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Dendrochronological potential of drought-sensitive tree stands in Armenia for the hydroclimate reconstruction of the Lesser Caucasus
Get PDFExisting high-resolution reconstructions of hydroclimate variability in the Caucasus are
lacking tree-ring data from Armenian Plateau, the most continental part of the region. Our research
presents the first dendrochronological investigation in Armenia. Juniper and oak tree-ring width
chronologies were constructed, the longest spanning the last 140 years. The positive influence of
spring–summer precipitation and the negative influence of temperature suggest drought stress
at the investigated sites. Moving correlation analysis indicated a significant change over time in
the sensitivity of investigated trees to climatic variability; juniper, previously sensitive to both
temperature and precipitation, has shown especially strong precipitation signals in the recent decades
since the local climate has turned more arid. Ongoing climate change increases drought stress
in juniper, which may have further consequences on semiarid ecosystems. Our results reveal
multiannual droughts recorded by tree rings, emerging in most parts of the Black Sea–Caspian
Sea region
A new approach with new solutions to the Matkowski and Wesołowski problem
Get PDFBased on a result of de Rham, we give a family of functions solving the Matkowski and Wesołowski problem. This family consists of Holder continuous functions, and it coincides cfwith the whole family of solutions to the Matkowski and Wesołowski problem found earlier by a different method. Moreover, applying some results due to Hata and Yamaguti and due to Berg and Kruppel, we prove that there are functions solving the Matkowski and Wesołowski problem that are not H¨older continuous
Shaping leaf vein pattern by auxin and mechanical feedback
Get PDFThis article comments on:
Kneuper I, Teale W, Dawson JE, Tsugeki R, Katifori E,
Palme K, Ditengou FA. 2021. Auxin biosynthesis and cellular
efflux act together to regulate leaf vein patterning. Journal of
Experimental Botany 72, 1151–1165.
Auxin is an essential factor for the specification of veins in
plant organs. The distribution of auxin in tissues depends
on several physiological processes including auxin biosynthesis
and transport. By using empirical data and theoretical
analysis, Kneuper et al. (2021) explored a role for
these processes in the establishment of leaf vasculature
in Arabidopsis. They propose that the formation of early
vein patterns may essentially be described in terms of
auxin biosynthesis, its transport, and growth-dependent
mechanical feedback from surrounding tissues
Chūya Nakahara jako twórca japońskiego sonetu: perspektywy przekładu
Get PDFNiniejszy artykuł prezentuje - na tle historycznoliterackim epoki - sylwetkę Chūyi Nakahary (1907-1937), poety nazywanego "japońskim Rimbaudem", prekursora japońskiego wiersza sylabotonicznego, a w szczególności sonetu. Analiza jednego spośród czterech przekładów wierszy Nakahary zamieszczonych w antologii współczesnej poezji japońskiej Wiśnie rozkwitłe pośród zimy, sonetu Mata kon haru (Wiosna znów przyjdzie), ma dwojaki cel: ukazanie – poprzez analizę tonalną z wykorzystaniem serwisu OJAD – trudności w adaptacji do języka japońskiego wiersza sylabotonicznego oraz finezji, z jaką poradził sobie z tym zadaniem Nakahara, wreszcie – dzięki zestawieniu oryginalnego wiersza z jego przekładem w antologii Wiśnie … oraz z propozycją przekładu dokonaną przez autora – wykazanie, jakie wymagania stawia wobec tłumacza poezja Nakahary
Rodzic w roli nauczyciela, czyli o organizacji procesu kształcenia i wychowania z perspektywy rodziców uczących swoje dzieci w domach
Get PDFCoraz częściej szkoła spotyka się z krytyczną oceną oraz zwiększa się potrzeba możliwości
alternatywnego kształcenia dzieci i młodzieży. Wpisuje się w to rosnącą popularność edukacji domowej,
w Polsce bowiem nie ma obowiązku szkolnego, tylko jest obowiązek edukacji. Przeprowadzone
badania wskazują, że rodzice decydujący się na uczenie dzieci w domach rezygnują ze szkoły przede
wszystkim ze względu na jej negatywną ocenę oraz własne doświadczenia, które sprawiają, że chcą
chronić dzieci przed negatywnym wpływem szkoły. W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano analizy
uzyskanych wyników badań dotyczących deklaracji rodziców na temat wymaganych kompetencji,
kwalifikacji i wiedzy przydatnych w sytuacji podejmowania się uczenia dzieci w domu, a także
organizacji przez respondentów procesu kształcenia w systemie edukacji domowej
Liturgia szczytem i źródłem modlitwy uczniów Chrystusa w Kościele starożytnym
Get PDFThe main theme of the article is the relationship that
should exist between the liturgy and the private devotion of Christians. The Second Vatican Council defined the liturgy as the summit to which everything that the Church
lives every day should lead and as the source that constantly nourishes her life and activity.
Through a skilful return to the sources, the Council deduced this teaching from
the rich Tradition of the Church – set on the rock that is Jesus and then, starting from
Christian antiquity, laboriously consolidated and grounded by generations of believers in
Christ. Although this process of consolidation and grounding of the Church’s Tradition
has persisted without interruption until our present day, the article focuses our attention
solely on the earliest stage, that is on Christian antiquity or, in other words, the history
of the Apostolic Church (i.e. the period roughly coinciding with the first century), when
the content of this Tradition was still being constituted, and on the earliest stage of the
history of the post-Apostolic Church (i.e. the period from the second century to the
beginning of the fifth century), when the content of the Apostolic Tradition began to
be preserved by the Church (as it still is today)
Aluminum or low pH - which is the bigger enemy of barley? Transcriptome analysis of barley root meristem under Al and low pH stress
Get PDFAluminum (Al) toxicity is considered to be the most harmful abiotic stress in acidic soils
that today comprise more than 50% of the world’s arable lands. Barley belongs to a
group of crops that are most sensitive to Al in low pH soils. We present the RNAseq
analysis of root meristems of barley seedlings grown in hydroponics at optimal
pH (6.0), low pH (4.0), and low pH with Al (10 mM of bioavailable Al3C ions). Two
independent experiments were conducted: with short-term (24 h) and long-term (7 days)
Al treatment. In the short-term experiment, more genes were differentially expressed
(DEGs) between root meristems grown at pH = 6.0 and pH = 4.0, than between
those grown at pH = 4.0 with and without Al treatment. The genes upregulated by
low pH were associated mainly with response to oxidative stress, cell wall organization,
and iron ion binding. Among genes upregulated by Al, overrepresented were those
related to response to stress condition and calcium ion binding. In the long-term
experiment, the number of DEGs between hydroponics at pH = 4.0 and 6.0 were
lower than in the short-term experiment, which suggests that plants partially adapted
to the low pH. Interestingly, 7 days Al treatment caused massive changes in the
transcriptome profile. Over 4,000 genes were upregulated and almost 2,000 genes
were downregulated by long-term Al stress. These DEGs were related to stress
response, cell wall development and metal ion transport. Based on our results we can
assume that both, Al3C ions and low pH are harmful to barley plants. Additionally,
we phenotyped the root system of barley seedlings grown in the same hydroponic
conditions for 7 days at pH = 6.0, pH = 4.0, and pH = 4.0 with Al. The results
correspond to transcriptomic data and show that low pH itself is a stress factor that causes a significant reduction of root growth and the addition of aluminum further
increases this reduction. It should be noted that in acidic arable lands, plants are
exposed simultaneously to both of these stresses. The presented transcriptome analysis
may help to find potential targets for breeding barley plants that are more tolerant to
such conditions
How to distinguish a “scientoskeptic” from a “scientoenthusiast”? : psychometric properties and criteria for qualitative interpretation of the scores of the Views of Science Questionnaire in a Polish quota sample
Get PDFBackground: The main aim of this study was to develop criteria for qualitative interpretation of the scores of the Views of Science Questionnaire (VoSQ), which is a tool for measuring the level of scientistic worldview. Another goal was to verify the psychometric properties of the tool in an adequately large and demographically diverse sample. Participants and procedure: The study involved 1,119 participants aged 18 to 87 who filled in the Polish version of the VoSQ via the Internet. The obtained results were subjected to reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and analyses aimed at developing criteria for the qualitative interpretation of both individual and group scores of the VoSQ scales. Results: The CFA analysis showed a satisfactory level of fit of the VoSQ factor structure containing one higher-order factor and four sub-factors. The reliability of the tool scales and age differences, but no differences related to the level of education. This information was used to develop the percentile-based criteria for the interpretation of the individual
scores and the mean and standard deviation-based criteria for qualitative interpretation of the group scores. Conclusions: The relationship between science and its social reception is becoming an increasingly important issue. The development of criteria for the qualitative interpretation of the results of the Views of Science Questionnaire makes it possible to use it as a tool for diagnosing attitudes towards science, displayed by both individuals and groups. This
knowledge may be useful in improving the effectiveness of social implementation
Cost-Effectiveness of Device-Aided Therapies in Parkinson’s Disease : Structured Review
Get PDFBackground: Despite optimal dopaminergic treatment most patients in moderate to advanced stages of Parkinson’s disease (PD) experience progressively increasing disabilities, necessitating a shift from oral medication to device-aided therapies, including deep brain stimulation (DBS), intrajejunal levodopa-carbidopa infusion (IJLI), and continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion (CSAI). However, these therapies are costly, limiting their implementation. Objectives: To perform a systematic review on cost-effectiveness analyses for device-aided therapies in PD. Methods: References were identified by performing a systematic search in the PubMed and Web of Science databases in accordance with the PRISMA statement. In the absence of universal cost-effectiveness definitions, the gross domestic product per capita (GDP) in the country where a study was performed was used as a cut-off for cost-effectiveness based on cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained. Results: In total 30 studies were retrieved. All device-aided therapies improved quality of life compared to best medical treatment, with improvements in QALYs between 0.88 and 1.26 in the studies with long temporal horizons. For DBS, nearly all studies showed that cost per QALY was below the GDP threshold. For infusion therapies only three studies showed a cost per QALY below this threshold, with several studies with long temporal horizons showing costs below or near the GDP threshold. Conclusion: Of the device-aided therapies, DBS can be considered cost-effective, but the majority of infusion therapy studies showed that these were less cost-effective. However, long-term use of the infusion therapies appears to improve their cost-effectiveness and in addition, several strategies are underway to reduce these high costs
Violence
Get PDFDEFINITION OF THE TERM: Arriving at an adequate definition of the
term “violence” is problematic due to the complexity involved in understanding the intentions of a perpetrator of violence. Different approaches
to violence depend on the researcher’s methodological and contentual
approach.
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TERM: The article outlines the historical context of the various approaches to violence, including those of
the Sophists and those formulated within modern political philosophy
founded on the ideas of Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The
two concepts differ but share the conviction that institutional violence
used by a sovereign is an important aspect of enforcing legal order in
a state.
DISCUSSION OF THE TERM: Violence is not a typical ethical problem.
In this section of the article, the causes of violence are analysed and characterised from psychological, sociological, and cognitive science perspectives. Violent behaviour is treated as resulting from both individual and socio-institutional dysfunctions. Analysis is based on axiological theories
(Max Scheler), political philosophy (Hannah Arendt), theories based on
cognitive research on the causes of evil (Simon Baron-Cohen), and the
findings of social psychologists and sociologists who investigate violence
(Irena Pospiszyl, Agnieszka Widera-Wysoczyńska, Jacek Pyżalski).
SYSTEMATIC REFLECTION WITH CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The philosophical approach to violence seeks to understand the essential nature of violence, which in the context of this
article is understood as a key aspect of moral evil. We often encounter
various forms of aggression and violence (both physical and mental) in
social life. Recently, we have witnessed an intensification of verbal and
pictorial violence within the media. This section of the article lists the
publications that are devoted to violence (apart from those that are
included in the References).Jesuit University Ignatianum in KrakowAnzenbacher, A. (2010). Chrisliche Sozialethik. Einführung und Prinzipen [Wprowadzenie do chrześcijańskiej etyki społecznej], trans.
L. Łysień. Kraków: Wydawnictwo WAM.
Arendt, H. (2003). Responsibility and Judgment [Odpowiedzialność
osobista w warunkach dyktatury], trans. W. Madej and M. Godyń.
In: H. Arendt, Odpowiedzialność i władza sądzenia. Warszawa:
Pruszyński i S-ka.
Violence 275
Baron-Cohen, S. (2014). Zero Degrees of Evil [Teoria zła. O empatii
i genezie okrucieństwa], trans. A. Nowak. Sopot: Wydawnictwo Smak
Słowa.
Hobbes, T. (2005). Leviathan [Lewiatan, czyli materia, forma i władza
państwa kościelnego i świeckiego], trans. Cz. Znamierowski. Warszawa: Fundacja Aletheia.
Krokiewicz, A. (1995). Zarys filozofii greckiej. Od Talesa do Platona.
Arystoteles, Pirron i Plotyn. Warszawa: Fundacja Aletheia.
Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace. (2005). Compendium of the
Social Doctrine of the Church. Kielce: Wydawnictwo Jedność.
Retrieved from: http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/justpeace/documents/rc_pc_justpeace (accessed: 18.02.2020).
Pospiszyl, I. (2008). Przemoc w rodzinie. In: B. Urban and J.M. Stanik (ed.),
Resocjalizacja. Vol. 2. Warszawa: PWSPR, PWN, 71‒80.
Pyżalski, J. (2012). Agresja elektroniczna wśród dzieci i młodzieży.
Kraków: Impuls.
Rousseau, J.-J. (1956). Discours sur l’origine de l’inégalité [Rozprawa
o pochodzeniu nierówności], transl. H. Elzenberg. In: J.-J. Rousseau,
Trzy rozprawy z filozofii społecznej. Warszawa: PWN, 107–278.
Scheler, M. (1988). Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale
Wertethik [Stosunek wartości “dobry” i “zły” do pozostałych wartości
i do dóbr] (fragm.), trans. W. Galewicz. In: W. Galewicz (ed.),
Z fenomenologii wartości. Teksty filozoficzne. Kraków: Papieska
Akademia Teologiczna, 60–66.
Wojtyła, K. (1986). Wykłady lubelskie. Człowiek i moralność. Part III.
Ed. T. Styczeń et al. Lublin: Wydawnictwo TN KUL.
Widera-Wysoczyńska, A. (2010), Mechanizmy