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IVF treatment for patients with premature ovarian failure
No full textUVOD: In vitro fertilizacija (IVF) predstavlja jednu od najvažnijih medicinskih tehnologija u granama reproduktivne medicine, omogućavajući mnogim parovima ostvarenje roditeljstva koje bi inače bilo nedostižno. Neplodnost se općenito definira kao jedna godina nezaštićenog odnosa bez začeća.
CILJ RADA: U ovom radu obratit ćemo pozornost na neplodnost te čimbenike neplodnosti kao i samu obradu neplodnog para i njihovo liječenje. Uzroci neplodnosti mogu biti različiti i često su povezani s problemima u reproduktivnim organima kod muškarca i/ili žene.
RASPRAVA: Aspiracije jajnih stanica nekad su se provodile laparoskopijom, transvaginalna aspiracija vođena ultrazvukom pod intravenskom sedacijom sada je standardna tehnika. Prijenos embrija uspješan je u bilo kojoj fazi ranog razvoja, od zigote do blastociste, najčešće se izvodi trećeg dana nakon aspiracije jajnih stanica i oplodnje. Sustavi za ocjenjivanje kvalitete embrija razlikuju se među programima, ali morfološke značajke na kojima se gradacija temelji slične su i uključuju broj stanica, simetriju i oblik blastomera, opseg citoplazmatske fragmentacije u perivitelinskom prostoru i brzinu cijepanja. Postoji pet prihvaćenih indikacija za IVF donaciju jajne stanice - zatajenje jajnika, genetski prenosiva bolest, opadajuća ili odsutna funkcija jajnika, poodmakla reproduktivna dob i trajna loša kvaliteta jajnih stanica u IVF ciklusima.
ZAKLJUČAK: Trenutno ne postoji jednoliko prihvaćena definicija smanjene rezerve jajnika. Razvijen je niz različitih mjera, prvenstveno za uporabu u predviđanju uspjeha s IVF-om. Idealan test rezerve jajnika trebao bi dati dosljedne rezultate i biti vrlo specifičan, kako bi se smanjio rizik od pogrešne kategorizacije normalnih žena kao smanjene rezerve jajnika.INTRODUCTION: In vitro fertilization (IVF) represents one of the most important medical technologies in the fields of reproductive medicine, enabling many couples to achieve parenthood that would otherwise be unattainable. Infertility is generally defined as one year of unprotected intercourse without conception.
AIM: In this work, we will pay attention to infertility and the factors of infertility, as well as the treatment of the infertile couple itself and their treatment. The causes of infertility can be different and are often related to problems in the male and/or female reproductive organs.
DISCUSSION: Oocyte aspirations used to be performed laparoscopically, ultrasound-guided transvaginal aspiration under intravenous sedation is now the standard technique. Embryo transfer is successful at any stage of early development, from zygote to blastocyst, and is most often performed on the third day after oocyte aspiration and fertilization. Embryo quality grading systems differ among programs, but the morphological features on which grading is based are similar and include cell number, blastomere symmetry and shape, extent of cytoplasmic fragmentation in the perivitelline space, and cleavage rate. There are five accepted indications for IVF egg donation - ovarian failure, genetically transmitted disease, declining or absent ovarian function, advanced reproductive age and persistent poor egg quality in IVF cycles.
CONCLUSION: Currently, there is no uniformly accepted definition of reduced ovarian reserve. A number of different measures have been developed, primarily for use in predicting success with IVF. An ideal ovarian reserve test should give consistent results and be highly specific, to reduce the risk of miscategorizing normal women as having reduced ovarian reserve
Professional formation of religious education teachers in the context of developing general and specific competences for work in school
No full textKatolički vjeronauk u Republici Hrvatskoj ima ključnu ulogu i za Crkvu i za školu, budući da obje institucije dijele zajedničku odgovornost za promicanje dobrobiti čovjeka i njegovih prava, posebice prava na uživanje vjerskih sloboda. Tijekom protekle trideset i tri godine Katolički vjeronauk u Republici Hrvatskoj oblikovao se kao nastavni predmet koji ne samo da prenosi religijske vrijednosti, nego i aktivno pridonosi cjelovitom odgoju i obrazovanju učenika unutar institucionalnih okvira javne škole. U ovom radu razmatra se uloga vjeronauka u hrvatskom odgojno-obrazovnom sustavu te se analizira potreba za kontinuiranim usavršavanjem vjeroučitelja kako bi mogli što kvalitetnije obavljati svoju zadaću u školama. Rad je, uz uvod i zaključak, podijeljen na dva dijela: teorijski i empirijski dio. U teorijskom dijelu rada znanstveno se obrađuju i analiziraju tri teme: vjeronauk u suvremenoj školi, stručno usavršavanje i kompetencije. Trostrukoj Ziebertzovoj podjeli kompetencija na osobnu, teološku i religijsko-pedagošku te pedagoško-didaktičku kompetenciju, na kojoj se temelji ovaj rad, pridodana je i socijalna kompetencija koju ističe Direktorij za katehezu u broju 140. U empirijskom dijelu rada mješovitim istraživačkim pristupom istražuje se percepcija odnosa pohađanja programa stručnog usavršavanja verificiranih od strane Agencije za odgoj i obrazovanje i stjecanja općih i specifičnih kompetencija vjeroučitelja. Znanstvena relevantnost istraživačkog problema očituje se na području religiozne pedagogije i katehetike u domeni definiranja općih i specifičnih kompetencija vjeroučitelja. Praktična relevantnost očituje se u evaluaciji postojećih programa stručnog usavršavanja vjeroučitelja u osnovnoj i srednjoj školi u Republici Hrvatskoj i njihovom utjecaju na razvoj kompetencija vjeroučitelja te u projekciji razvoja programa stručnog usavršavanja u budućnosti sa svrhom unaprjeđenja profesionalne prakse vjeroučitelja.Catholic religious education in the Republic of Croatia plays a key role for both the Church and the school, as both institutions share a common responsibility for promoting human well-being and human rights, particularly the right to religious freedom. Over the past thirty-three years, Catholic religious education in the Republic of Croatia has developed into a subject that not only conveys religious values but also actively contributes to the holistic upbringing and education of students within the institutional framework of public schools. This paper examines the role of religious education in the Croatian educational system and analyzes the need for continuous professional development for religious educators to perform their duties more effectively in schools. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this paper includes both a theoretical and an empirical part. The theoretical section scientifically addresses and analyzes three topics: religious education in the contemporary school, professional development, and competencies. The triple division of competences by Ziebertz into personal, theological and religious-pedagogical, as well as pedagogical-didactic competence, which forms the basis of this work, is supplemented by social competence, as emphasized by the Directory for Catechesis in number 140. In the empirical part of the paper, a mixed-methods research approach is used to investigate the perception of the relationship between participating in professional development programs accredited by the Teacher Training Agency and the acquisition of general and specific competencies for religious educators. The scientific relevance of the research problem is evident in the field of religious pedagogy and catechetics, specifically in defining the general and specific competencies of religious educators. The practical relevance is reflected in the evaluation of existing professional development programs for religious educators in primary and secondary schools in the Republic of Croatia and their impact on the development of educators' competencies. Additionally, it includes projections for the future development of professional development programs with the aim of enhancing the professional practice of religious educators
Green entrepreneurship intention among students of the Republic of the Croatia
No full textIstraživanje provedeno u ovom završnom radu evaluiralo je čimbenike koji oblikuju namjeru zelenog poduzetništva među 77 studenata ekonomskih fakulteta na području Republike Hrvatske kojima je distribuiran online upitnik. Ocijenjena su 54 pitanja glede namjere zelenog poduzetništva, samoučinkovitosti, sveučilišne i državne potpore te pshiloških, društvenih i obrazovnih čimbenika. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da studenti u Hrvatskoj imaju nisku razinu namjere zelenog poduzetništva. Dok postoji određeni interes i spremnost za angažman u zelenim pothvatima, većina ispitanika pokazuje samo ograničenu motivaciju zbog nedostatka praktičnog iskustva, niske razine znanja o zelenom poduzetništvu te nedostatka potpore od strane obrazovnih institucija i državnih tijela. Nedostatak osobnog osjećaja odgovornosti za okoliš i slaba sveučilišna potpora ukazuju na potrebu za boljim obrazovnim programima i većom podrškom. Društvena podrška, uključujući obitelj i mreže podrške, značajno je povezana s namjerom zelenog poduzetništva među studentima. Obrazovni sustav u Hrvatskoj treba poboljšati kako bi bolje poticao poduzetnički duh i interese studenata za zeleni sektor.The research conducted in this final paper evaluated the factors that shape the intention of green entrepreneurship among 77 students of economic faculties in the Republic of Croatia, who were distributed an online questionnaire. Sum o 54 questions were evaluated regarding green entrepreneurship intention, self-efficacy, university and state support, and psychological, social, and educational factors. The research results show that students in Croatia have a low level of green entrepreneurship intention. While there is a certain interest and willingness to engage in green ventures, most respondents show only limited motivation due to lack of practical experience, low level of knowledge about green entrepreneurship and lack of support from educational institutions and government bodies. The lack of personal sense of responsibility for the environment and weak university support point to the need for better educational programs and more support. Social support, including family and support networks, is significantly related to green entrepreneurship intention among college students. The education system in Croatia needs to be improved in order to better encourage the entrepreneurial spirit and interests of students in the green sector
The most common viral diseases in cage fish farming
No full textU završnom radu opisana je važnost i utjecaj virusnih infekcija na uzgoj riba u kavezima. Detaljno je opisano šest najčešćih virusnih bolesti koje mogu ozbiljno utjecati na zdravlje i produktivnost riba u kaveznom uzgojnom sustavu: infektivna anemija lososa, virusna hemoragijska septikemija, encefalitis, sindrom čiravosti bakalara, limfocistis i virusna nekroza živaca/virusna encefalopatija i retinopatija. Za navedene bolesti analizirani su simptomi, patogeneza, i posljedice na populacije riba. Prevencija i kontrola virusnih bolesti uključuje implementaciju sigurnosnih mjera poput karantene, dezinfekciju opreme i poboljšanu upravljačku praksu. Cijepljenje, kad je dostupno, ima važnu ulogu u suzbijanju bolesti. Zaključno, završni rad ukazuje na važnost praćenja zdravlja riba, osiguravanje preventivnih mjera i razvoj novih terapija i cjepiva kako bi se smanjio utjecaj virusnih bolesti na kavezni uzgoj riba.The thesis describes the significance and impact of viral infections on cage fish farming. It also describes the six most common viral diseases that can significantly affect the health and productivity of fish in cage systems. Among the viral diseases, the following are described in detail: Infectious salmon anaemia, Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia, Encephalitis, Ulcerative dermal necrosis syndrome, Lymphocystis, and Viral nervous necrosis (VNN)/Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER). For these diseases, the symptoms, pathogenesis and consequences for the fish populations are analysed. Prevention and control of viral diseases includes safety measures such as quarantine of new fish, disinfection of equipment and improved management practices. Vaccination, where available, also plays an important role in disease containment. This bachelor thesis emphasises the importance of monitoring fish health, ensuring preventative measures and developing new therapies and vaccines to reduce the impact of viral diseases on cage fish farming
Rehabilitation Center Kumrovec : Master's Thesis
No full textTema ovoga rada je prenamjena, sada zapuštene, bivše Političke škole SKJ u Kumrovcu, s ciljem da se uvođenjem nove namjene objekt može aktivirati i sa korištenjem očuvati od daljnjeg propadanja te doprinijeti razvoju lokalne zajednice. Kroz rad je prikazan kratki pregled povijesti objekta, konteksta te analize prostora, sa prikazom izvornog i trenutnog stanja, čime su iskazani uvjeti i prostorne mogućnosti, te na koji način pogoduju novoj namjeni. Kao i prikaz predviđene intervencije i izgradnje. Planirana namjena je centar za edukaciju i rehabilitaciju djece i mladih sa poteškoćama u razvoju, namijenjen za povremeno, dnevno i trajnije korištenje. Na lokaciji koja pruža boravak, pridonosi blagostanju i liječenje u mirnom, tihom, izdvojenom i ugodnom ambijentu, sa vizu rama na zelene brežuljke i doline u svim smjerovima.The topic of this master’s thesis is the conversion of the, now neglected, former SKJ Political School in Kumrovec, with the aim of activating the facility and using it to preserve it from further deterioration and contribute to the development of the local community. The paper presents a brief overview of the history of the former school, its context, and spatial analysis, with an overview of the original and current state, which shows the conditions and spatial possibilities and how they are conducive to the new purpose. As well as a presentation of the planned intervention and construction. The planned conversion is a center for the education and rehabilitation of children and young adults with developed mental disabilities, intended for occasional, daily, and permanent use. In a location that provides accommodation, it contributes to well-being and treatment in a peaceful, quiet, secluded, and pleasant environment, with views of green hills and valleys in all directions
Psihologija kapitalizma u djelu Mark Fishera te književnim distopijama
No full textTo understand the world, one must first understand the people that inhabit it and the system that they live in. Researching what is hidden behind the stage of the world, society and humans is a complex yet necessary path that can provide knowledge compulsory for planning change. Delving into the reality of capitalism and the environment that shape people’s identities can uncover the hidden reasons behind a malfunctioning society. Seeing how people’s actions affect them and their environment makes them aware of the immense power they have within. Carrying such ability, possible to change the world for the better, in collaboration with the rest of the community, can be frightening but eye-opening at the same time.
Through the prism of a famous literary dystopia, Brave New World, the functioning of the entire system acting as a mirror of the human kind is explored. The parallels between its dystopian vision and the contemporary society reflect the realities of the present and the hidden problems that impede the human life experience. This offers an insight into where certain choices may lead the humanity to and help to raise awareness on the current situation. The paradox of such negativities in both real and fictional worlds is in the disillusionment they carry, which can be a powerful omen to encourage change within oneself, and therefore within the world.Da bismo razumjeli svijet, prvo moramo razumjeti ljude koji ga nastanjuju i sustav u kojem se nalaze. Otkrivanje onoga što se skriva iza kulisa svijeta, društva i ljudi je složen, ali neophodan put koji može pružiti znanje neophodno za planiranje promjena. Zadubljivanje u stvarnost kapitalizma i okruženje koje oblikuje identitete ljudi može otkriti skrivene razloge iza lošeg funkcioniranja društva. Kada ljudi vide kako vlastiti postupci utječu na njih i njihovu okolinu, postaju svjesni goleme moći koju imaju u sebi. Nositi takvu sposobnost za promjenu svijeta na bolje, uz suradnju s ostatkom zajednice, može biti zastrašujuće, ali u isto vrijeme prosvjetljujuće.
Kroz prizmu poznate književne distopije, Vrli novi svijet, istražuje se funkcioniranje cjelokupnog sustava koji djeluje kao ogledalo ljudske vrste. Paralele između njegove distopijske vizije i suvremenog društva odražavaju realnost sadašnjosti i skrivene probleme koji sprječavaju da se život iskusi na pravi način. To nudi uvid u to kamo određeni izbori mogu dovesti čovječanstvo te pomaže u podizanju svijesti o trenutnoj situaciji. Paradoks takvih negativnosti u stvarnom i fiktivnom svijetu je ta da razotkrivanje istih može snažno utjecati na poticanje promjena unutar sebe, a time i u svijetu
Analysis of the Existing and New Solution for Entering the Split Ferry Port : Master's Thesis
No full textZbog razvoja turizma i povećanog priljeva vozila prema trajektnoj luci Split, trenutni prilazi luci nisu u mogućnosti prihvatiti povećano prometno opterećenje. Zbog toga je kroz projekt Istočna obala planirana izgradnja novog ulaza u trajektnu luku. Ovim radom prikazana je analiza prometa postojećeg stanja i novog rješenja ulaza u trajektnu luku Split, izvršene su simulacije u programu TSIS-CORSIM te su prikazani dobiveni rezultati kao i analiza ključnih točaka.Due to the development of tourism and the increased inflow of vehicles to the Split ferry port, the current approaches to the port are not able to accommodate the increased traffic load. Therefore, the construction of a new entrance to the ferry port is planned through the project East Coast. This paper presents a traffic analysis of the existing situation and a new solution for the entrance to the Split ferry port, simulations were performed in the TSIS-CORSIM program and the results are presented, as well as an analysis of key points
SOX2, JAGGED1, β-catenin, vitamin D receptor and NOTCH2 expression patterns during early development and innervation of the human inner ear
No full textUVOD: Gubitak sluha je jedan od najčešćih invaliditeta u svijetu. Može se podijeliti na senzorineuralni, konduktivni i mješoviti. Senzorineuralni gubitak sluha je najčešći tip i uzrokovan je lezijama u unutarnjem uhu, slušnom živcu ili neuronima slušnog puta. Razumijevanje događaja i signalnih putova koji pokreću formiranje unutarnjeg uha ključno je za određivanje mogućih uzroka kongenitalnog gubitka sluha. Cilj ove disertacije je analizirati inervaciju i izražaj SOX2, JAGGED1, β-katenina (CTNNB1), receptora vitamina D (VDR) i NOTCH2 tijekom ranog razvoja ljudskog unutarnjeg uha koristeći imunohistokemiju. MATERIJALI I METODE: U ovom presječnom istraživanju bilo je uključeno ukupno 12 uzoraka ljudskog unutarnjeg uha podijeljenih u 3 skupine po razvojnim tjednima (5-6W, 7-8W i 9-10W). Urađeno je imunofluorescencijsko bojenje za usporedbu vremensko-prostorne raspodjele transkripcijskog faktora SOX2 i transmembranskog proteina JAGGED1, proteina β-katenina i nuklearnog receptora VDR te receptora NOTCH2. Također je primjenom imunofluorescencije određen raspon inervacije prosenzornih domena ljudskog unutarnjeg uha koristeći biljeg acetilirani alfa tubulin. REZULTATI: Izražaj SOX2 bio je pretežno nuklearni u svim promatranim stadijima razvoja pužničnog kanala i vestibularnog aparata. Membranski izražaj JAGGED1 bio je lokaliziran zajedno sa membranskim izražajem SOX2 u svim promatranim razvojnim stadijima pužničnog kanala i vestibularnog aparata, pri čemu je izražaj SOX2 bio dosljedno veći. Pri 5-6 tjednu nakon oplodnje (tj) nisu bila prisutna živčana vlakna u pužničnom kanalu, u 8. tj živčana vlakna su dosegla epitel pužničnog kanala. Živčana vlakna u vestibularnom aparatu (makule u razvoju) vidljiva su pri 5-6 tj. U 7-8 tj i 9-10 tj makule u razvoju su gusto inervirane. Beta-katenin je pri 5-6 tj pokazao nuklearno bojenje u epitelu krova pužničnog kanala, što znači da je tu aktivnakanonska WNT signalizacija. Isti obrazac ekspresije je vidljiv pri 7-8 tj. Pri 9-10 tj većina stanica pužničnog kanala imala je membranski uzorak bojenja, što ukazuje da kanonska WNT signalizacija nije aktivna. U vestibularnim regijama, pri 5-6 tj, beta-katenin je pokazao nuklearnu ekspresiju u prijelaznom i tamnom epitelu kao i u endolimfatičkom kanalu. Sličan obrazac bojenja viđen je pri 7-8 tj. Pri 9-10 tj aktivna kanonska WNT signalizacija uglavnom je bila prisutna u neosjetnim područjima epitela unutarnjeg uha. Izražaj VDR-a u pužničnom kanalu tijekom 5-6 tj, 7-8 tj i 9-10 tj bio je nuklearni u područjima krova pužničnog kanala. U vestibularnim regijama tijekom 5-6 tj, 7-8 tj i 9-10 tj nuklearni izražaj VDR-a bio je vidljiv u makulama i ampularnim kristama u razvoju te u neosjetnom tamnom staničnom epitelu u kojem je bio veći. NOTCH2 nije bio izražen u epitelu unutarnjeg uha u razvoju. ZAKLJUČAK: SOX2 i JAGGED1 izraženi se u prosenzornim domenama ljudskog unutarnjeg uha između 5-10 tj, pri čemu je izražaj SOX2 dosljedno veći. Živčana vlakna mogu se vidjeti kako prodiru kroz vestibularne regije (makule u razvoju) ljudskog unutarnjeg uha pri 6.tj i u epitelu dna pužničnog kanala pri 8. tj. Izražaj beta-katenina i VDR-a je najveći uneosjetnom epitelu vestibularnih regija, većinom je membranski i prisutan je u svim analiziranim razvojnim stadijima ljudskog unutarnjeg uha. Međusobni izražaj beta-katenina i VDR-a pokazao se kao antagonističan tijekom analiziranih razvojnih stadija ljudskog unutarnjeg uha.INTRODUCTION: Hearing loss is one of the most common disabilities in the world. It can be divided into sensorineural, conductive or mixed. Sensorineural hearing loss is the most common type and can be caused by lesions in the inner ear, cochlear (auditory) nerve, or neurons of the auditory pathway. Understanding the events and signaling pathways that drive inner ear formation is crucial for determining the possible causes of congenital hearing loss. The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the innervation and expression of SOX2, JAGGED1, β-catenin (CTNNB1), vitamin D receptor (VDR), and NOTCH2 in the inner ears of human using immunohistochemistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional research, we investigated a total of 12 human developing inner ear samples divided into 3 groups by development weeks (5-6W, 7-8W and 9-10W). Immunofluorescence staining was performed to compare the temporal and spatial distribution of transcription factor SOX2 and protein JAGGED1, β-catenin protein and nuclear receptor VDR, and receptor NOTCH2. Also, using immunofluorescence, the range of innervation of the prosensory domains of the human inner ear was determined using a marker acetylated-alfa-tubulin. RESULTS: SOX2 expression was predominately nuclear in all observed stages of development of the cohlear duct and vestibular apparatus. The membranou expression of JAGGED1 was co-localized with the membranous expression of SOX2 in all observed developmental stages of the cochlear canal and vestibular apparatus, where the expression of SOX2 was consistently higher. At 5-6W no nerve fibers were present in the cochlear duct, at 8W the nerve fibers reached the epithelium of the cochlear duct. Nerve fibers in the vestibular apparatus (prospective maculae) are visible at 5-6W. In 7-8W and 9-10W the developing maculae are densely innervated. Beta-catenin at 5-6W showed nuclear staining in the epithelia of the roof region of the cochlear duct, which means that canonical WNT signaling is active. The same expression pattern is visible at 7-8W. At 9-10 W, most cochlear duct cells had a membranous staining pattern, indicating that canonical WNT signaling is not active. In the vestibular regions, at 5-6W, beta-catenin showed nuclear expression in the transitional and dark cell epithelium as well as in the endolymphatic duct. A similar staining pattern was seen at 7-8W. At 9-10W, active canonical WNT signaling was mostly present in non-sensitive areas of the inner ear epithelium. VDR expression in the cochlear duct during 5-6W, 7-8W, and 9-10W was nuclear in the roof regions of the cochlear duct. In the vestibular apparatus during 5-6W, 7-8W and 9-10W nuclear expression of VDR was visible in developing maculae and cristaampullares and in non-sensory dark cell epithelium where it was stronger. NOTCH2 expression was not present in the epithelium of the developing inner ear. CONCLUSION: SOX2 and JAGGED1 are expressed in the prosensory domains of the human inner ear between 5–10 W, with SOX2 expression being consistently more extensive. Nerve fibers can be seen penetrating the vestibular maculae of the human inner ear at 6 W and at the base of the cochlear duct at 8 W. CTNNB1 and VDR are expressed throughout the inner ear epithelium during early development, with non-sensory and vestibular regions demonstrating the strongest expression