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Sgaw-karenin kielen deskriptiivinen kielioppi
No full textThis thesis presents a grammatical description of Sgaw Karen, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken mainly along the border between Myanmar and Thailand, in Southwestern Myanmar, and in the Andaman Islands, as well as overseas in Europe, North America, and Australia. The corpus of data used for the thesis combines primary data collected by the researcher and secondary data collected by other scholars. The primary data comes from speakers representing three different regions: (1) Mawchi–Taungoo, Myanmar, (2) Kayin–Tak (Tak Province in northwestern Thailand, near the border of Kayin State, Myanmar), and (3) Northern Thailand (Mae Hong Son Province). Rather than focusing on one data set, the dissertation considers all collected data and indicates regional variation where applicable. The data is analysed within a functional–typological framework known as Basic Linguistic Theory, a set of functionally-oriented comparative concepts based on extensive previous typological research.
The following are some significant results obtained: The sound system of Sgaw Karen, on the segmental level, comprises twenty-seven initial consonants and nine vowels. No final consonants are posited, which sets Sgaw Karen apart from most other Tibeto-Burman languages. Five tones are identified in the three varieties investigated, pronounced differently depending on the region. Morphosyntactically, Sgaw Karen can be described as an isolating language with scarce bound morphology. In the absence of grammatical affixation, the language uses verbs, exhibiting varying degrees of grammaticalization, to express grammatical meanings such as benefaction, aspect, and causation. Additionally, unlike other Tibeto-Burman languages, most of which are verb-final, Sgaw Karen features an SVO constituent order that closely follows the Greenbergian head-initial word order correlations for verb-medial languages (Greenberg 1963; Dryer 2008; Yurayong & Sandman 2023). The overt morphological marking of core arguments found in some Tibeto-Burman languages is also absent in Sgaw Karen. On the other hand, Sgaw Karen has several features associated with the Mainland Southeast Asian (MSEA) language area (Enfield 2005; Enfield & Comrie 2015), such as the use of sentence-final particles, classifiers, relator nouns, and descriptive verbs as clausal modifiers.
The thesis is organized as follows: The introductory chapter provides an overview of the sociolinguistic and typological characteristics of Sgaw Karen, along with the theoretical framework and methods used in the analysis. Chapter 2 introduces the Sgaw Karen sound system, followed by Chapter 3 and Chapter 4, which describe noun phrases and basic clauses, respectively. Individual chapters are dedicated to verb serialization (Chapter 5), a primary strategy for expressing various grammatical categories, and elaborate expressions (Chapter 6), a particular type of coordinate compound common in Tibeto-Burman and MSEA languages. Chapter 7 on closed word classes concludes the description of the word classes, followed by a discussion of some major clause-level phenomena in Chapter 8. The three final chapters address sentence level and discourse phenomena: Chapter 9 discusses subordination, Chapter 10 sentence types and final particles, and Chapter 11 information structure. Chapter 12 provides a conclusion and directions for further research.Denna avhandling presenterar en grammatisk beskrivning av sgaw-karen, ett tibeto-burmanskt språk talat främst längs gränsen mellan Myanmar och Thailand, i sydvästra Myanmar och på Andamanöarna, samt i Europa, Nordamerika och Australien. Datakorpusen som används för avhandlingen är en kombination av primärdata och sekundärdata. Primärmaterialet kommer från intervjuer med talare som representerar tre olika regioner: (1) Mawchi–Taungoo i Myanmar, (2) Kayin–Tak (Tak-provinsen i nordvästra Thailand, nära gränsen till Kayin-delstaten i Myanmar) och (3) norra Thailand (Mae Hong Son-provinsen). I avhandlingen beaktas primärdata från alla tre regioner, och regional variation indikeras där det är tillämpligt. Materialet analyseras utifrån det teoretiska ramverket Basic Linguistic Theory, som består av koncept med ursprung i funktionell och typologisk språkforskning.
Följande är några betydande forskningsresultat: Ljudsystemet i sgaw-karen består på segmentnivå av tjugosju initiala konsonanter och nio vokaler. Slutkonsonanter saknas, vilket skiljer sgaw-karen från de flesta andra tibeto-burmanska språk. Fem toner har identifierats i de tre undersökta varianterna, samtliga med olika uttal i olika regioner. Morfosyntaktiskt sett kan sgaw-karen beskrivas som ett isolerande språk med få bundna morfem. I stället används verb som i olika grad grammatikaliserats för att uttrycka grammatiska betydelser som benefaktion, aspekt och kausativitet. Dessutom har sgaw-karen grundordföljden SVO och följer även andra ordföljdskorrelationer för SVO-språk föreslagna av Greenberg (Greenberg 1963; Dryer 2008; Yurayong & Sandman 2023). Detta skiljer sgaw-karen från andra tibeto-burmanska språk, där verbet oftast uppträder sist i satsen. Sgaw-karen saknar även den markering av nödvändiga nominaldelar som förekommer i vissa tibeto-burmanska språk. Å andra sidan uppvisar sgaw-karen flera karaktärsdrag som är förknippade med det sydöstasiatiska språkförbundet (Enfield 2005; Enfield & Comrie 2015), såsom användningen av meningsslutpartiklar, klassifikatorer, relationella substantiv och deskriptiva verb som satsmodifierare.
Avhandlingen har följande disposition: Det inledande kapitlet är en översikt över sociolingvistiska och typologiska egenskaper hos sgaw-karen och innehåller även en beskrivning av det teoretiska ramverk och de metoder som används i analysen. I kapitel 2 introduceras ljudsystemet. Detta åtföljs av kapitel 3 och kapitel 4, som beskriver substantivfraser respektive grundläggande satser. Enskilda kapitel är tillägnade verbserialisering (kapitel 5), en primär strategi för att uttrycka olika grammatiska kategorier, och fyrstaviga sammansättningar (kapitel 6), som är vanliga i tibeto-burmanska och sydöstasiatiska språk. Kapitel 7 beskriver slutna ordklasser och kapitel 8 några viktiga satsrelaterade fenomen. I kapitel 9 behandlas underordning, i kapitel 10 meningstyper och meningsslutpartiklar, och i kapitel 11 informationsstruktur. Kapitel 12 innehåller en sammanfattning och anvisningar för vidare forskning.ei saavutettav
Development and external validation of prediction risk scores (STRISK and NOFA) to predict immediate surgical need in adhesive small bowel obstruction: an observational prospective multicentre study
No full textBackground Adhesive small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a common cause of emergency admission. Identification of patients at high risk of strangulation or failure of non-operative treatment is difficult. In this multicentre prospective observational study, prediction models for strangulation and non-operative treatment failure in adhesive SBO were developed.Method This study was carried out in three Finnish hospitals between June 2014 to May 2022. Patients with CT-confirmed adhesive SBO and prospective case report forms were included. The main outcomes were strangulation defined by operative finding of any intestinal ischaemia and failure of non-operative treatment within 30 days from admission. The model was developed using binary logistic regression, internally validated by bootstrapping and then externally validated.Results Of 626 patients, 481 were included; 355 patients formed the model development group and 126 formed the external validation group. Strangulation occurred in 58 (16%) patients and non-operative treatment failed in 93 (31%) patients in development cohort. The following six variables were included in the risk model for strangulation and non-operative treatment failure: neutrophil-leucocyte ratio, number of previous SBOs, abdominal guarding, mesenteric changes and free abdominal fluid, closed loop sign, and faeces sign on CT. In the development cohort, the optimism corrected area under the receiver operator characteristics curve for the strangulation model was 0.860 (95% c.i. 0.808-0.917), and 0.751 (95% c.i. 0.694-0.816) for the non-operative treatment failure model respectively. At external validation, the models retained their discrimination and demonstrated stable calibration.Conclusion A clinically relevant prediction model to predict strangulation and non-operative treatment failure in adhesive small bowel obstruction has been developed.Small bowel obstruction is a leading cause of emergency surgery admission. Detecting patients at high risk of strangulation or failure of non-operative treatment is difficult. In this multicentre prospective observational study, we created prediction models for detection of strangulation and non-operative treatment failure in adhesive small bowel obstruction.Peer reviewe
Particle fluxes by subtropical pelagic communities under ocean alkalinity enhancement
No full textAbstract
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) has been proposed as a carbon dioxide removal technology (CDR), allowing for long-term storage of carbon dioxide in the ocean. By changing the carbonate speciation in seawater, OAE may potentially alter marine ecosystems with implications for the biological carbon pump. Using mesocosms in the subtropical North Atlantic, we provide first empirical insights into impacts of carbonate-based OAE on the vertical flux and attenuation of sinking particles in an oligotrophic plankton community. We enhanced total alkalinity (TA) in increments of 300 µmol kg−1, reaching up to ΔTA = 2400 µmol kg−1 compared to ambient TA. We applied a pCO2-equilibrated OAE approach; i.e., dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was raised simultaneously with TA to maintain seawater pCO2 in equilibrium with the atmosphere, thereby keeping perturbations of seawater carbonate chemistry moderate. The vertical flux of major elements, including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon, as well as their stoichiometric ratios (e.g., carbon-to-nitrogen ratios), remained unaffected over 29 d of OAE. The particle properties controlling the flux attenuation, including sinking velocities and remineralization rates, also remained unaffected by OAE. However, we observed abiotic mineral precipitation at high OAE levels (ΔTA = 1800 µmol kg−1 and higher) that resulted in a substantial increase in particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) formation. The associated consumption of alkalinity reduces the efficiency of CO2 removal and emphasizes the importance of maintaining OAE within a carefully defined operating range. Our findings suggest that carbon export by oligotrophic plankton communities is insensitive to OAE perturbations using a CO2 pre-equilibrated approach. The integrity of ecosystem services is a prerequisite for large-scale application and should be further tested across a variety of nutrient regimes and for less idealized OAE approaches.
Co-editor-in-chief
This paper examines the effects of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) on a key biogeochemical process: the biological carbon pump. The findings suggest that, under the conditions studied, the biological pump will largely remain unaffected by OAE. Gaining insights into how such interventions influence complex oceanographic processes at the ecosystem level is essential for assessing both the efficacy and safety of OAE.
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a negative emission technology which may alter marine communities and the particle export they drive. Here, impacts of carbonate-based OAE on the flux and attenuation of sinking particles in an oligotrophic plankton community are presented. Whilst biological parameters remained unaffected, abiotic carbonate precipitation occurred. Among counteracting OAE’s efficiency, it influenced mineral ballasting and particle sinking velocities, requiring monitoring
Energy transformation in parliamentary debates : Shifting from technologies to climate strategy in Finland
No full textPolitics plays a key role when states steer themselves towards becoming low-carbon societies, as parliaments hold the power to guide nations’ activities. This article engages in a longitudinal analysis of parliamentary debates on energy, and identifies how topics emerge, evolve in parallel, and diminish. We used transcripts of plenary debates in Finnish parliament to model topics in energy from 2008 to 2020. We show that debates shift from one focus area to another, and that significant political decisions have been followed by policy-related activities, such as taxation and national strategies guiding energy issues. The idea of renewable energy has become more varied and accepted in political debates, further transforming energy politics, and has been partly incorporated in, and replaced by, the debate on climate change mitigation. Reducing carbon emissions has become a key target of energy transformation, and is likely to stay on the agenda in parliamentary debates on energy.Peer reviewe
Comparisons of Physicians', Nurses', and Social Welfare Professionals' Experiences With Participation in Information System Development : Cross-Sectional Survey Study
No full textBackground: The integration of health care and social welfare services together with the consolidation of health care information systems (HISs) and client information systems (CISs) has become a timely topic. Despite this development, there is a scarcity of systematic research on physicians', registered nurses' (RNs) and social welfare professionals' (SWPs) experiences of participating in the development of HISs and CISs. Objective: This study aimed to examine how physicians, RNs and SWPs experience collaboration with HIS or CIS vendors, and what kinds of end users have participated in HIS or CIS development. Methods: National cross-sectional usability surveys were conducted in Finland among RNs and SWPs in 2020 and physicians in 2021. Questions concerning participation experiences were analyzed by professional group, working sector, managerial position, and age. Results: In total, 4683 physicians, 3610 RNs, and 990 SWPs responded to the surveys. In all 3 professional groups, those working in nonmanagerial positions and the youngest respondents participated least in HIS or CIS development, and 76% (n=3528) of physicians, 78% (n=2814) of RNs and 67% (n=664) of SWPs had not participated at all. When comparing the groups, physicians were least aware of feedback processes and least satisfied with vendors' interest in end-user feedback and the manner and speed of HIS development. Those who had dedicated working time for HIS or CIS development were less critical of vendors' interest and responsiveness to development ideas than those who had not participated at all. In all 3 professional groups, the youngest were most dissatisfied with HIS and CIS vendor collaboration. Conclusions: Experiences of participation in HIS and CIS development were relatively negative across all 3 professional groups, with physicians being the most critical. Dialogue and collaboration between developers and end users-also the youngest ones and frontline workers-need improvement; simply increasing allotted working time is unlikely to produce more positive participation experiences.Peer reviewe
The Pärvie postglacial fault system: Interaction between surface and groundwater systems
No full textLaatansisäinen seismisyys oli aktiivista Pohjois-Fennoskandiassa varhaisella Holoseenilla tuottaen jopa 7–8 magnitudin maanjäris
tyksiä. Pohjois-Ruotsissa Kiirunan alueella sijaitseva Pärvien postglasiaalinen siirrossysteemi (PPGS) on seismisesti aktiivinen työn
tösiirros, jolla on pituutta noin 155 km ja jonka pystysuuntainen siirtymä on enintään 13 m. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää
PPGS-ympäristön pinta- ja pohjavesien vuorovaikutusta ja hydrogeokemiaa, eli matalan pohjavesijärjestelmän suhdetta syvään ve
denkiertoon osana Suomen Akatemian rahoittamaa DAFNE-22 projektia. Tutkimuksessa pyritään vastamaan siihen, (1) minkälaisia
PPGS:n pinta- pohjavedet ovat ja eroavatko ne muiden seismisesti aktiivisten siirrosympäristöjen vesistä, (2) ovatko pinta- ja pohja
vedet vuorovaikutuksissa keskenään, (3) ja onko siirroksella vaikutusta pohjavesien koostumukseen eli poikkeavatko siirrosvyöhyk
keen välittömässä läheisyydessä olevien pohjavesien koostumukset kauempana sijaitsevien lähteiden vesien koostumuksista.
Elokuussa 2023 toteutettiin lennokkikuvaukset (infrapuna- ja orto) sekä kenttämittaukset 7,6 hehtaarin tutkimusalueella, joka sijaitsee
noin 30 km etäisyydellä Kiirunan kaupungin länsipuolella. Pinta- ja pohjavesinäytteitä kerättiin yhteensä 17 kpl tutkimusalueella
siirroslinjojen läheisyydessä virtaavista tunturipuroista, järvistä, lähteistä ja kairarei`istä. Tulosten perusteella PPGS-ympäristön pinta-
ja pohjavedet ovat kylmiä laimeita liuoksia, joissa on alhaiset pää- ja hivenalkuainepitoisuudet. Vesien pH on lähellä neutraalia tai
vedet ovat lievästi emäksisiä. Vedet ovat makeita (TDS < 1 g l-1) ja edustavat pääasiassa Ca-HCO3-vesityyppiä, joissa natriumin ja
magnesiumin määrät hieman vaihtelevat. Vesien isotooppikoostumus (δ2H -119…- 96,9 ‰ VSMOW ja δ18O -12,9… -16,4 ‰
VSMOW) kuvastaa dynaamista pohjavesijärjestelmää ja lyhytaikaista meteorisen veden kiertoa. Vesien alkuperä on peräisin sadan
nasta eikä viitteitä yhteydestä syvempään vedenkiertoon havaittu. Sadannasta alkunsa saavaa matalan systeemin pohjavettä sekä ly
hyttä viipymää kuvastavat myös alhaiset DSi-pitoisuudet (<7,62 mg l-1) ja alhainen sähkönjohtavuus (<170 μS cm-1). Pinta- ja poh
javedet eroavat usean muuttujan kesken tilastollisesti merkitsevästi toisistaan, mutta kenttäviikon näköhavaintojen, TIR-aineiston,
veden stabiilien isotooppien sekä d-ylimäärän perusteella vedet ovat vuorovaikutuksissa keskenään.
Tutkimusalueen vesien pääionikoostumusta kontrolloivat pääasiassa kivi-vesi-vuorovaikutukset, joiden taustalla vallitsevia mekanis
meja ovat silikaattien rapautuminen ja karbonaattimineraalien liukeneminen. Paikallisista ilmasto-olosuhteista johtuen, PPGS-ympä
ristön pohjavedet ovat kylmiä, pää- ja hivenalkuainepitoisuudet ovat alhaisia. Ilmastolla on vaikutusta myös veden stabiileihin iso
tooppiprofiileihin fysikaalisten ja kemiallisten fraktioitumisprosessien kautta. Muiden laatansisäisten tektonisten ympäristöjen tavoin
PPGS-ympäristön pohjavesissä havaittiin kivi-vesi-vuorovaikutukseen liittyvää veden stabiilien isotooppien fraktioitumista. Tämän
arvioitiin selittävän siirroksien läheisyydessä ja kauempana siirroksista kerättyjen pohjavesien isotooppiprofiilien eroja. Siirroksilla
on myös vaikutusta alueen pohjavesien hydrogeokemiaan. Siirroksien välittömästä läheisyydestä kerätyillä pohjavesinäytteillä usean
muuttujan (δ2H, δ18O, d-ylim., pH, EC, alkaliteetti, TDS, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, F-, Cl-, SO42- ja lähes kaikki hivenalkuaineet, lukuun
ottamatta Al, P ja Cr) pitoisuudet ovat hieman korkeammat kuin kauempana siirrosta kerätyillä pohjavesinäytteillä ja pääsiirroslinjan
läheisyydestä kerättyjen pohjavesinäytteiden isotooppiprofiilit edustavat eniten pohjavesivaikutusta. Tekijät jotka selittävät näitä eroja
voivat liittyä vesien pidempään viipymäaikaan ja pohjavesien aktiivisempiin kivi-vesi-vuorovaikutussuhteisiin, joiden taustalla vai
kuttavat siirroksien ydinalueiden läheisyys ja tiheämmät rako- ja murtumavyöhykkeet sekä seismisen aktiivisuuden synnyttämät uu
demmat kallioperän rakopinnat, joissa vesi pääsee kosketuksiin ja reagoimaan uuden kivipinnan kanssa.Post and endglacial faulting was active in northern Fennoscandia in the Early Holocene producing intraplate seismicity (up to
Mag. 7-8). The Pärvie postglacial fault system (PPGS) in Northern Sweden is a seismically active thrust fault which is about 155
km long and has a maximum vertical displacement of 13 m. In this study, surface and groundwater interaction within the PPGS
was investigated as part of the Research Council of Finland funded DAFNE-22 project to address the following hypotheses: 1)
What are the hydrogeochemical properties of surface and groundwaters in PPGS and how do they differ from other studied active
faults in hydrogeochemistry, 2) whether surface and groundwater interact, (3) and does the groundwater composition closer the
fault zone differ from the groundwater composition compared to more distant sources, implicating whether the fault affects the
composition of the groundwater.
In August 2023, drone scans (infrared and orthophotography) and terrain surveys were carried out within the 7.6-hectare research
area about 30 km west of Kiruna town. In total, 17 water samples were collected from streams, springs, lakes, and boreholes.
Based on the results, the surface and groundwaters of the PPGS environment are cold dilute solutions with low major and trace
element concentrations. The pH of water is close to neutral or slightly alkaline. The waters are fresh (TDS <1 g l-1) and represent
mainly the Ca-HCO3 water type, where the amounts of sodium and magnesium slightly vary. The isotopic composition (δ2H
119…- 96.9 ‰ VSMOW and δ18O -12.9…-16.4 ‰ VSMOW) of the waters reflects a dynamic groundwater system and a short
term cycle of meteoric water. The same conclusion is also reflected in low DSi-concentrations (<7.62 mg l-1) and electrical con
ductivity (<170 μS cm-1). The waters originate from precipitation and there is no indication of a connection to a deeper water
cycle. Surface and groundwater differ statistically significantly among several variables. However, field observations, infrared
data, and stable isotopes of water reflect interactions of water.
Processes controlling water chemistry are affected by rock-water interactions and prevailing mechanisms are the weathering of
silicates and the dissolution of carbonate minerals. Due to local climatic conditions, the groundwaters in the PPGS environment
are cold, the major and trace element concentrations are low, and the stable isotope profiles of groundwater water differ due to the
isotopes' physical and chemical fractionation processes. Similar to other intraplate tectonic environments, rock-water interaction
related fractionation of stable water isotopes was observed in the groundwaters of the PPGS environment. This was concluded to
explain differences in the isotope profiles of groundwater collected near and further away from the faults. Faults also have effects
on groundwater hydrogeochemistry. For samples collected near the faults, the concentrations of several variables (δ2H, δ18O, d
exe., pH, EC, alkalinity, TDS, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, F-, Cl-, SO42- and trace elements except for Al, P, and Cr,) are slightly higher
than samples collected further away. In addition, samples from the main fault present the most isotopic groundwater effect. These
results may be associated with longer residence times and more active rock-water interaction, indicating denser fracture and cleav
age zones near fault cores as well as more recent fracturing created by seismic activity, where water comes into contact and reacts
with the fresh rock surface
Association Between Biomass Fuel Use and Depression Symptoms in the Adult Population of Oaxaca, Mexico
No full textBackground: The impact of biomass fuel exposure on mental health, along with the associated gender disparities, remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to examine the association between biomass fuel use and depressive symptoms in the population of Oaxaca, Mexico, while also identifying gender differences in this relationship. Methods: This study used data from the 2022 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT). Depressive symptoms, the outcome variable, were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD). The primary predictor variable was biomass fuel use, with gender, age, and residency stratum included as covariates. First, a binary logistic regression model was developed to estimate the dichotomous variable “depression symptoms”. Subsequently, a second binary logistic regression model was constructed to evaluate potential interactions between the covariates and the predictor variable. Findings: The sample included 1.4 million adults from Oaxaca, with a prevalence of depressive symptoms of 15%. Biomass fuel was used by 15.4% of the population. The first logistic regression model showed that women (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.249; 95% CI: 1.235–1.263; p < 0.001), individuals aged 60 years and older compared to the younger population group (OR: 12.192; 95% CI: 12.064–12.321; p < 0.001), those residing in rural areas (OR: 1.245; 95% CI: 1.232–1.259; p < 0.001), and individuals using firewood or charcoal for cooking (OR: 1.674; 95% CI: 1.651–1.697; p < 0.001) had higher odds of depressive symptoms. In the second binary logistic regression model, all associations and OR coefficients retained their direction, although the coefficients underwent a slight adjustment following the introduction of the interaction term, indicating the presence of an interaction. Conclusions: The study findings suggest a gendered association between biomass fuel exposure and depressive symptoms in the adult population of Oaxaca, with older women and women dwelling in rural areas being the most vulnerable. Interventions aimed at reducing biomass air pollution exposure and strengthening mental health support for women are strongly recommended
Assessment policy of post-traumatic stress disorder in aviation and its practical application using turbulence-triggered trauma as an example
No full textThe U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) recently provided detailed instructions on how Aviation Medical Examiners (AMEs) should assess and evaluate pilots for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The European, Australian and International Civil Aviation Organization guidelines for the assessment of PTSD in aviation are general guidelines and do not address the unique and specific circumstances of a flight crew per se. The starting point of the U.S. FAA’s guidance is an already-established clinical PTSD diagnosis since it is known that PTSD compromises aviation safety and has been related to fatal aviation accidents. According to the FAA’s guidance, a PTSD assessment is undertaken based on whether the condition is symptomatic and medicated, or whether more than 2 years have elapsed since showing symptoms and receiving medication. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) criteria for stress disorders have changed between versions ICD-10 and the soon-to-be-released ICD-11. The new ICD-11 criteria are discussed in this article in the context of aviation health. Additionally, PTSD, potentially caused by an incident of turbulence, is discussed in the context of aviation mental health. There are currently no published studies on turbulence-caused mental trauma. We have identified in this article potential factors which are related to pilots’ and cabin crew’s stressors in incidents of severe and extreme turbulence. Three recommendations are provided: (1) harmonize assessment practices of PTSD internationally; (2) healthcare professionals taking care of traumatized flight crew should have a follow-up guide that takes specific and local conditions into account, and ensures the identification of patients who require follow-up treatment as early as possible; and (3) aviation health care professionals should consider ICD-11 diagnostic criteria as the information may be more useful in the assessment and diagnosis of aviation-related trauma.Peer reviewe
Lateralization in visualization among neurosurgeons
No full textBackground: Handedness is an epiphenomenon of brain lateralization which has been researched in the context of surgical performance, yet the same does not hold true for lateralization at a more fundamental level. We aimed to investigate whether neurosurgeons are biased in visualizing and depicting anatomy and pathology. Methods: This was a two part study consisting of an online survey and image analysis. An online questionnaire was used to collect basic sociodemographic data and prompt subjects to visualize surgical approaches and pathological entities and report on the side of the visualized topics. Prominent neurosurgical literature was screened for depictions of the same entities and approaches and the depicted side was noted. Results: There were 49 responses, most from Croatia (n = 26), men (n = 38), right-handed (n = 42), of average age 37 years, and with 9 years of neurosurgical experience. Ambidexterity was more prevalent than in the general population. The respondents imagined the right side more commonly in all cranial-related questions, and the left side in spine-related questions. Images in neurosurgical literature showed correspondingly biased laterality. Conclusion: There is a significant bias among neurosurgeons in laterality in processing topographical information on anatomy and pathology. Research is warranted to investigate the causes and real life implications of this phenomenon.Peer reviewe
