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The Devil is in the Framework. Comment on Mizrahi vs. all Debate on the Strength of Arguments from an Expert Opinion
Get PDFIn one of his papers, Moti Mizrahi argues that arguments from an expert opinion are weak arguments. His thesis may seem controversial due to the consensus on this topic in the field of informal logic. I argue that its controversy is framework-dependent, and if translated into a different framework, it appears to be a correct, however trivial, claim. I will use a framework based on Douglas Walton’s argumentation scheme theory and his conception of examination dialogue to demonstrate that it is so. It appears that Mizrahi’s idiosyncratic framework provides an excessively restrictive conception of an argument from expert opinion than Walton’s scheme does. There is no quarrel between both frameworks, as they yield analogous, almost identical, outcomes of argument evaluation. The actual and crucial disagreement is on the topic of argument classification. Mizrahi’s conception of arguments from an expert opinion imposes exact conditions that such argument must fulfil: an expert’s opinion o truth-value must be unknown; o must be unsupported by any evidence; an expert’s peers neither accept o nor reject it. These exclude, by definition, every possible strong, in Walton’s terms, variant of such an argument. Therefore, if rephrased with the notions of the examination dialogue framework, Mizrahi’s thesis sounds as follows: weak arguments from expert opinion are weak arguments
Monitoring of PAHs in simulated natural and artificial fires by HPLCDAD- FLD with the application of Multi-Component Integrated Calibration Method to improve quality of analytical results
Get PDFModifications of integrated calibration method (ICM) in its basic variant and
complementary dilution method version (CDM) were adapted to multi-component (MC)
analysis to obtain novel calibration approaches improving the accuracy of analytical results.
Methods were developed conceptually and their performance was assessed on the basis of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) determination in air samples. The natural (thuja
needles) and synthetic (polymer) materials were combusted simulating fires or home users’
combustion. Analytical method for determination EPA PAHs was developed using HPLCDAD-
FLD. It has been confirmed that the improved analytical results accuracy obtained in MCICM
and MC-ICM/CDM was described by relative error <1.5%. Multiplicative effects due to
the coelution of other substances were detected by comparing the individual estimations of the
analytical results. The results free from this effect were determined. According to RGB
Additive Color Model, the proposed approach is White – method is a good candidate of choice
for all applications
Hydrogeological Model of the Forefield Drainage System of Werenskioldbreen, Svalbard
No full textThe significant recession of Arctic glaciers caused by climate warming is expanding their proglacial zones. Thus, their importance for the hydrology of glacierised basins is growing. In contrast to the surface waters in such areas, the role of groundwater in the hydrological balance of Svalbard catchments is poorly known. This paper presents the hydrogeological conditions and groundwater flow within the permafrost active layer in the forefield of the Werenskioldbreen glacier basin (44.1 km1 2), 61% of which is glacierised. Based on field studies of groundwater in the 2017 ablation season and laboratory analyses of the hydrogeological properties of proglacial sediments, a three-dimensional groundwater flow model (FEFLOW) for part of the glacier forefield (4.8 km2) was developed. The main results show the components and characteristics of the groundwater balance and indicate the preferential groundwater flow paths. The volume of water retained in the sediments of the marginal zone is 1.0073 mln m3. The maximum potential free pore space that could be filled by water is 2.0689 mln m3. The calculated groundwater discharge for average conditions is 6076.9 m3 d-1, which is about 2% of the total seasonal catchment runoff from the main glacial river. The results of the spatial analysis for the groundwater depth and the groundwater flow directions are also presented. There need to be further detailed studies of hydrogeological processes in glacial basins in Svalbard in order to develop existing knowledge
Long-Term Isothermal Phase Transformation in Lead Zirconate
No full textLead zirconate PbZrO3 has been the subject of research interest for several dozen years.
Recently, even its antiferroelectric properties have started to be questioned, and many researchers
still deal with the so-called intermediate phase below Curie temperature (TC), whose existence is not
fully understood. It turns out that PbZrO3 doped with Nb exhibits below TC phases with complex
domain structures. One of them undergoes self-organization taking place at a constant temperature,
and transforms, after several minutes, into a lower phase. This isothermal transition was investigated
through dielectric, pyroelectric current and Raman scattering measurements. Discontinuities accompanied
it in the permittivity and pyroelectric current. The obtained Raman spectra proved that those
discontinuities are strictly linked with the isothermal transition between two intermediate phases.
The ordering process in lead sublattice stimulated by thermal fluctuations is discussed as a driving
force for this peculiar phenomenon
Testing Quantum Gravity in the Multi-Messenger Astronomy Era
No full textQuantum gravity (QG) remains elusive despite almost century-long efforts to combine
general relativity and quantum mechanics. All the approaches triggered and powered by purely
theoretical considerations eventually failed with a prevailing feeling of a complete lack of guidance
from the experimental side. Currently, however, this circumstance is beginning to change considerably.
We have entered the era of multi-messenger astronomy. The electromagnetic window to the universe—
so far the only one—has been tremendously enlarged in the energy range beyond gamma rays up to
ultra-high-energy photons and has been complemented by other messengers: high-energy cosmic
rays, cosmic neutrinos, and gravitational waves (GWs). This has created a unique environment
in which to observationally constrain various phenomenological QG effects. In this paper, we
focus on the LIV phenomenology manifested as energy-dependent time-of-flight delays and strong
lensing time delays. We review results regarding time-of-flight delays obtained with GRBs. We also
recall the idea of energy-dependent lensing time delays, which allow one to constrain LIV models
independently of the intrinsic time delay. Lastly, we show how strongly a gravitationally lensed GW
signal would place interesting constraints on the LIV
Ponadczasowość teorii reportażu literackiego według Ryszarda Kapuścińskiego
No full textCelem mojej pracy jest wykazanie wpływu autora „Cesarza” zarówno na kształt samego gatunku, jak i na twórczość reporterów młodszego pokolenia. Wartość poznawcza mojej pracy polega na wskazaniu, jakie teoretyczne założenia Ryszarda Kapuścińskiego dotyczące kształtu współczesnego reportażu literackiego, zarówno te wypowiedziane wprost, jak i implicytnie wynikające z jego książek, miały rzeczywisty wpływ na twórczość takich autorów, jak: Wojciech Jagielski, Paweł Smoleński, Wojciech Tochman czy Mariusz Szczygieł. Twierdzę, że zarówno pewne elementy poetyki reportażu, takie jak umiejętne posługiwanie się środkami stylistycznymi adekwatnie dobranymi do problematyki książki, a także osobista sygnatura tekstu, refleksyjność, pokora i szacunek do rzetelnej wiedzy, które odnajdujemy w książkach Kapuścińskiego, stały się wzorem z lepszym bądź gorszym skutkiem realizowanym przez młodszych adeptów reportażu literackiego
Spectroscopic Properties of Inorganic Glasses Doped with Pr3+: A Comparative Study
Get PDFThe results presented in this communication concern visible and near-IR emission of Pr3+ ions in selected inorganic glasses, i.e., borate-based glass with Ga2O3 and BaO, lead-phosphate glass with Ga2O3, gallo-germanate glass modified by BaO/BaF2, and multicomponent fluoride glass based on InF3. Glasses present several emission bands at blue, reddish orange, and near-infrared spectral ranges, which correspond to 4f–4f electronic transitions of Pr3+. The profiles of emission bands and their relative intensity ratios depend strongly on glass-host. Visible emission of Pr3+ ions is tuned from red/orange for borate-based glass to nearly white light for multicomponent fluoride glass based on InF3. The positions and spectral linewidths for near-infrared luminescence bands at the optical telecommunication window corresponding to the 1G4 → 3H5, 1D2 → 1G4, and 3H4 → 3F3,3F4 transitions of Pr3+ are dependent on glass-host matrices and excitation wavelengths. Low-phonon fluoride glasses based on InF3 and gallo-germanate glasses with BaO/BaF2 are excellent candidates for broadband near-infrared optical amplifiers. Spectroscopic properties of Pr3+-doped glasses are compared and discussed in relation to potential optical applications
Nestorki i nestorzy polskiej socjologii pracy : wybrane problemy
Get PDFKsiążka jest efektem projektu „Nestorzy polskiej socjologii pracy
o procesach instytucjonalizacji, kryzysu i perspektywach rozwoju tej
subdyscypliny” (w opracowaniu zwanym „Nestorzy polskiej socjologii
pracy”), zrealizowanego przez Sekcję Socjologii Pracy Polskiego Towarzystwa
Socjologicznego. Projekt opierał się na badaniu prowadzonym przy
pomocy wywiadów pogłębionych (z elementami narracji biografi cznej)
z osobami zasłużonymi dla instytucjonalizacji socjologii pracy oraz rozwoju
studiów nad pracą w Polsce, przy czym uwagą badawczą objęto zarówno
działania socjologów-praktyków, którzy funkcjonowali w dobie PRL
w zakładach pracy, jak i socjologów-akademickich, którzy skoncentrowani
byli na pracy naukowej i dydaktycznej. Analizy wyników zgromadzonych
danych zostały podzielone w oparciu o kryterium nurtu socjologii zorientowanej
na praktykę i socjologii akademickiej. W prezentowanych tutaj
rozważaniach skupiono się tylko na drugim nurcie, czyli nie analizowano
efektów i charakteru funkcjonowania socjologów w obszarze gospodarki
w przedsiębiorstwach przemysłowych czy w innych zakładach pracy. Skoncentrowano
się więc wyłącznie na socjologach akademickich, przy czym
szczególną uwagą objęto tych na Uniwersytecie Śląskim i na Uniwersytecie
Gdańskim, ze względu na podobny wiek obu ośrodków. Dodatkowo jednak
publikacja nawiązuje do uznanych badaczy socjologii pracy z całej Polski,
w tym następujących: Danuty Dobrowolskiej, Juliusza Gardawskiego, Marii
Holstein-Beck, Krystyny Janickiej, Henryka Januszka, Wiesławy Kozek,
Jolanty Kulpińskiej, Witolda Morawskiego, Jana Sikory, Edwarda Sołtysa, Danuty Walczak-Duraj, Roberta Woźniaka. Są to właśnie tytułowi nestorzy
i nestorki socjologii pracy
Gauss Congruences in Algebraic Number Fields
Get PDFIn this miniature note we generalize the classical Gauss congruences
for integers to rings of integers in algebraic number fields
Plant Cytogenetics in the Micronuclei Investigation – The Past, Current Status, and Perspectives
Get PDFCytogenetic approaches play an essential role as a quick evaluation of the first genetic effects
after mutagenic treatment. Although labor-intensive and time-consuming, they are essential for the
analyses of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in mutagenesis and environmental monitoring. Over the
years, conventional cytogenetic analyses were a part of routine laboratory testing in plant genotoxicity.
Among the methods that are used to study genotoxicity in plants, the micronucleus test particularly
represents a significant force. Currently, cytogenetic techniques go beyond the simple detection of
chromosome aberrations. The intensive development of molecular biology and the significantly
improved microscopic visualization and evaluation methods constituted significant support to
traditional cytogenetics. Over the past years, distinct approaches have allowed an understanding
the mechanisms of formation, structure, and genetic activity of the micronuclei. Although there are
many studies on this topic in humans and animals, knowledge in plants is significantly limited. This
article provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on micronuclei characteristics
in plants. We pay particular attention to how the recent contemporary achievements have influenced
the understanding of micronuclei in plant cells. Together with the current progress, we present the
latest applications of the micronucleus test in mutagenesis and assess the state of the environment