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    Interest and Influential Groups as a Factor of Corporate Governance

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    Temom interesno utjecajne skupine (engl. Stakeholderi) kao čimbenik korporativnog upravljanja autor ovoga rada želi prezentirati i promovirati način korporativnog upravljanja i korporativne kulture koja se sve više nameće kao alternativa sadašnjem načinu razumijevanja upravljanja korporacijama i ekonomskim aktivnostima. Autor rada želi prezentirati da su potrebne promjene u načinu rukovođenja, ne samo na nivou menadžmenta, već i promjene globalne svijesti na strani vlasništva. Fokusiranost na profit, mjerenje uspješnosti isplaćenim bonusima, nepoznavanje društva i skupina u kojima se odvija ekonomska aktivnost postaje model koji postaje limitiran u svojim mogućnostima dugoročne održivosti te uspješnosti. Razvoj društva, globalizacija, informiranost pojedinca, nove konkurencije traže prije svega od menadžmenta nova znanja i aktivnosti. Autor smatra da je jedna od najboljih alternativa upravo Stakeholderska teorija koja uvažava i prihvaća neminovnu interakciju između poslovnog subjekta i njegove okoline, odnosno društva. Autor se nada da je svojim radom dodatno pojasnio samu teoriju te otvorio mogućnost aktivne primjene na postojećem ekonomskom tržištu.With this topic of interest and influential groups (Eng. Stakeholders) as a factor of corporate governance, the author of this paper, wishes to present and promote a way of corporate governance and corporate culture that has imposed itself increasingly as an alternative to the current way of understanding corporate governance and economic activities. The author wishes to point out that present way of corporate governance has to be changed, not only on the management level, but also by changing global state of mind on the level of business owners. Focusing on profit, measuring performance in amounts of paid bonuses, ignorance of society and groups involved in economic activity, has become a rather limited model when it comes to their ability to their long term sustainability and success. Thanks to rapid development of society, globalization, individuals who are better informed, new competitors primarily expect the management to possess new knowledge and skills. The author believes in the Stakeholder theory to be one of the best alternatives because it recognizes and accepts the inevitable interaction between a business entity and its environment, that is, society. The author hopes to have explained the theory itself with his work and offered the possibility of an active implementation in the current economic market

    Determining Income for Self-Employed from Craft Businesses for the Year 2016.

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    U ovom se radu daje prikaz poslovanja, utvrđivanja dohotka i porezne osnovice te obveza i prava s motrišta poreza na dohodak za porezne obveznike koji utvrđuju dohodak od samostalne obrtničke djelatnosti, vođenjem poslovnih knjiga. Porez na dohodak je osobni porez svake fizičke osobe kojeg plaća na sve neposredno ostvarene primitke. U radu se obrađuje porez na dohodak ostvaren obavljanjem djelatnosti osobnim radom pod svojim osobnim imenom kao što su obrtničke i s obrtom slične djelatnosti. Pod obrtom se podrazumijeva registrirana djelatnost u skladu sa Zakonom o obrtu. Porez na dohodak je specifičan zbog svog socijalnog obilježja. U teoriji je poznat pod imenom najsocijalniji porez jer se ne obračunava na egzistencijalni minimum poreznog obveznika koji se određuje u visini osobnog odbitka poreznog obveznika te uzdržavanih osoba. Cilj rada je prikazati postupak utvrđivanja dohotka od samostalne obrtničke djelatnosti. Utvrđivanje dohotka rezultat je evidentiranja i priznavanja poslovnih primitaka i izdataka u kalendarskoj godini sukladno odredbama Zakona o porezu na dohodak i Pravilniku o porezu na dohodak. U ovom radu daju se temeljne odredbe o oporezivanju dohotka od samostalne obrtničke djelatnosti u Republici Hrvatskoj te primjer sastavljanja godišnje porezne prijave na obrascu DOH za 2016. godinu.This thesis provides an overview of the business, of determining the income and the tax base as well as the obligations and rights from the viewpoint of income tax for taxpayers who determines income for self-employment from craft businesses by means of bookkeeping. Income tax is tax to be paid by any natural person for directly earned revenues. This thesis deals with the income tax on activities carried out personally and under its own name, e.g. craft businesses and similar business forms. A craft business is to be understood as a registered activity in accordance with the Crafts Act. Income tax is specific because of its social features. In theory, it is known as the most social tax because it is not calculated on the subsistence minimum of the taxpayer, which is determined by the amount of the personal allowance of the tax payer and dependents. The thesis aims at showing the process of determining income from independent craft activities. Determining income is the result of recording and recognition of business receipts and expenditures in a calendar year in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act and the Ordinance on Income Tax. This thesis gives the basic provisions on the taxation of income deriving from self-employed craft businesses in the Republic of Croatia and the example of an annual tax return with the DOH form for the year 2016. KE

    Analysis of financial statements of the company Drvna industrija Novoselec d.o.o. for the period 2011 – 2015

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    International taxation

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    Pojavom multinacionalnih kompanija, međunarodnog protoka ljudi, roba, usluga i kapitala, pojavljuje se i potreba usklađenja međunarodnog oporezivanja. S obzirom na kompleksnost poreznih sustava pojedinih država, osobito poreza na dobit, poreza na dobit po odbitku i poreza na dodanu vrijednost, svaka od njih tim sustavima utječe na konkurentnost na globalnom tržištu, privlačenje stranih investicija ali i postaje odgovorna za pravednije, poštenije oporezivanje. Korporativno oporezivanje ima značajan efekt na neto dobit kompanije kada se ista dobit oporezuje u različitim zemljama, osobito u zemljama koje financijske izvještaje sastavljaju prema običajnom pravu, odnosno imaju razdvojeno izvještavanje financijskog računovodstva od poreznog. U multinacionalnim kompanijama kod donošenja strateških odluka oporezivanje ima vrlo važnu ulogu.With the emergence of multinational companies, the international flow of people, goods, services and capital, there is a need to adjust international taxation. Regarding to (non) complexity of individual country tax systems, especially income tax, withholding tax and value added tax, each of these systems have affects in competitiveness on the global market, attracting foreign investment, but also becomes responsible for fairer, more honest taxation. Corporate taxation has a significant effect on the company's net profits when the same profits are taxed in different countries, especially in countries where the financial reporting is according to common law, apropos, they have a separate reporting financial accounting from the tax purposes. Taxation have a very important row in makeing strategic decisions by multinational companies

    Taxpayer in republic of croatia

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    U ovom se radu obrađuje pojam i kategorija poreznih obveznika u Republici Hrvatskoj. Cilj ovog rada je definirati pojam i status obveznika poreza na dodanu vrijednost. U radu se pojašnjava razlika između redovitih i malih poreznih obveznika. Obrađuje se i način registracije poreznih obveznika kao i dodjela i važnost PDV identifikacijskog broja. Nadalje, ovim radom pojašnjava se i način izlaska poreznih obveznika iz sustava poreza na dodanu vrijednost i to zbog smanjenog prometa kao i zbog likvidacije djelatnosti. Od razdoblja ulaska u Europsku uniju,odnosno od 1. srpnja 2013., posebna važnost pridaje se sustavu za razmjenu informacija o PDV-u.This paper deals with the term and category of taxpayer in Republic of Croatia. The main goal of this paper is to define the term and status of value added taxpayer. Also this paper defines the difference between regular and small taxpayers. The procedure for registration of taxpayers as well the assignment and importance of VAT identification number is also elaborated. Furthermore, this paper also elaborates the modalities that taxpayers can use for unregistering from VAT system due to the reasons of impaired turnover as well as liquidation of activity. Since becoming member of the European Union that is as of July 1 2013 special importance has been given to the VAT Information Exchange System (VIES)

    Real estate transfer taxation under the value added tax and real estate transfer tax

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    Predmet ovoga rada je oporezivanje prometa nekretnina u Republici Hrvatskoj prema odredbama Zakona o porezu na promet nekretnina te Zakona o porezu na dodanu vrijednost. Cilj je pojasniti primjenu, istaknuti specifiĉnosti i uoĉiti razlike u oporezivanju temeljem navedenih Zakona, s naglaskom na razdoblje nakon 1. sijeĉnja 2017. godine, odnosno nakon provedene porezne reforme. Promet nekretnina u Republici Hrvatskoj, odnosno graĊevine, nekretnine i zemljište mogu biti oporezivi samo jednim poreznim propisom. To znaĉi da isporuka nekretnine koja je oporeziva PDV-om neće biti oporeziva porezom na promet nekretnina i obrnuto. TakoĊer, rad sadrţi poglavlja u kojima je obrazloţeno kako se obavlja oporezivanje u postupku ovrhe nad nekretninama, kao i statistiĉki prikaz uplate poreza na promet nekretnina u razdoblju od 2006. do 2016. godine.The subject of this paper is real estate transfer taxation in the Republic of Croatia under the provisions of The Real Estate Transfer Tax Law and The Value Added Tax Law. The aim of this work is to explain application, to highlight the specifics and notice the differences in taxation pursuant to the said laws with focus on the period after 1 January 2017, after the implementation of tax reform. Real estate transfer in the Republic of Croatia, when it comes to buildings, real estates and land, may be taxed with one tax regulation only. This means that the delivery of real estate which is taxable with value added tax, will not be taxable with real estate transfer tax and vice versa. The paper contains chapters that explain the way in which the taxation in distraint procedure is done. Also, the paper contains statistical review of real estate transfer tax payments in the period between 2006 and 2016

    Analysis of financial statements of the company's M SAN group inc.

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    Analiza poslovne uspješnosti proizlazi iz analize financijskih izvještaja, analize tržišnih pokazatelja te ključnih pokazatelja financijskih performansi. To su ujedno najvažniji postupci na temelju kojih se utvrđuje uspješnost poslovanja društva. Cilj ovog specijalističkog diplomskog rada je analiza financijskih izvještaja društva M SAN grupe d.d., kako bi se utvrdilo financijsko stanje tog društva. U radu su prikazani rezultati analize poslovanja društva M SAN grupe d.d. za razdoblje od četiri godine (od 2012. do 2015. godine). Ta analiza je provedena putem vertikalne i horizontalne analize, putem financijskih pokazatelja i sustava pokazatelja. Na kraju rada su dani zaključci o poslovanju društva M SAN grupe d.d.Analysis of business performances resulting from the analysis of financial statements, analysis of market indicators and key indicators of financial performance. These are also the most important procedures for determining the performance of the company. The aim of the specialist graduate study was to analyze financial statements of M SAN Group Inc, to determine the financial condition of the company. The paper presents the results of the business analysis of the company M SAN group INC. For a period of four years (from 2012 to 2015). This analysis is performed by horizontal and vertical analysis, by means of financial data and the indicator system. At the end of the work are given conclusions on the business of the company M SAN Group INC

    Accounting review of travel costs on business trip inland and abroad

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    Službeno putovanje je putovanje na koje poslodavac upućuje radnika u svrhu obavljanja određenog posla u trajanju od najviše 30 dana neprekidno. Prilikom službenog putovanja nastaju određeni troškovi, te je potrebno napraviti obračun troškova pri povratku sa službenog putovanja, kao i priložiti vjerodostojne isprave s kojima radnik opravdava nastale troškove. Također, potrebno je ispuniti određene obrasce koje Zakon nalaže, kao što su: putni nalog, JOPPD obrazac i proknjižiti nastale promjene. U radu su prikazane razlike kod službenog putovanja u tuzemstvo i inozemstvo, primjeri službenog putovanja kako u tuzemstvu tako i inozemstvu, obračun putnog naloga, obračun dnevnice, JOPPD obrazac, te kako se provodi knjiženje u oba slučaja. Službeno putovanje kod neprofitnih organizacija razlikuje se kod knjiženja samih troškova zbog konta, te kod toga šalje li neprofitna organizacija osobu koja je zaposlenik ili koja nije zaposlenik. S obzirom da su se u zadnjih par godina često mijenjali zakoni vezani za službena putovanja, u radu su korišteni samo najnoviji zakoni koji su stupili na snagu u 2017. godini. Spomenute su još neke neoporezive naknade poput dnevnice za rad na terenu, pomorskog dodatka, „loko“ vožnje, međutim nisu detaljnije pojašnjeni. Cilj ovog rada je pobliže objasniti na koji način funkcionira službeno putovanje u računovodstvenom smislu, te to potkrijepiti zakonima i svim obrascima koje ti zakoni nalažu.Business trip is a form of a trip on which an employer sends its employee so he could carry out a specific job of maximum duration of 30 days. During a business trip certain expenses are being made, therefore a calculation of that expenses has to be made when the employee returns from the trip and he needs to enclose credible documents so he can justify the expenses made on that trip. Furthermore fulfillment of certain documents is required by the Law such as: the calculation of the travel order, JOPPD form and to enter up the changes that were made. In this paper the differences between business trips to inland and abroad locations are shown, as well as examples of that specific trips, how to calculate a travelling order, calculation of per diem, JOPPD form, and how to enter up all this changes in both cases of a business trip. Entering up expenses that were made on a business trip is somehow different when it comes to a nonprofit organizations because of the accounts that need to be charged or whether the organization is sending their own employee or an employee of another organization/company. In the last couple of years the laws regarding the topic of business trips were changed a lot so in regard to that in this paper only the latest laws that were put into effect in 2017. were used. Some tax free charges were mentioned such as: per diem for field work, the maritime supplement, loco ride but they were not explained in greater detais. The main purpose of this paper is to explain how the business trip works in accounting sense and to back that up with laws and all of the forms that the Law demands but in greater detail

    Detection of Financial Fraud

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    Financijske prijevare su aktualna tema kako kod nas u Hrvatskoj tako i u svijetu te smo i sami svjedoci svih oblika financijskih prijevara u svakodnevnim situacijama, a da toga možda nismo niti svjesni te je cilj ovog rada unaprijediti znanje o načinima i signalima prijevara i lažiranja financijskih izvještaja. Iako se pod financijskim prijevarama podrazumijevaju pranje novca, otuđenje imovine i lažiranje financijskih izvještaja vrlo često su izravno povezane s korupcijom. Koruptivne radnje mogu prethoditi financijskim prijevarama, odnosno biti preduvjet kako bi se one „uspješno“ realizirale. Svaka od navedenih vrsta prijevara ima svoja obilježja i znakove koji nas upozoravaju da postoji vjerojatnost od počinjenja prijevare te bi svi sudionici u gospodarskom poslovanju trebali obratiti pozornost kako bi se prijevare pravovremeno spriječile. Rad se sastoji od teorijskog i praktičnog dijela. U teorijskom dijelu opisana je povijest korupcije, osnovni pojmovi vezani uz financijske prijevare, međunarodne i hrvatske institucije koje se bave sprječavanje financijskih prijevara te zakonodavno – pravni okvir u kojem su propisana prava i obveze sudionika u gospodarskom poslovanju. Praktični dio rada sastoji se od dva anketna upitnika od kojih je prvi upućen građanima i njihovim iskustvima sa korupcijom, a drugi anketni upitnik upućen je knjigovodstvenim uredima. Cilj provedene ankete je da se rezultatima njezine obrade utvrdi u kojoj se mjeri ciljna skupina susreće s poslovnim prijevarama te koje su metode detekcije koristili kako bi se prijevara uočila na vrijeme. Drugi dio istraživanja usmjeren je na analizu financijskih izvještaja s ciljem otkrivanja „uljepšavanja“ pojedinih bilančnih stavaka i otkrivanju možebitnih elemenata poslovnih prijevara.Financial frauds are an ongoing issue in Croatia as well as in the world making us witnesses of all forms of financial frauds in everyday situations without even being aware or realizing it. The aim of this thesis is thus improving the knowledge on the methods and signs of frauds and falsification of financial statements. Although financial frauds imply money laundering, alienation of property and falsification of financial statements, they are often directly related to corruption. Corruption activities may precede financial frauds, or be a prerequisite of their successful realization. Each of stated types of fraud has its own characteristics and signs warning us of the possibility of an ongoing fraud, hence all participants in economic transactions should be vigilant in timely prevention of the fraud they are witnessing. The thesis consists of a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part elaborates the history of corruption, basic concepts related to financial fraud, the international and Croatian institutions engaged in prevention of financial frauds, and the legislative - legal framework in which the rights and obligations of each economic transaction participant are defined. Practical part of this thesis consists of two surveys, the first of which is addressed to citizens and their experiences with corruption while the second survey questionnaire is addressed to the bookkeeping offices. The aim of the survey was to determine the extent to which these target groups encounter business frauds and which method of detecting a fraud they use for timely detection. The second part of the research focuses on the analysis of financial statements with the aim of detecting "embellishments" of individual balance sheet items and detecting possible elements of business fraud. KE

    FINANCIAL REPORTING OF A CITY'S BUDGET USER

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    Financijsko izvještavanje proračuna i proračunskog korisnika sastavni je dio svih faza proračunskog procesa: od pripreme proračuna, njegovog usvajanja pa do izvršenja i izrade godišnjeg obračuna. Praćenjem izvršavanja proračuna upravo se kroz financijsko izvještavanje kontrolira namjensko korištenje planiranih sredstava, ali i istovremeno gradi temelj za buduće planiranje proračuna na svim razinama. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati opseg i dokazati učinkovitost financijskog izvještavanja proračunskog korisnika, kroz primjer izvještavanja proračunskog korisnika jedinice lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave, Grada Zagreba. Nakon uvodnog dijela slijedi dio u kojemu je objašnjena dvoznačnost pojma proračuna kroz međusobne odnose njegovih sastavnica u Republici Hrvatskoj i prikaza proračuna kao dokumenta o procijenjenim prihodima i primicima te rashodima i izdacima. U trećem je dijelu predočen računovodstveni sustav proračuna, njegovi temeljni koncepti iskazivanja i evidentiranja poslovnih događaja i ekonomskih pozicija. Četvrti dio obrađuje financijsko izvještavanje u proračunskom sustavu kroz pojašnjenje temeljnih financijskih izvještaja i potrebe internog izvještavanja. Peti dio daje prikaz specifičnosti izvještavanja proračunskog korisnika JLP(R)S, na primjeru financijskog izvještavanja Zagrebačkog kazališta mladih za razdoblje od 1. siječnja do 31. prosinca 2016. godine. U posljednjem, šestom poglavlju izveden je zaključak temeljem prikupljenih podataka, s osvrtom na očekivane trendove financijskog izvještavanja u bližoj budućnostiThe financial reporting of budget and budgetary users are an integral part of all stages of the budgetary process: budget preparation, budget acquisition, budget implementation and finally the creation of annual budget statement. The allotted usage of appropriations is controlled by tracking the realisation of budget through financial reports, while simultaneously building the foundations for future all-level budget planning. The aim of this work is to present the scope and prove efficacy of financial reports of a budgetary user through the example of a local and municipal government budgetary user – the City of Zagreb. The introductory part is followed by the section in which the ambiguity of the term budget is introduced through interrelation of its constituents in the Republic of Croatia and the description of budget as a document on estimated revenue and expenditure. In the third section an accounting budget system is shown, as well as its basic ideas of statements and record keeping of business events and economic positions. The fourth section deals with the financial reports in budgetary system through the explanation of fundamental financial reports and the necessity of internal reports. The fifth part shows the specific qualities of JLP(R)S budgetary user reporting, which is exemplified by financial reports of the Zagreb Youth Theater for the interval from January 1st to December 31st 2016. In the final section a conclusion has been drawn based upon the collected data, accompanied by a comment on expected trends in financial reporting in near future

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