein, SUO, was identified to be required for poty—and potexviral translation. Deficiency of SUO was demonstrated to inhibit binding of vRNA to polysomes, but not its accumulation, while SUO overexpression was shown to stimulate viral translation and vRNA accumulation. The SUO-mediated translational regulation was shown to be specific to PVA, TuMV and PVX and not affect the translation of a mono-cistronic reporter, introduced in trans. Based on these findings, two possible reasonings have been deduced to explain the role of SUO in viral translation. As SUO operates via the miRNA-regulatory pathway, it is contemplated that viral translation is modulated either by direct interaction of miRNA with its target sequence on the viral genome or due to activation of an unknown anti-viral signalling pathway.Positiivisjuosteiset RNA-virukset ovat suurin kasveja infektoivien virusten ryhmä, ja ne aiheuttavat laajamittaisia satotappioita viljelykasveille. Ne ovat solunsisäisiä loisia, jotka monistavat genominsa hyödyntämällä isäntäsolun resursseja. Onnistunut virusinfektio edellyttää lukuisten viruksen ja isäntäkasvin proteiinien ja prosessien yhteistoimintaa ja vuorovaikutusta.
Tässä tutkimuksessa pyrittiin selvittämään potyvirusten monistumiseen liittyviä yksityiskohtia keskittyen proteiinisynteesiin, replikaatioon ja viruspartikkelien muodostumiseen. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin malliviruksina perunan A virusta (PVA) ja lantun mosaiikkivirusta (TuMV) (suku: Potyvirus) sekä perunan X virusta (PVX) (suku: Potexvirus) ja tarkasteltiin niiden vuorovaikutusta isäntäkasvien kuten Nicotiana benthamiana ja Arabidopsis thaliana kanssa.
Yksi tutkimuksen ensimmäisistä tavoitteista oli mitata, kuinka PVA:n RNA jakautuu eri infektiovaiheiden välillä. Polysomiprofiloinnin ja immuunikaappaus-RT-qPCR:n avulla kartoitettiin miten viruksen RNA (vRNA) jakaantuu proteiinisynteesin ja viruspartikkelien välillä. Tulokset osoittivat, että tietyllä ajanhetkellä vain pieni osa vRNA:sta osallistuu viruksen proteiinisynteesiin ribosomeilla, ja suurin osa vRNA:sta on viruspartikkeleissa.
Virusproteiineista keskityttiin potyviruksen HCPro-proteiinin ja kuoriproteiinin (CP) rooliin PVA:n geenien ilmenemisessä ja partikkelien muodostumisessa. Vaikka replikaatiota on pidetty edellytyksenä partikkelien muodostumiselle, osoitimme, että se ei ole välttämätöntä vRNA:n pakkaamiselle kapsidiin. Negatiivivärjäyksellä ja transmissioelektronimikroskopialla havaittiin, että viruspartikkeleita voi muodostua myös vähäisessä määrin replikaation puuttuessa. Lisäksi osoitettiin, että HCPro:lla on rooli PVA:n CP:n ja viruspartikkelien stabiloinnissa.
Työssä perehdyttiin myös sellaisiin vuorovaikutuksiin viruksen ja isännän molekyylien välillä, jotka johtavat virukselle suotuisaan lopputulokseen eli tukevat infektiota. Tutkimus osoitti, että kasveilla konservoitunut, kehitykseen liittyvä SUO-proteiini osallistuu sekä poty- että potexivirusten proteiinisynteesiin. SUO:n puutteen havaittiin heikentävän vRNA:n sitoutumista polysomeihin vaikuttamatta kuitenkaan sen kertymiseen, kun taas SUO:n liiallinen tuotto lisäsi viruksen proteiinisynteesiä ja vRNA:n kertymistä. SUO:n välittämän proteiinisynteesin säätelyn havaittiin olevan spesifinen viruksille: PVA:lle, TuMV:lle ja PVX:lle, eikä se vaikuttanut yksittäisen reportterigeenin proteiinisynteesiin. Näiden löydösten perusteella esitetään kaksi mahdollista selitystä SUO:n roolille viruksen proteinisynteesin säätelyssä. Koska kirjallisuuden mukaan SUO toimii miRNA-säätelyreitin kautta, hypoteesimme on, että viruksen proteiinisynteesiä säädellään joko virusgenomiin sitoutuvan miRNA:n suoran vuorovaikutuksen kautta tai vaihtoehtoisesti aktivoimalla vielä tuntemattoman antiviraalisen signaalireitin.ei saavutettavaVäitöskirjan yhteenveto-osa on saavutettav
Associations of active commuting and leisure-time physical activity with perceived cognitive function and work ability among Finnish employed adults: a population-based study
No full textAbstract Background Regular active commuting – that is, walking or cycling to work – can improve cardiometabolic health and physical fitness among employed adults. This study aimed to examine whether regular active commuting is also associated with perceived cognitive function (memory function, learning ability, and concentration) and work ability. To explore potential differences across physical activity domains, these relationships were additionally assessed for leisure-time physical activity. Methods This study was based on cross-sectional data from the nationally representative FinHealth 2017 Study. Employed participants were categorised based on their commuting and leisure-time physical activity behaviour as either active or passive commuters and as sedentary, recreationally active, or exercisers and athletes, respectively. Covariate-adjusted quasi-Poisson regression was used to estimate relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). For active commuting, dose-response analyses were also performed. Results Among Finnish employed adults (N = 3525; mean age 45 years; 51% female), active commuting was not associated with perceived memory function, concentration, or work ability. However, active commuters had a 17% lower risk of suboptimal perceived learning ability compared to passive commuters (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70–0.99). In dose-response analyses, the association was observed only for lower volumes of active commuting (< 15 min a day; RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.50–0.89). Regarding leisure-time physical activity, exercisers and athletes had a 52% lower risk of suboptimal memory function (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.38–0.60), a 54% lower risk of suboptimal learning ability (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.36–0.60), a 49% lower risk of suboptimal concentration (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.39–0.67), and a 65% lower risk of suboptimal work ability (RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.26–0.47) compared to sedentary adults. Similar associations were observed for recreationally active adults. Conclusions Active commuting was associated with better perceived learning ability, suggesting that its benefits may extend to brain health. Leisure-time physical activity may have even greater potential for enhancing cognitive function and work ability among employed adults