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Effects of Nordic Walking on Functional Capacity of Women Cohort with Breast Cancer
No full textBackground: Breast cancer is one of the most common tumours and one of the leading causes of death among women in all parts of the world. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of Nordic walking on the functional capacity of women who have undergone surgery for breast cancer. Methods: The study involved a cohort of women who exercised through Nordic walking for 10 weeks (from March to May 2022). The subjects trained with a licenced instructor (INWA method), with two training sessions per week of 70–80 min each. We collected information on pain, arm mobility, hand grip strength, shoulder joint range of motion bilaterally, circumference of both arms, body mass index, physical activity, aerobic capacity, and endurance. Results: There were 14 women, median age 63. BMI was significantly lower (28.9/28.1; p = 0.013) after training and a difference in shoulder range of motion was better (anteflexion right (142.5/170, p = 0.002), retroflexion right (40/60, p = 0.005), abduction right (135/180, p = 0.005), abduction left (135/180, p = 0.005)). There was no difference in right hand strength, while there was a significant difference in left hand strength (19/20, p = 0.007). A correlation was found between BMI and the six-minute walk test (r = −0.70; p = 0.005). Conclusions: Considering the multidimensionality of the disease itself and the results of this study, we believe that Nordic walking is a favourable and good choice of physical activity for breast cancer patients
The role of intestinal microbiota in pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mellitus
No full textCrijevna mikrobiota sastoji se od mnogo različitih vrsta bakterija, ali i virusa, gljiva, arheja i protozoa. Crijevna mikroflora zdravih odraslih osoba uglavnom se sastoji od šest tipova: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria i Verrucomicrobia najčešće su vrste mikroorganizama u ljudskom crijevnom traktu i igraju ključnu ulogu u apsorpciji hranjivih tvari i jačanju integriteta crijevne barijere. Mikrobiom je od velike važnosti za razvoj imunološkog sustava i održavanje homeostaze. Disbioza, odnosno promijenjen sastav zdrave mikrobiote, povezana je s patogenezom šećerne bolesti i moguć je rizični čimbenik u njenom razvoju.
Šećerna bolest (ŠB) kronični je metabolički poremećaj karakteriziran hiperglikemijom bilo zbog inzulinske rezistencije ili nedovoljne proizvodnje inzulina. Istraživanja na životinjama, ali i brojne studije na ljudima iznijele su zaključke o povećanom ili smanjenom broju specifičnih crijevnih bakterija i njihovih metabolita kod dijabetičara u usporedbi sa zdravim kontrolama. Osnovni mehanizmi koji povezuju specifičnu crijevnu mikrobiotu s metaboličkim bolestima uključuju povećano skladištenje energije iz hrane, promjene u genetskoj ekspresiji domaćina, regulaciju potrošnje i skladištenja energije te promjene u propusnosti crijeva. Navedeno može rezultirati metaboličkom endotoksemijom, upalom i razvojem inzulinske rezistencije.
Manipulacija mikrobioma probioticima, prebioticima, prehranom i transplantacijom fekalne mikrobiote može modulirati rane interakcije između domaćina i mikrobiote omogućavanjem razvojakorisnih mikroorganizama sa zaštitnim potencijalom, a što može imati i ulogu u terapiji ŠB.Microbiota of the digestive system consists of many different types of bacteria but also viruses, fungi, archaea, and protozoans. In healthy adults, the gut microbiota is primarily composed of six phyla: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria and Verrucomicrobia are the most common phyla of microorganisms in the intestinal tract of humans and play a key role in the nutrient absorption, and support the strengthening of the intestinal barrier. The microbiome is of great importance for the development of the immune system and homeostasis. Dysbiosis, or changed composition of healthy microbiota, is associated with the pathogenesis of diabetes and is a possible risk factor in its development.
Diabetes mellitus is a persistent metabolic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, resulting from either insufficient production of insulin or the body's resistance to insulin. Along with animal studies, numerous studies on humans have reported increased or decreased numbers of specific gut bacteria and their metabolites in diabetics compared to healthy controls. Basic mechanisms linking specific gut microbiota to metabolic diseases include increased energy absorption from food, changes in host genetic expression, regulation of energy consumption and storage, and changes in gut permeability. This can result in metabolic endotoxemia, inflammation and the development of insulin resistance.
Manipulation of microbiota with probiotics, prebiotics, diet and transplantation of fecal microbiota can modulate early interactions between the host and microbiota by enabling beneficial microorganisms with protective potential and thus be used in treatment for diabetes
Cystine urolithiasis
No full textCistinurija je nasljedni poremećaj u kojem postoji poremećena intestinalna i bubrežna reapsorpcija cistina i dibazičnih aminokiselina arginina, lizina i ornitina, koje se zbog toga pretjerano izlučuju mokraćom. Riječ je o najčešćoj nasljednoj aminoaciduriji, čija prevalencija na svjetskoj razini iznosi 1:7000. Jedina aminokiselina koja kristalizira u mokraći je cistin te je slaba topljivost cistina ona koja je prvenstveno odgovorna za nastanak cistinskih kamenaca. Topljivost cistina ovisi o nekoliko različitih čimbenika, a to su koncentracija cistina u mokraći, pH vrijednost mokraće, ionska snaga urina te makromolekule prisutne u mokraći. Cistinski kamenci se uobičajeno oforme do drugog ili trećeg desetljeća života. Nema razlike u simptomima prilikom prve prezentacije bolesnika s cistinskim kamencima u odnosu na druge bolesnike s litijazom, osim što je znatno veći udio cistinske litijaze u pedijatrijskoj i adolescentnoj populaciji u odnosu na odraslu dob. Najčešći simptom cistinskih kamenaca je bubrežna kolika. Moguć je razvoj infekcije mokraćnog sustava i zatajenja bubrega uslijed opstrukcije kamencima. Prisutnost tipičnih prozirno-bjelkastih šesterokutnih kristala cistina u sedimentu urina je patognomoničan nalaz. Važno je učiniti analizu sastava 24-satnog urina radi razlučivanja homozigota od heterozigota te za praćenje uspješnosti ¬liječenja. Cistinski kamenci najčešće ostavljaju sjenu poput mliječnog stakla na nativnom rendgenogramu, no u pravilu daju sjenu manjeg denziteta od kalcijskih kamenaca. U liječenju cistinskih kamenaca važna su dva osnovna postupka, aktivno odstranjenje postojećih kamenaca te profilaksa nastanka recidiva kamenca. Za aktivno odstranjivanje kamenaca potrebno je primijeniti poštedne zahvate, kao što su ESWL i endoskopski zahvati. U profilaktičkom liječenju cistinske litijaze primjenjuju se adekvatna hidracija, alkalizacija urina, medikamentozno liječenje i dijetalne mjere.Cystinuria is an inherited disease in which there is impaired intestinal and renal reabsorption of cystine and the dibasic amino acids arginine, lysine and ornithine, which are therefore excessively excreted in the urine. It is the most common hereditary aminoaciduria, the prevalence of which is 1:7000 worldwide. The only amino acid that crystallizes in urine is cystine, and it is the low solubility of cystine that is primarily responsible for the formation of cystine stones. The solubility of cystine depends on several different factors, namely the concentration of cystine in the urine, the pH value of the urine, the ionic strength of the urine, and the macromolecules present in the urine. Cystine stones are usually formed by the second or third decade of life. There is no difference in symptoms during the first presentation of patients with cystine stones compared to other patients with lithiasis, except that the proportion of cystine lithiasis is significantly higher in the pediatric and adolescent population compared to adults. The most common symptom of cystine stones is renal colic. It is possible to develop a urinary tract infection and kidney failure due to stone obstruction. The presence of typical transparent whitish hexagonal crystals of cystine in the urine sediment is a pathognomonic finding. It is important to analyze the composition of 24-hour urine in order to distinguish homozygotes from heterozygotes and to monitor the success of treatment. Cystine stones most often leave a ground glass opacity on a native radiograph, but they usually give a shadow with a lower density than calcium stones. In the treatment of cystine stones, two basic procedures are important, active removal of existing stones and prevention of stone recurrence. For the active removal of stones, it is necessary to apply sparing procedures, such as ESWL and endoscopic procedures. In the prophylactic treatment of cystine lithiasis, adequate hydration, alkalinization of urine, medical treatment and dietary measures are applied
Diced cartilage graft in rhinoplasty surgery
No full textGraft sjeckane hrskavice kao tehnika u rinoplastici kirurzima glave i vrata poznata je već stotinjak godina, ali u posljednje desetljeće vrlo je atraktivna opcija s višestrukom primjenom. Konvencionalno se koristi kao metoda povećanja, zaglađivanja ili maskiranja grubih kontura dorzuma nosa kod primarne ili sekundarne (revizijske) rinoplastike, no ova tehnika nalazi prostor i sve se više proširuje se područje njene primjene pa se tako koristi i kod augumentacije vrška nosa. Govoreći o samoj izolaciji hrskavice, pripreme hrskavice i fascije za inserciju, važno je da se preoperativno napravi detaljno razrađen kirurški plan kako bi se hrskavica sjeckana na komadiće maksimalno iskoristila i učinila ponovljivom u slučaju revizijske rinoplastike. Obzirom da je cjelokupni cilj ne samo stvaranje zadovoljavajućih rezultata, već i minimalizacija komplikacija, mnogi kirurzi glave i vrata okrenuli su se isključivo korištenju autolognih graftova tijekom dorzalne augmentacije. Najčešće korištena vrsta hrskavice je ona iz septuma nosa obzirom na istu morfološku i histološku građu, no koriste se i hrskavica iz ušiju (aurikularna) te u nekim slučajevima i kostalna, i.e. hrskavica iz rebara. Tehnika grafta sjeckane hrskavice s fascijom pokazala se atraktivnom iz više razloga, a to je široka dostupnost hrskavice, savitljivost i podložnost promjenama koje zahtijeva modifikacija nosa.Diced cartilage graft as a technique in rhinoplasty has been known to head and neck surgeons for about a hundred years, but in the last decade it has become a very attractive option with multiple applications. Conventionally, it is used as a method of increasing, smoothing or masking the rough contours of the dorsum of the nose in primary or secondary (revision) rhinoplasty, but this technique is finding space and the area of its application is expanding more and more, so it is also used in augmentation of the tip of the nose. Speaking of cartilage isolation itself, preparation of cartilage and fascia for insertion, it is important to make a detailed surgical plan preoperatively in order to maximize the use of the fragmented cartilage and make it repeatable in the case of revision rhinoplasty. Since the overall goal is not only to produce satisfactory results, but also to minimize complications, many head and neck surgeons have turned to the exclusive use of autologous grafts during dorsal augmentation. The most commonly used type of cartilage is that from the septum of the nose due to the same morphological and histological structure, but cartilage from the ears (auricular) and in some cases also bone cartilage, i.e. cartilage from the ribs. The technique of chopped cartilage graft with fascia has proven to be attractive for several reasons, namely the wide availability of cartilage, the malleability and susceptibility to changes required by nasal modification
OVERVIEW OF INTERVENTIONAL METHODS IN TREATMENT OF CALCIFIED CORONARY LESIONS
No full textInterventional Cardiology has undergone many changes and has become a broad subspecialty. Lesion preparation of calcified stenoses poses a challenge for practitioners. The main risk factors for coronary calcifications are age, male gender, obesity, hypertension, hypercholesteremia, diabetes and smoking. With ageing societies and inclining numbers of risk factors, the ongoing increase in the incidence of coronary calcifications will continue to rise. Current developments in imaging techniques can aid in assessing calcified lesions, allowing a multitude of implications: application of artificial intelligence, IVUS, OCT and FFR methods can be expected to yield information on coronary calcification phenotypes, their incidence, connection to aetiology and enhance knowledge on risk factors. More objective evidence regarding calcium modification techniques and materials used will be accessible. Quality of care and provider training can be improved. A multitude of methods and tools to modify coronary calcifications has been developed in the last decades: non-compliant balloons, super-high-pressure balloons, specialty balloons (cutting, scoring), rotational atherectomy, orbital atherectomy, excimer laser atherectomy and intravascular lithotripsy represent the latest options in the interventional cardiologist’s armory. However, evidence, especially of comparative type, is sparse and divided into many componential studies, only allowing confined advice on the superiority of one solution. Practitioner expertise mostly relies on experience and good judgement over the last few years. However, intensified appeals for independent and comparative research have emerged lately, and current developments have led to consensus papers with more concise rules regarding intravascular imaging and consequential decisions on calcium modification technique to be used
Exploring Diver Health: An epidemiological study investigating health and self-reported symptoms while diving in divers with pre-existing cardiovascular diseases
No full textThis study investigates the health and self-reported symptoms of divers with pre-existing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). With the increasing popularity of scuba diving and the aging population of divers, understanding the relationship between CVD and diving-related injuries is crucial. The research includes a survey of divers to assess symptoms experienced during or after diving, the impact of cardiovascular medications, and divers' awareness of associated risks. Findings reveal that divers with CVD face significant challenges, including breathlessness, fatigue, and dizziness, potentially exacerbated by the underwater environment. Despite the risks, many divers are not adequately informed about the interaction between their medications and diving. This highlights the need for comprehensive education and regular health assessments to ensure diving safety and health management for individuals with CVD
The role of cardiothoracic radiology in the diagnostic workup of emergency patients
No full textKardiotorakalna radiologija grana je radiologije koja se vrlo često koristi u hitnoj medicini zbog brojnih hitnih stanja povezanih s toraksom. Najčešći dijagnostički modaliteti kardiotorakalne radiologije su radiografija, kompjutorizirana tomografija (CT), magnetska rezonanca (MR), ultrazvuk (UZV) te digitalna subtrakcijska angiografija (DSA). Patologije vezane za toraks u hitnoj medicini su brojne, ali od važnijih možemo navesti akutni infarkt miokarda, akutni aortalni sindrom, pneumotoraks, hidropneumotoraks, pneumomedijastinum, pleuralni izljev, plućnu tromboemboliju, pneumoniju, tumor pluća, tvorbe medijastinuma, strano tijelo, frakture rebara i sternuma, apsces pluća i empijem, septičke emboluse, difuznu alveolarnu hemoragiju te kardijalnu dekompenzaciju. Odabir dijagnostičkog modaliteta i protokola prvenstveno ovisi o patologiji, zatim o anamnezi i fizikalnom pregledu pacijenta te o subjektivnom mišljenju radiologa. Problem moderne medicine je pretjerano korištenje radioloških pretraga što za rezultat ima povećano ukupno ozračenje stanovništa, pridonošenje zagađenosti okoliša te veći obujam posla za radiologe. Kao rješenje ovoj preopterećenosti radiolozi će se u skoroj budućnosti svakodnevno koristiti AI algoritmima koji će im olakšati posao na više načina, a to su pomoć pri interpretaciji dobivenih slika, poboljšanje kvalitete slike, smanjenje doze ozračivanja kod CT-a te smanjenje vremena skeniranja kod MR.Cardiothoracic radiology is a branch of radiology that is frequently used in emergency medicine due to numerous urgent conditions related to the thorax. The most common diagnostic modalities of cardiothoracic radiology are radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US), and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Pathologies related to the thorax in emergency medicine are numerous, but among the more important ones are acute myocardial infarction, acute aortic syndrome, pneumothorax, hydropneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pleural effusion, pulmonary thromboembolism, pneumonia, lung tumor, mediastinal masses, foreign bodies, rib and sternum fractures, lung abscess and empyema, septic emboli, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and cardiac decompensation. The choice of diagnostic modality and protocol primarily depends on the pathology, the patient's history and physical examination and on the radiologist's subjective opinion. The problem of modern medicine is the excessive use of radiological examinations, resulting in increased overall radiation exposure to the population, contributing to environmental pollution, and increasing the workload for radiologists. As a solution to this overload, radiologists will increasingly rely on AI algorithms in the near future, which will facilitate their work in several ways, including assistance in interpreting acquired images, improving image quality, reducing radiation dose in CT scans, and reducing scan time in MRI
The contribution of dopamine transporter imaging in the diagnosis of parkinsonism
No full textUvod: Slikovna dijagnostika dopaminskih transportera podrazumijeva SPECT s radiofarmakom 123I-ioflupanom, a naziva se još i DaTscan. Najčešće se koristi u razlikovanju Parkinsonove bolesti i atipičnog parkinsonizma od esencijalnog tremora i sekundarnog parkinsonizma.
Cilj: Analizirati doprinos DaTscan-a u dijagnostici parkinsonizma u pacijenata upućenih na ovu pretragu u Klinički zavod za nuklearnu medicinu KBC-a Rijeka u razdoblju od listopada 2022. do listopada 2023. godine.
Ispitanici i postupci: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 118 ispitanika, a analizirani su sljedeći podatci: spol, dob, uputna dijagnoza, rezultati slikovne pretrage, učestalost rigora, tremora i bradikinezije, podudarnost kliničke slike pacijenata s nalazom DaTscan-a te terapija levodopom. Podatci su obrađeni u programu Microsoft® Excel® 2013 deskriptivnom statističkom analizom.
Rezultati: 52 (44%) pacijenata bilo je ženskog, a 66 (56%) muškog spola. Prosječna dob ispitanika iznosila je 69 ± 10 godina. U analiziranom razdoblju bilo je 56 (47%) pozitivnih, 48 (41%) negativnih i 14 (12%) nesigurnih nalaza. Pacijenti s uputnom dijagnozom Parkinsonove bolesti bili su pozitivni u 66% slučajeva (19 od 29 pacijenata), a 62% pacijenata (21 od 34) s uputnom dijagnozom tremora imalo je negativan nalaz pretrage. Najveći broj pacijenata imao je sva tri glavna simptoma, a među njima je i najveći udio pozitivnih nalaza (39 pacijenata, 72%).
Zaključak: Rezultati ovog istraživanja većinom se podudaraju s rezultatima već postojećih istraživanja i pokazuju da se u slučaju nejasne kliničke slike (pogotovo u ranoj fazi bolesti), nedovoljnog broja simptoma ili izostanka odgovora na terapiju levodopom treba indicirati ova pretraga.Introduction: Dopamine transporter imaging includes SPECT with the radiopharmaceutical 123I-ioflupane, also known as DaTscan. It is most often used to differentiate Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonism from essential tremor and secondary parkinsonism.
Aim: To analyze the contribution of DaTscan in the diagnosis of parkinsonism in patients referred to this examination to the Department of Nuclear Medicine in the Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka from October 2022 to October 2023.
Subjects and methods: 118 subjects participated in the study, and the following data were analyzed: sex, age, referral diagnosis, imaging results, frequency of rigors, tremors and bradykinesia, matching of the patients' clinical picture with DaTscan findings, and levodopa therapy. Data was processed with descriptive statistical analysis in the Microsoft® Excel® 2013.
Results: 52 (44%) patients were female and 66 (56%) were male. The average age of the subjects was 69 ± 10 years. In the analyzed period, there were 56 (47%) positive, 48 (41%) negative and 14 (12%) uncertain findings. Patients with a referral diagnosis of Parkinson's disease were positive in 66% of cases (19 out of 29 patients), while 62% of patients (21 out of 34) with a referral diagnosis of tremor had a negative test result. The largest number of patients had all three main symptoms, and the highest proportion of positive findings (39 patients, 72%) was among them.
Conclusion: The results of this study are largely consistent with the results of existing studies and show that this test should be indicated in the case of an unclear clinical picture (especially in the early stages of the disease), an insufficient number of symptoms or a lack of response to levodopa therapy
Arthroscopically assisted treatment of distal radius fractures : graduate thesis
No full textU ovome radu pregledana je anatomija distalnoga radijusa sa svojim osobitostima. Četrdeset i četiri posto svih trauma odnosi se na prijelome lakatne i palčane kosti, a 23% svih sportskih prijeloma su prijelomi distalnoga radijusa. Ozljeđenici s ovim prijelomima javljaju se s akutnom boli šake na hitnu medicinsku pomoć. Za dijagnostiku se koriste standardni, a po potrebi i radiogrami s posebnim kutom slikanja, računalna tomografija te artroskopija. U literaturi ne postoji suglasje oko optimalne klasifikacije prijeloma distalnoga radijusa. Trenutna najbolja klasifikacija ovih prijeloma po najnovijoj literaturi je AO/OTA klasifikacija. Artroskopski asistirana osteosinteza prijeloma distalnoga radijusa se sastoji od pripreme i pozicioniranja ozljeđenika, privremene otvorene fiksacije prijeloma pod nadzorom fluoroskopa, artroskopske evaluacije i repozicije prijeloma te njegove fiksacije, detekcije, stupnjevanja i liječenja pridruženih ozljeda, konačne fiksacije te poslijeoperacijskog praćenja s obzirom na nalaz artroskopije. Provođenje randomiziranih kontroliranih istraživanja usporedbe operacijskog liječenja PDR s ili bez pridružene artroskopije uz dugoročno praćenje takvih ozljeđenike dati će konačni odgovor odgađa li i koliko dugo pojavu posttraumatskog osteoartritisa primjena artroskopije u operacijskom liječenju prijeloma distalnog radijusa u odnosu na operacijsko liječenje prijeloma distalnog radijusa bez pridružene artroskopije. U slučaju pozitivnih rezultata, možemo očekivati da će u budućnosti operacijsko liječenje prijeloma distalnog radijusa uz pridruženu artroskopiju postati zlatni standard u liječenju.In this work there has been an overview of anatomy of radius with all its peculiarities. 44 % of all trauma refers to ulnar and radial fractures, and 23 % of all sport injuries refer to distal radial fractures. Patients with this fractures come to the emergency medicine department with acute wrist pain. For diagnostics, standard and special radiograms are used, as well as CT scans, and arthroscopy. The surgeons community has still not come up with standardized classification of distal radius fractures. The best classification so far by the newest literature is AO/OTA classification. Arthrocopic-assisted osteosynthesis of distal radius fractures consists of patient preparation and positioning, provisional open fixation with the fluoroscopic evaluation, arthroscopic evaluation, fracture reduction and fixation, detection, grading and treatment of associated lesions, final fixation and postoperative care considering arthroscopical findings. With the conduction of controlled randomized studies that asses operative treatment of distal radius fractures with or without the use of arthroscopy and gathering longterm evidences answer to the question wheter the use of arthroscopy delays the development of the posttraumatic osteoarthritis will be given. In case of positive results, we can expect that arthroscopically assisted treatment of distal radius fractures will become a gold standard in the future
Eosinophilic gastritis – diagnosis and treatment
No full textRijetko gastrointestinalno stanje poznato kao eozinofilni gastritis (EG) karakterizirano je eozinofilnom infiltracijom sluznice želuca, što može uzrokovati simptome poput gubitka težine, mučnine, povraćanja i bolova u trbuhu. Klinička procjena, laboratorijsko testiranje, endoskopija s biopsijom i histološki pregled koriste se u dijagnozi EG. Dijagnoza se potvrđuje prisutnošću više od 30 eozinofila po polju velike snage. Dodatne informacije mogu se dobiti, osobito u složenim slučajevima, alergotestovima i radiološkim snimanjem.
Postoji nekoliko različitih pristupa liječenju EG. Prva linija liječenja su kortikosteroidi, koji imaju jaka protuupalna svojstva, ali imaju štetne učinke koji ograničavaju dugotrajnu upotrebu. Mepolizumab i dupilumab dva su primjera bioloških lijekova koji pružaju ciljane alternative s ohrabrujućim ishodima. Prehrambena terapija je neophodna, posebno za osobe s alergijama na hranu. To uključuje elementarnu i eliminacijsku dijetu. Kirurgija se koristi samo u teškim situacijama bez reakcije, kao što su djelomične ili potpune gastrektomije.
Novi biološki lijekovi i crijevna mikrobiota u središtu su novih terapijskih metoda koje su omogućile tekuća istraživanja i novi tretmani. Ovi razvoji naglašavaju nužnost stalnog proučavanja i suradnje među medicinskim stručnjacima kako bi se poboljšali ishodi i kvaliteta života pacijenata.A rare gastrointestinal condition known as eosinophilic gastritis (EG) is characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the stomach lining, which can cause symptoms such as weight loss, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, endoscopy with biopsy, and histological examination are used in the diagnosis of EG. The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of more than 30 eosinophils per high power field. Additional information can be obtained, especially in complex cases, by allergy tests and radiological imaging.
There are several different approaches to treating EG. The first line of treatment is corticosteroids, which have strong anti-inflammatory properties but have adverse effects that limit long-term use. Mepolizumab and dupilumab are two examples of biologics that provide targeted alternatives with encouraging results. Nutrition therapy is essential, especially for people with food allergies. This includes elemental and elimination diets. Surgery is only used in severe unresponsive situations, such as partial or total gastrectomies.
New biological drugs and intestinal microbiota are at the center of new therapeutic methods made possible by ongoing research and new treatments. These developments underscore the necessity of continued study and collaboration among medical professionals to improve patient outcomes and quality of life