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article (C-1-c) Logique financière vs logique productive
No full texthttp://spinozashs.hypotheses.orgUsing a critical approach, this article analyses the statements regulating the subsumption of the financial logic on the logic of production of wealth (goods and services), then it considers the perception of this subsumption by employees (interpretative approach) and finally it exposes other logics of production (inventive approach).The forces which push to maintain, in disregard of all justice, rules of appropriation of the means of production which are totally advantageous to the shareholders (see Article (C-1-a) Critique of the shareholder and Marxist discourse on the processes of acquisition and enrichment) are certainly the same as those which subsume the logic of production and provision of goods and services with a financial logic.Indeed, beyond a logic of production often put forward in the sociology of labour, there is another logic, a financial logic which parasitizes a logic of production and its annoying and unpleasant heaviness, as Karl Marx writes.In the sociology seminars attended, there is often talk of production and financialisation, but without sufficiently emphasising the logics which distinguish them. In the chapter "Elucidation of the fundamental premises of production and accumulation", we show that each of these logics leads to different organisations, procedures and performance indicators. In the chapter "Interpretative approach of employees" we show that these procedures and standards are in general well differentiated by employees. Finally, in the chapter "Inventive approach" we show that other ways of production are of course possible.Par une approche critique, cet article analyse les énoncés réglant la subsomption de la logique financière sur la logique de production et MàD de richesses (biens et services), puis il considère la perception de cette subsomption par les salariés (approche interprétative) et il expose enfin d’autres logiques de production (approche inventive).Les rapports de force qui poussent à maintenir, au mépris de toute justice, des règles d’appropriation des moyens de production totalement favorables aux actionnaires (voir Article (C-1-a) Critique des discours actionnarial et marxiste sur les procédés d’acquisition et d’enrichissement) sont certainement les mêmes que ceux qui subsument la logique de production et mise à disposition de biens et de services à une logique financière.En effet, au delà d’une logique de production souvent mise en avant en sociologie du travail, il y a une autre logique, une logique financière qui parasite une logique de production et sa fâcheuse et désagréable lourdeur comme l’écrit Karl Marx.Dans les séminaires de sociologie suivis, dont les notes prises sont résumées dans cet article, il est souvent question de production et de financiarisation mais sans suffisamment souligner les logiques qui les distinguent. Dans le chapitre « Élucidation des prémisses fondamentales, de production et d’accumulation », nous montrons que chacune de ces logiques conduit à des organisations, à des procédures et des critères de performances différents. Dans le chapitre « Approche interprétative des salariés » nous indiquons que ces procédures et critères sont en général bien distingués par les salariés. Enfin, dans le chapitre « Approche inventive » nous montrons que bien évidemment d’autres modes de production sont possibles
Article (D-6) Approche spinoziste de la finance et de l'économie réelle et critique de l'approche du manifeste des économistes atterrés
No full texthttp://spinozashs.hypotheses.orgNotre article part (1-) d'une citation de Marx sur la lourdeur et la pesanteur de la production que doit subir le capitaliste pour « faire du fric » et (2-) d'une citation de Keynes disant que l’incertitude économique est non probabilisable.La production de biens et de services procède d'une mise en œuvre, sous la conduite de la raison, d'organisations, de procédures, de prévisions. Même si elle est soumise à des aléas (ex : les « forces majeures » précisées dans les contrats), cette production est assez prévisible. Pourtant, l'économie, dont la production de biens et de services jusqu'à leur mise à disposition est la part essentielle, est soumise à des crises, des soubresauts imprévisibles. Il y a là une contradiction.Pour comprendre cette apparente contradiction entre ces deux citations de Marx et Keynes, notre article décrit l'origine des liens très déséquilibrés en faveur de la sphère financière sur la sphère de mise à disposition (MàD) de biens et de services : l'introduction du concept de « responsabilité limitée » dans les lois en France (de 1863 et 1867) et en UK (de 1856 à 1862).La prise en compte de ce concept permet d'abord de bien différencier la logique de la sphère financière de la logique intrinsèque de la sphère de MàD de biens et de services, puis de considérer ces liens déséquilibrés permettant à la finance de subsumer l'économie réelle :(a-) La logique financière est uniquement fondée sur des prémisses poussées par les affects, les désirs des capitalistes, bien peu nombreux et jouant chacun pour eux. Elle est donc aussi imprévisible que leurs affects. La sphère financière n'est pas « ancrée dans l'économie réelle » : elle n'épouse pas, loin sans faut, ses finalités et ses contraintes.(b-) La logique de MàD de biens et de services a forcément des prémisses fondées sur des « nécessités de la nature », parmi ces nécessités les besoins et les désirs des clients, et les difficultés de toutes sortes bien réelles pour produire ce qui est attendu. Elle a donc une certaine prévisibilité. Toutefois, elle subit les prémisses et l'imprévisibilité de la sphère financière du fait des liens dominants de celle-ci .Notre thèse est donc de dire que ce sont ces liens dominants, domination permise par ce concept de « responsabilité limitée » inscrit dans les lois, qui expliquent le point de vue de Keynes et qui provoquent cette incertitude économique non probabilisable et les crises de toutes sortes.Après avoir décrit les quelques caractéristiques pertinentes pour notre propos de chaque sphère (MàD de biens et de services et finance) et les quelques liens entre ces deux sphères, notre article propose, en préalable à toute autre mesure dont celles proposées par le manifeste des économistes atterrés, un fort rééquilibrage des liens entre l'économie réelle et la Finance, un fort ancrage dans l'économie réelle de cette Finance par la mesure suivante :la « responsabilité limitée » (qui est de fait un simple transfert du risque financier de l'actionnaire à l'entreprise mais SANS transfert, en échange, de propriété de l'actionnaire à l'entreprise1) est remplacée par la « responsabilité ET propriété partagées » entre actionnaires et entreprise (son collectif de travail). Pour cela, il faut que l'entreprise devienne personne morale et sujet de droit comme une association loi 1901. Cette modification anodine corrige les lois sur la « responsabilité limitée » des années 1860 : à l'époque, le concept de personne morale n'existait pas encore.Enfin, notre article analyse l'approche du manifeste des économistes atterrés, approche très « financière » se préoccupant beaucoup plus des États que de l'économie réelle, et en souligne les limites : les mesures proposées contraignent certes la logique financière mais ne remettent pas en question les deux causes fondamentales de la nocivité de la finance : (1-) sa main-mise sur TOUS les moyens de production quelle que soit sa contribution à ceux-ci et (2-) ses affects démesurés et imprévisibles
Citoyenneté culturelle : dynamiques de transmission de cultures chez les immigrés en France
No full textInternational audienc
Comparison and benchmark of deep learning methods for non-coding RNA classification
No full textThe grouping of non-coding RNAs into functional classes started in the 1950s with housekeeping RNAs. Since, multiple additional classes were described. The involvement of non-coding RNAs in biological processes and diseases has made their characterization crucial, creating a need for computational methods that can classify large sets of non-coding RNAs. In recent years, the success of deep learning in various domains led to its application to non-coding RNA classification. Multiple novel architectures have been developed, but these advancements are not covered by current literature reviews. We propose a comparison of the different approaches and of non-coding RNA datasets proposed in the state-of-the-art. Then, we perform experiments to fairly evaluate the performance of various tools for non-coding RNA classification on two popular datasets. With regard to these results, we assess the relevance of the different architectural choices and provide recommendations to consider in future methods
La délégation incertaine et l’inopposabilité des exceptions ?, note sous Cass. 3e civ., 23 nov. 2023, n° 22-17.027
No full textInternational audienc
Transportome remodeling of a symbiotic microalga inside a planktonic host
No full textMetabolic exchange is one of the foundations of symbiotic associations between organisms and is a driving force in evolution. In the ocean, photosymbiosis between heterotrophic host and microalgae is powered by photosynthesis and relies on the transfer of organic carbon to the host (e.g. sugars). Yet, the identity of transferred carbohydrates as well as the molecular mechanisms that drive this exchange remain largely unknown, especially in unicellular photosymbioses that are widespread in the open ocean. Combining genomics, single-holobiont transcriptomics and environmental metatranscriptomics, we revealed the transportome of the marine microalga Phaeocystis in symbiosis within acantharia, with a focus on sugar transporters. At the genomic level, the sugar transportome of Phaeocystis is comparable to non-symbiotic haptophytes. By contrast, we found significant remodeling of the expression of the transportome in symbiotic microalgae compared to the free-living stage. More particularly, 32% of sugar transporter genes were differentially expressed. Several of them, such as GLUTs, TPTs and aquaporins, with glucose, triose-phosphate sugars and glycerol as potential substrates, were upregulated at the holobiont and community level. We also showed that algal sugar transporter genes exhibit distinct temporal expression patterns during the day. This reprogrammed transportome indicates that symbiosis has a major impact on sugar fluxes within and outside the algal cell, and highlights the complexity and the dynamics of metabolic exchanges between partners. This study improves our understanding of the molecular players of the metabolic connectivity underlying the ecological success of planktonic photosymbiosis and paves the way for more studies on transporters across photosymbiotic models
A Bioinspired Virtual Reality Toolkit for Robot-Assisted Medical Application: BioVRbot
No full textInternational audienceThe increasingly pervasive usage of robotic surgery not only calls for advances in clinical application but also implies high availability for preliminary medical education using virtual reality. Virtual reality is currently upgrading medical education by presenting complicated medical information in an immersive and interactive way. A system that allows multiple users to observe and operate via simulated surgical platforms using wearable devices has become an efficient solution for teaching where a real surgical platform is not available. This article developed a bioinspired virtual reality toolkit (BioVRbot) for education and training in robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery. It allows multiple users to manipulate the robots working on cooperative virtual surgery using bioinspired control. The virtual reality scenario is implemented using unity and can be observed with independent virtual reality headsets. A MATLAB server is designed to manage robot motion planning of incremental teleoperation compliance with the remote center of motion constraints. Wearable sensorized gloves are adopted for continuous control of the tooltip and the gripper. Finally, the practical use of the developed surgical virtual system is demonstrated with cooperative operation tasks. It could be further spread into the classroom for preliminary education of robot-assisted surgery for early-stage medical students
Brain, Metabolic, and RPE Responses during a Free-Pace Marathon: A Preliminary Study
No full textInternational audienceThe concept of the “central governor” in exercise physiology suggests the brain plays a key role in regulating exercise performance by continuously monitoring physiological and psychological factors. In this case report, we monitored, for the first time, a marathon runner using a metabolic portable system and an EEG wireless device during an entire marathon to understand the influence of brain activity on performance, particularly the phenomenon known as “hitting the wall”. The results showed significant early modification in brain activity between the 10th and 15th kilometers, while the RPE remained low and cardiorespiratory responses were in a steady state. Thereafter, EEG responses decreased after kilometer 15, increased briefly between kilometers 20 and 25, then continued at a slower pace. After kilometer 30, both speed and respiration values dropped, along with the respiratory exchange ratio, indicating a shift from carbohydrate to fat metabolism, reflecting glycogen depletion. The runner concluded the race with a lower speed, higher RPE (above 15/20 on the Borg RPE scale), and reduced brain activity, suggesting mental exhaustion. The findings suggest that training strategies focused on recognizing and responding to brain signals could allow runners to optimize performance and pacing strategies, preventing premature exhaustion and improving overall race outcomes
To click or not to click for short pulse-labeling of the bacterial cell wall
No full textInternational audienceA method of choice to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of bacterial cell growth and division is to analyze the localization of cell wall synthesis regions by fluorescence microscopy. For this, nascent cell wall biopolymers need to be labeled with fluorescent reporters, like fluorescent D-alanines (FDAs) that can be incorporated into the peptidoglycan. To achieve high spatial and temporal resolution, dense, high- intensity fluorescence labeling must be obtained in the shortest possible time. However, modifications carried by D-Ala can hinder their uptake by the enzymes that incorporate them into the peptidoglycan, such as the D,D-transpeptidases. Conversely, these modifications can impede the elimination of the incorporated D-Ala derivatives by D,D-carboxypeptidases, making the labeling more persistent. In this context, we synthesized clickable D-Alas and tested their incorporation into the peptidoglycan using different labeling approaches, prior or after their conjugation to clickable fluorescent dyes through SPAAC reaction. Our data allow ranking of the D-Ala derivatives in terms of their ease of incorporation and resistance to trimming during one-step, “one-pot” two-step or sequential two-step labeling strategies. We further show that a hybrid “one-step” approach, in which a FDA is used in combination with clickable choline and fluorescent dye, enables two-color co-labeling of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. Finally, we identify a strategy compatible with the cell fixation required for super-resolution microscopy, by combining one-step labeling with FDA and sequential two-step labeling with clickable choline and fluorescent dye, allowing to obtain two-color high-resolution images of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid synthesis regions
An atlas of the tomato epigenome reveals that KRYPTONITE shapes TAD-like boundaries through the control of H3K9ac distribution
No full textInternational audienceIn recent years, the exploration of genome three-dimensional (3D) conformation has yielded profound insights into the regulation of gene expression and cellular functions in both animals and plants. While animals exhibit a characteristic genome topology defined by topologically associating domains (TADs), plants display similar features with a more diverse conformation across species. Employing advanced high-throughput sequencing and microscopy techniques, we investigated the landscape of 26 histone modifications and RNA polymerase II distribution in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ). Our study unveiled a rich and nuanced epigenetic landscape, shedding light on distinct chromatin states associated with heterochromatin formation and gene silencing. Moreover, we elucidated the intricate interplay between these chromatin states and the overall topology of the genome. Employing a genetic approach, we delved into the role of the histone modification H3K9ac in genome topology. Notably, our investigation revealed that the ectopic deposition of this chromatin mark triggered a reorganization of the 3D chromatin structure, defining different TAD-like borders. Our work emphasizes the critical role of H3K9ac in shaping the topology of the tomato genome, providing valuable insights into the epigenetic landscape of this agriculturally significant crop species