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Pravo dioničara zahtijevati obvezno sklapanje ugovora o prodaji dionica – posebnost hrvatskog prava preuzimanja
No full textU radu se analizira odredba članka 49. Zakona o preuzimanju dioničkih društava prema kojoj svaki dioničar ciljnog društva može, ako ponuditelj ne objavi ponudu za preuzimanje, pod uvjetima i na način propisan Zakonom, podnijeti tužbu pred mjesno nadležnim trgovačkim sudom zahtijevajući obvezno sklapanje ugovora o prodaji dionica pod onim uvjetima pod kojima je ponuda za preuzimanje morala biti objavljena. Autori se u radu zasebno osvrću na pitanja nadležnosti za utvrđivanje obveze objavljivanja ponude za preuzimanje, aktivne i pasivne legitimacije, trenutka nastanka tužbenog zahtjeva, roka unutar kojeg se tužba radi obveznog sklapanja ugovora može podnijeti, oblika ugovora o prodaji dionica kao i visine tužbenog zahtjeva. Prikazom sudske prakse nacionalnih sudova proizlazi kako postoje različita tumačenja citirane odredbe koja dovode do neujednačene sudske prakse te, u konačnici, rezultiraju pravnom nesigurnošću. Međutim, unatoč uočenoj neujednačenosti sudske prakse autori se protive stajalištu da se odredba članka 49. Zakona o preuzimanju dioničkih društava briše jer bi to dovelo do oduzimanja prava manjinskim dioničarima koje im je Zakonom dano još 2002. godine, a isto tako bilo protivno svrsi i cilju Zakona o preuzimanju dioničkih društava, a to je zaštita manjinskih dioničara. Ujedno, zagovaraju određenost i preciznost pravne norme koja će osigurati jasnoću i predvidljivost u njenoj primjeni.The paper analyses the provision of Article 49 of the Croatian Takeover Act according to which any shareholder of the target company may, if the offeror does not publish a takeover bid, under the conditions and in the manner provided by the Act, file a lawsuit before the commercial court with territorial jurisdiction demanding the mandatory conclusion of a share sale agreement under the conditions under which the takeover bid should have been published. The authors separately address the issues of jurisdiction for determining the obligation to publish a takeover bid, active and passive standing, the moment when a claim can be filed, the time limit for bringing an action for mandatory conclusion of the agreement, the form of the share sale agreement, and the amount oj the claim. A review of the case law of national courts shows that there are different interpretations of the cited provision, which lead to inconsistent case law and, ultimately, result in legal uncertainty. However, despite the perceived inconsistency of court practice, the authors oppose the proposal to delete the provision of Article 49 of the Takeover Act, as this would lead to the deprivation of the rights of minority shareholders that were given to them by the Takeover Act in 2002, and would also be against the purpose and goal of the Takeover Act, which is the protection of minority shareholders. Also, they advocate the certainty and precision of the legal norm, which will ensure clarity and predictability in its application
NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AS A SOLUTION TO THE CRISIS OF THE WELFARE STATE
No full textRad ne sadrži sažetak
CHCI AS A SPECIAL FORM OF PUBLIC INSTITUTION IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
No full textMirovinski sustav predstavlja dio sustava socijalnog osiguranja Republike Hrvatske. U svom radu nudi široku paletu usluga poput mirovine, invaliditeta, smrti uzdržavatelja i tjelesnog oštećenja, porodiljnih i drugih naknada. Mirovinski sustav Republike Hrvatske dijeli se na obvezno mirovinsko osiguranje temeljeno na generacijskoj solidarnosti, obvezno mirovinsko osiguranje temeljeno na individualnoj kapitaliziranoj štednji i dobrovoljno mirovinsko osiguranje temeljeno na individualnoj kapitaliziranoj štednji. Tijelo nadležno za cjelokupni mirovinski sustav je Hrvatski zavod za mirovinsko osiguranje koje je i predmet ovog rada. U radu se također uspoređuju mirovinski sustavi odabranih zemalja Europske unije sa onim u Republici Hrvatskoj.The pension system is part of the social insurance system of the Republic of Croatia. Pension insurance includes compensation in case of old age, disability, death of dependents and physical damage, and is divided into mandatory pension insurance based on generational solidarity, mandatory pension insurance based on individual capitalized savings and voluntary pension insurance based on individual capitalized savings. The body responsible for the entire pension system is the Croatian Pension Insurance Institute. The paper also compares the pension systems of selected EU countries
(LACK OF) TRANSPARENCY IN THE FINANCING OF ASSOCIATIONS AND FOUNDATIONS
No full textOvaj rad istražuje ključne aspekte pravnog okvira i regulative djelovanja udruga i zaklada u Republici Hrvatskoj te analizira problematiku zlouporaba financiranja u ovom sektoru. Udruge, kao neprofitne organizacije, imaju značajnu ulogu u društvu, ali se suočavaju s izazovima poput nenamjenskog trošenja sredstava, netransparentnog poslovanja i nedovoljnog nadzora. Zaklade, Prikazani su konkretni primjeri zlouporaba, poput nenamjenskog korištenja sredstava za kulturne i humanitarne projekte, što rezultira gubitkom povjerenja javnosti i negativnim utjecajem na rad udruga i zaklada koje posluju odgovorno. Rad također nudi pregled rješenja za unaprjeđenje transparentnosti, uključujući pravne reforme, digitalizaciju sustava izvještavanja i edukaciju članova udruga i zaklada. Implementacijom ovih mjera moguće je osigurati veći stupanj odgovornosti i povjerenja u neprofitni sektor, čime bi se ojačala njegova uloga u promicanju društvenog razvoja. Ključni naglasak stavljen je na važnost suradnje između institucija, udruga, zaklada i zajednice kako bi se stvorio učinkovit sustav nadzora i upravljanja.This paper examines the key aspects of the legal framework and regulations governing associations in the Republic of Croatia while analyzing the issue of financial misuse within this sector. Associations, as non-profit organizations, play a significant role in society but face challenges such as misallocation of funds, lack of transparency, and insufficient oversight. The paper presents specific cases of financial misuse, including the inappropriate use of funds allocated for cultural and humanitarian projects, leading to a loss of public trust and negative impacts on responsibly operating associations. It also provides an overview of solutions to improve transparency, such as legal reforms, digitization of reporting systems, and member education. The implementation of these measures can ensure greater accountability and trust in the non-profit sector, strengthening its role in fostering societal development. Emphasis is placed on the importance of collaboration between institutions, associations, and the community to create an effective system of oversight and management
THE SUSPENDED SENTENCE AND PARTIALLY SUSPENDED SENTENCE
No full textDiplomski rad obrađuje institut uvjetne osude i djelomične uvjetne osude kao kaznenopravne sankcije koje imaju važnu ulogu u individualizaciji kazne i ostvarivanju svrhe kažnjavanja, posebno u području resocijalizacije počinitelja kaznenih djela. U prvom dijelu rada predstavljeni su temeljni modeli uvjetne osude: probacijski, francusko belgijski i mješoviti, uz poseban osvrt na mješoviti model koji se primjenjuje u Republici Hrvatskoj.
Kroz prikaz važećeg zakonodavnog okvira detaljno se analiziraju formalne i materijalne pretpostavke za izricanje uvjetne i djelomične uvjetne osude, značaj trajanja vremena provjeravanja, institut opoziva te mogućnosti izricanja dopunskih obveza poput posebnih obveza, zaštitnog nadzora i sigurnosnih mjera. Naglašena je i uloga probacijskih elemenata koji doprinose učinkovitijoj provedbi ovih instituta.
Djelomična uvjetna osuda kao noviji institut hrvatskog kaznenog prava razmatra se u kontekstu njezine funkcije, svrhe i razloga uvođenja, posebno s obzirom na potrebu popunjavanja praznine između uvjetne osude i bezuvjetnog izvršenja kazne zatvora.
Završni dio rada donosi pregled cjelokupne sudske prakse u Republici Hrvatskoj i analizu četrdeset pravomoćnih sudskih presuda od kojih se dvadeset odnosi na uvjetnu, a dvadeset na djelomičnu uvjetnu osudu. Analizom presuda nastoji se prikazati način na koji sudovi u praksi primjenjuju ove institute te identificirati pozitivne rezultate i eventualne nedosljednosti ili nedostatke..
Cilj rada bio je ukazati na pravnu prirodu, praktičnu važnost i potencijale daljnjeg razvoja uvjetne i djelomične uvjetne osude u hrvatskom kaznenopravnom sustavu.This thesis examines the institution of the suspended sentence and the partially suspended sentence as criminal sanctions that play a significant role in the individualization of punishment and the achievement of penal objectives, particularly in the area of offender resocialization. The first part of the thesis presents the main models of suspended sentencing: the probation model, the French Belgian model and the mixed model, with special emphasis on the mixed model applied in the Republic of Croatia.
Through an overview of the current legislative framework, the thesis provides a detailed analysis of the formal and substantive conditions for imposing both suspended and partially suspended sentences, the importance of the probationary period, the revocation mechanism, and the possibility of imposing additional obligations such as special duties, supervision measures and security measures. The role of probationary elements, which contribute to the more effective implementation of these institutions, is also highlighted.
The partially suspended sentence, as a relatively new institution in Croatian criminal law, is considered in the context of its function, purpose and the rationale for its introduction, particularly in need to overcome a gap between a fully suspended sentence and the unconditional execution of a prison sentence.
The final part of the thesis provides an overview of relevant judicial practice in the Republic of Croatia and includes an analysis of forty final court judgments, twenty involving suspended sentences and twenty involving partially suspended sentences. The analysis aims to illustrate how courts apply these sentencing options in practice and to identify positive outcomes as well as potential inconsistencies or shortcomings.
The objective of this thesis was to highlight the legal nature, practical significance and future development potential of suspended and partially suspended sentences within the Croatian criminal justice system
THE ROLE OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW IN THE INTERPRETATION OF UNION LAW
No full textPotreba za pravnom regulacijom novih pravnih područja na razini Europske unije, uz rastući broj pravnih akata, stvara dodatno opterećenje za pravni sustav Unije. Unatoč naporima zakonodavnih tijela, regulacija novih područja često zaostaje za dinamikom životnih situacija, što sudovima predstavlja dodatan izazov u rješavanju konkretnih slučajeva tumačenjem i primjenom pravnih normi. Opća načela prava, kao dio primarnog prava, čine i autonoman izvor prava Unije, ali se mogu koristiti i kao sredstvo za pomoć u tumačenju prava Unije, pri čemu nije uvijek jasno kojoj njihovoj ulozi treba dati prednost. U ovom radu autorica je posvetila pozornost problematici kreiranja općih načela prava te njihovoj ulozi u tumačenju prava Unije od strane nacionalnih sudova, kao i Suda Europske unije. Analizom sudske prakse, autorica identificira probleme i izazove u primjeni općih načela prava u tumačenju prava Unije te ističe potencijalne izazove u njihovoj ulozi u pravnom sustavu Europske unije.The increasing need for legal regulation in emerging areas at the European Union level, coupled with the growing number of legal acts, places additional strain on the Union’s legal system. Despite efforts by legislative bodies, regulation in these new areas often falls behind the pace of real-life developments, posing an additional challenge for courts in resolving cases through the interpretation and application of legal norms. General principles of law, as part of EU primary law, serve as an autonomous source of law while also aiding in the interpretation of Union law, though there is often ambiguity over which of these roles should take precedence. This paper focuses on the creation of general principles of law and their role in the interpretation of Union law by national courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Through an analysis of case law, the author identifies key issues and challenges in applying these principles when interpreting Union law and underscores potential future challenges concerning their role in the EU legal system
THE RIGHT OF THE CHILD TO MAINTAIN PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH PARENTS, RELATIVES, AND OTHER PERSONS
No full textObitelj je temeljna ljudska zajednica i prirodno okruženje za rast i razvoj djeteta, no u određenim situacijama, kada zajednički život s oba roditelja nije moguć, aktivira se djetetovo pravo na ostvarivanje osobnih odnosa s roditeljima. Shodno tome, diplomski rad obrađuje pravo ostvarivanja osobnih odnosa djeteta s roditeljima, srodnicima i drugim osobama s kojima je razvilo emocionalnu povezanost. Riječ je o jednom od temeljnih osobnih prava djeteta, koje proizlazi iz prava na život s oba roditelja. Ostvarenje tog prava iznimno je bitno za emocionalni razvoj, kao i za izgradnju osjećaja pripadnosti i sigurnosti kod djeteta. U radu se najprije prikazuje povijesni razvoj ovog prava na području Republike Hrvatske, zatim se analizira njegov današnji normativni okvir počevši s najvišim pravnim aktom - Ustavom Republike Hrvatske, te relevantni međunarodni ugovori i konvencije, a potom i Obiteljski zakon. Posebno je naglašena važnost ostvarivanja osobnih odnosa djeteta s roditeljima, bakama, djedovima, braćom, sestrama, polubraćom, polusestrama i drugim bliskim osobama s kojima je dijete razvilo emocionalnu povezanost te načini na koje se ti odnosi ostvaruju u praksi. Pozornost je posvećena ulozi tih osoba u stvaranju osjećaja sigurnosti, pripadnosti i identiteta kod djeteta. Također, rad obrađuje situacije u kojima su ti odnosi ograničeni ili se provode uz nadzor. U tom dijelu se razmatraju razlozi za takve mjere te načini na koje se osobni odnosi u tim slučajevima ostvaruju. U završnom poglavlju rada, kroz analizu sudske prakse Ustavnog suda Republike Hrvatske i Europskog suda za ljudska prava prikazano je kako pravni sustav pristupa ostvarenju navedenog prava u stvarnosti. Cilj ovog rada je naglasiti važnost održavanja osobnih odnosa za svako dijete, ali i potaknuti razmišljanje o načinima na koje bi se zaštita tog prava mogla dodatno unaprijediti.The family is the basic human community and the natural environment for the growth and development of a child, but in certain situations, when living together with both parents is not possible, the child's right to establish personal relationships with his or her parents is activated. Accordingly, the thesis deals with the child's right to establish personal relationships with parents, relatives and other persons with whom he or she has developed an emotional connection. This is one of the fundamental personal rights of the child, which stems from the right to live with both parents. The realization of this right is extremely important for emotional development, as well as for building a sense of belonging and security in the child. The paper first presents the historical development of this right in the Republic of Croatia, then analyzes its current normative framework, starting with the highest legal act - the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, and relevant international treaties and conventions, and then the Family Act. The importance of establishing personal relationships between a child and parents, grandparents, brothers, sisters, half-brothers, half-sisters and other close people with whom the child has developed an emotional connection is particularly emphasized, as well as the ways in which these relationships are realized in practice. Attention is paid to the role of these persons in creating a sense of security, belonging and identity in a child. The paper also addresses situations in which these relationships are limited or carried out with supervision. This section discusses the reasons for such measures and the ways in which personal relationships are realized in these cases. The final chapter of the paper, through an analysis of the case law of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia and the European Court of Human Rights, shows how the legal system approaches the realization of the aforementioned right in reality. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the importance of maintaining personal relationships for every child, but also to encourage reflection on ways in which the protection of this right could be further improved
CONTRACTUAL EXPANSION OF SHAREHOLDERS’ ACCESS TO CORPORATE INFORMATION – AN INFRINGEMENT OR A NEW MODEL OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE?
No full textActive shareholders and investors often seek additional information on conduct of business, which surpasses shareholders’ right to information under the corporate law. As the corporate law treats all shareholders equally, they can attempt to broaden their right to information only through contractual mechanisms, such as shareholders agreements. Authors shall argue about the justification of providing additional corporate information to only selected shareholders by analyzing the shareholder right to information and managers’ duty of confidentiality provisions. Likewise, authors shall discuss whether by providing additional access to corporate information to some shareholders or even to the third parties outside of the company, the control in the company shifts towards the contractually created controlling shareholders, thus introducing a new model of corporate governance. This paper shall research practical examples of shareholders agreements in Croatian practice which provide for various additional informational rights to shareholders and which deal with the disclosure of confidential information in the due diligence process as a part of the sale of shares to potential buyers. Authors consider that the discussion on validity of contractual clauses which provide for expansion of shareholders’ access to corporate information is well overdue
OUT-OF-CONTRIBUTION PROCEDURE: IDEA, NORM AND PRACTICE
No full textSvrha ovoga diplomskoga rada jest predstaviti novi zakon koji uređuje materiju izvanparničnoga postupka, Zakon o izvanparničnom postupku koji je počeo važiti od 10. lipnja 2023., odnosno prvi zakon koji cjelovito uređuje materiju izvanparničnog postupka nakon 1934. godine. Može se reći kako isti predstavlja osnovni i opći izvor izvanparničnog prava. Cilj je bio ukloniti sve pravne nesigurnosti, ubrzati trajanje postupka te između ostalog omogućiti modernizaciju pravosuđa. Izvanparnični postupak godinama nije bio osuvremenjen postupak, dakako iznimno je bio zastarjeli postupak. Ovaj zakon od iznimnog je značaja s obzirom da nije postojao opći zakonodavni okvir koji bi uređivao izvanparnični postupak. Predstaviti će se cijela povijest ovoga postupka te način na koji je on bio uređen. S obzirom na heterogenost ovoga postupka, kroz sam rad obuhvatit će se veliki broj posebnih zakona kojima se uređuju posebni izvanparnični postupci. Potrebno će biti istaknuti odnos parničnog i izvanparničnog postupka jer zbog nepostojanje pravnih normi dolazilo je do supsidijarne primjene Zakona o parničnom postupku. Uzimajući u obzir koliko godina se pokušalo stvoriti novi zakon, kroz rad biti će prikazane neke od mogućih budućih nedoumica koji nisu riješeni zakonom. Također prikazat će se poveznica između posebnih i općih zakona, te njihov međusobni utjecaj. Ovaj zakon predstavlja veliki napredak u pravnom pogledu točnije modernizaciju i osuvremenjivanje izvanparničnog postupka kao i rasterećenje sudova.The purpose of this Master’s thesis is to present the new legislation governing extrajudicial proceedings — the Non-Contentious Procedure Act, which entered into force on 10 June 2023. This is the first comprehensive piece of legislation to regulate the field of non-contentious proceedings since 1934. It can be said that the Act now serves as the fundamental and general source of non-contentious procedural law. The primary objective was to eliminate legal uncertainties, expedite the proceedings, and, among other goals, facilitate the modernization of the judiciary. For years, non-contentious procedure remained outdated and had not undergone significant reform. Therefore, this Act is of particular importance, considering the lack of a general legislative framework governing such procedures up to this point. This thesis will provide a historical overview of the development of non-contentious proceedings and examine how these procedures have been regulated over time. Given the heterogeneous nature of non-contentious matters, the paper will cover a wide range of special statutes that govern specific non-contentious proceedings. It will be essential to highlight the relationship between contentious (civil) and non-contentious proceedings, especially because, in the absence of clear legal norms, the Civil Procedure Act was often applied subsidiarily. Taking into account the many years of legislative efforts to draft a new law, the thesis will also present some of the potential legal ambiguities that remain unresolved by the new Act. Additionally, the interrelation between special laws and the general law will be analyzed, as well as their mutual influence. This new legislation marks significant progress from a legal perspective — namely, the modernization and updating of non-contentious procedure, as well as contributing to the alleviation of the caseload burden on the courts
ACQUISITION OF OWNERSHIP AND SERVITUDES BY ADVERSE POSSESSION
No full textU hrvatskom pravnom sustavu, zakon je jedan od temelja stjecanja stvarnih prava. Jedan od oblika stjecanja stvarnih prava na temelju zakona je i dosjelost. Zakonom o vlasništvu i drugim stvarnim pravima propisano je da se dosjelošću mogu steći pravo vlasništva i pravo stvarne služnosti. Do njihova stjecanja dolazi kada se ispune sve zakonom određene opće i posebne pretpostavke čija analiza je predmet ovog rada. U uvodnom dijelu rada ukratko je prikazan povijesni razvoj ovog instituta, počevši od rimskog prava do Općeg građanskog zakonika, preko Zakona o osnovnim vlasničkopravnim odnosima sve do današnjeg Zakona o vlasništvu i drugim stvarnim pravima. Središnji dio rada podijeljen je u dva odvojena dijela. Prvi dio istražuje pojam vlasništva i načine stjecanja prava vlasništva dosjelošću, dok drugi dio analizira pojam služnosti i stjecanja prava stvarnih služnosti putem dosjelosti, uz analizu relevantne sudske prakse. U zaključku rada izdvojeni su i sažeti ključni elementi bitni za razumijevanje načina stjecanje vlasništva i stvarnih služnosti dosjelošću, kojima se detaljnije bavi središnji dio rada, uz osvrt na analiziranu sudsku praksu.In the Croatian legal system, the law itself may serve as a basis for acquiring real rights. One form of acquiring real rights on the basis of law is adverse possession . The Act on Ownership and Other Real Rights provides that ownership rights and rights of real servitude may be acquired through adverse possession. Such acquisition occurs once all general and specific legal conditions prescribed by law are fulfilled an analysis of which is the subject of this paper. The introductory part of the thesis briefly presents the historical development of this legal institute, starting from Roman law, through the General Civil Code, the Law on Basic Ownership Relations, and up to the current Act on Ownership and Other Real Rights. The central part of the paper is divided into two sections. The first explores the concept of ownership and the methods of acquiring ownership rights through adverse possession. The second part analyzes the concept of servitude and the acquisition of real servitudes through adverse possession, including an overview of relevant court rulings. In the conclusion, the key elements essential for understanding the process of acquiring ownership and real rights through adverse possession are highlighted and summarized. These aspects are examined in detail in the main body of the paper, along with a reflection on the analyzed case law