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THE PLC-BASED TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM IN ELECTRIC FURNACES
No full textTema obrađuje upravljanje električnom peći za grijanje alata pomoću PLC uređaja. U radu je objašnjena struktura električne peći, njezina primjena u procesu rada i njene prednosti. Objašnjen je PLC uređaj, CPU, ulazi i izlazi PLC-a, memorija, HMI Panel te komunikacija između PLC-a, HMI Panela i osobnog računala. Drugi dio programa je prikaz korištenih komponenti razvodnog ormara: Siemens S7-300, HMI KTP 1000 Basic, frekventni regulator, osigurači te jedinica za napajanje. Objašnjen je elektromotor za vrata i mjerni pretvornik K-tipa. Objašnjeno je programsko sučelje za programiranje PLC-a (TIA portal), osnovne naredbe, blokovi i tagovi koji se koriste prilikom izrade programa. Programiranje je izvršeno Ladder dijagramima. U TIA Portalu je napisan cjelokupni program tj. programiranje vrata, grijača, brojila, temperaturnih uvjeta i mogućih grešaka tijekom rada.The topic covers the management of electric furnaces for tool heating using PLC devices. The structure, application in the work process and advantages of electric furnaces are explained. We analyze the PLC device, CPU, PLC inputs and outputs, memory, HMI Panel and communication between the PLC, HMI Panel and personal computer. The second part of this paper is a demonstration of used components of the distribution cabinet: Siemens S7-300, HMI KTP 1000 Basic, frequency regulator, fuses and power supply unit. It explains the electric motor for door and the K-type transducer. The programming interface for PLC programming (TIA portal), basic commands, blocks and tags used when creating programs are explained as well. Programming is done with Ladder diagrams. The entire program is written in the TIA Portal, that is programming of doors, heaters, counters, temperature conditions and possible errors during operation
EXPOSURE TO CARCINOGENIC SUBSTANCES AT THE WORKPLACE
No full textKarcinogen je agens koji je izravno uključen u nastanak i razvoj zloćudnog tumora odnosno raka. Karcinogene tvari su tvari koje pod određenim okolnostima mogu izazvati zloćudni preobražaj stanice. Prema OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration profesionalni karcinogen je svaka tvar ili kombinacija određenih tvari koja uzrokuje porast učestalosti pojave karcinoma ili bitno skraćuje latentno razdoblje između izloženosti i nastanka karcinoma. Profesionalni karcinogeni podijeljeni su u 3 skupine: kemijski, fizikalni i biološki karcinogeni. Zakonima, direktivama i propisima Europske unije i Republike Hrvatske propisuju se i utvrđuju pravila postupanja s karcinogenim tvarima i zaštita djelatnika na radnom mjestu. U zaštiti radnika od utjecaja karcinogenih tvari na radnom mjestu važnu ulogu imaju poslodavci koji se moraju pridržavati zakona i propisa kako bi rizik od pojave profesionalnih karcinoma kod radnika sveli na minimalnu razinu. Profesionalni karcinomi su bolesti uzrokovane karcinogenim tvarima s kojima je radnik bio u doticaju na radnom mjestu gdje se kao najčešći takav karcinom spominje rak pluća, zatim rak sinusa, nosa i grkljana, rak kože, rak mokraćnog mjehura, rak jetre te krvotvornih organa. Sve profesionalne maligne bolesti mogu se spriječiti. Najučinkovitiji način je da se štetni agensi i industrijski procesi iz radne sredine potpuno otklone ili zamjene drugim agensima koje ne izazivaju zloćudne tumore. Treba se inzistirati na maksimalnom snižavanju koncentracija i/ili dužine izloženosti kancerogenih agensa uz redovito mjerenje izloženosti.An carcinogen is an agent that is directly involved in the formation and development of a malignant tumor or cancer. Carcinogenic substances are substances that, under certain circumstances, can cause malignant transformation of cells. According to OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration, an occupational carcinogen is any substance or combination of certain substances that causes an increase in the incidence of cancer or significantly shortens the latent period between exposure and the onset of cancer. Professional carcinogens are divided into 3 groups: chemical, physical and biological carcinogens. Laws, directives and regulations of the European Union and the Republic of Croatia prescribe and determine the rules for dealing with carcinogenic substances and the protection of employees at the workplace. Employers have an important role in protecting workers from the effects of carcinogenic substances in the workplace, who must comply with laws and regulations in order to reduce the risk of occupational cancers among workers to a minimum level. Occupational cancers are diseases caused by carcinogenic substances with which the worker was in contact at the workplace, where lung cancer is mentioned as the most common type of cancer, followed by sinus, nose and larynx cancer, skin cancer, bladder cancer, cancer of the liver and blood-forming organs. All occupational malignant diseases can be prevented. The most effective way is to completely remove harmful agents and industrial processes from the work environment or replace them with other agents that do not cause malignant tumors. It should be insisted on the maximum lowering of concentrations and/or length of exposure to carcinogenic agents with regular measurement of exposure
PROTECTIVE EQUIP IN CONSTRACTION
No full textOsobna zaštitna oprema igra ključnu ulogu u smanjenju rizika od ozljeda na radu, posebno u građevinskoj industriji. Ova oprema obuhvaća zaštitu glave, sluha, očiju i lica, tijela te ekstremiteta, svako s precizno određenim djelovanjem i načinom korištenja. Pravilnik koji regulira korištenje osobne zaštitne opreme detaljno propisuje uvjete i situacije u kojima se ta sredstva koriste. Ovaj rad pruža pregled različitih osobnih zaštitnih sredstava koja su uobičajena u građevinskoj industriji. Nadalje, istražuje se i primjena inovativnih materijala u razvoju nove generacije osobne zaštitne opreme, što pridonosi stalnom unapređenju sigurnosti na radu.Personal protective equipment plays a crucial role in reducing the risk of injuries in the workplace, especially in the construction industry. This equipment encompasses protection for the head, hearing, eyes and face, body, and extremities, each with precisely defined functions and methods of use. The regulations governing the use of personal protective equipment meticulously specify the conditions and situations in which these tools are utilized. This paper provides an overview of various personal protective equipment commonly used in the construction industry. Furthermore, it explores the application of innovative materials in the development of a new generation of personal protective equipment, contributing to the continuous improvement of workplace safety
SAFETY SYSTEMS AND FIRE PROTECTION IN THE WOOD INDUSTRY
No full textOvaj završni rad obrađuje problematiku požara i eksplozija u drvnoj industriji i sigurnosnih sustava za zaštitu od istih na temelju Zakona i Pravilnika donesenih od strane Republike Hrvatske. Rad donosi odredbe kojih se moraju pridržavati sva poduzeća drvne industrije, te prikazuje rizike od požara u drvnoj industriji, analizu rizika od požara, sigurnosne sustave za zaštitu od požara i eksplozija, vatrodojavu i gašenje požara, kao i smjernice za siguran rad. Ključni se pojmovi protežu i pojašnjavaju kroz cijeli rad.This final thesis deals with the issue of fires and explosions in the wood industry and safety systems for protection against them based on the Law and Regulations adopted by the Republic of Croatia. The paper provides provisions that all wood industry companies must comply with, and presents the risk of fire in the wood industry, fire risk analysis, safety systems for fire and explosion protection, fire alarm and fire extinguishing, as well as guidelines for safe work. Key terms are extended and clarified throughout the entire paper
THE ANALYSIS OF TRENDS IN STOCK INDICES OF SELECTED FINANCIAL MARKETS FROM NOVEMBER 2019 TO SEPTEMBER 2024
No full textIndeksi su ključni pokazatelji koji se koriste za praćenje i analizu stalnih promjena cijena izabranih vrijednosnica na financijskim tržištima. Oni predstavljaju agregatne mjere koje reflektiraju opće kretanje cijena na burzi, bilo da se radi o cijelom tržištu ili određenim segmentima trgovanja. Osim toga, indeksi nisu samo matematički pokazatelji; oni su i odraz šireg konteksta u kojem se tržište razvija. Cijene vrijednosnica koje čine indeks mogu biti pod utjecajem različitih faktora, uključujući nacionalno i međunarodno gospodarsko okruženje, političke događaje, socijalne promjene i druga važna zbivanja. Indeksi se također mogu smatrati jednim od temeljnih mjerila financijskog tržišta, koje čini bitan dio financijskog sustava. Ovaj sustav predstavlja kompleksnu mrežu koja integrira sve ekonomske subjekte putem protoka novčanih sredstava, ušteda i investicija. U tom smislu, indeksi pružaju uvid u aktualno stanje određenog gospodarstva, pomažući analitičarima i donosiocima odluka da bolje razumiju tržišne dinamike i donesu informirane investicijske odluke. U radu je analizirano kretanje odabranih burzovnih indeksa američkog (Dow Jones Industrial Average, S&P 500), europskog (FTSE 100, DAX) i azijskog tržišta kapitala (NIKKEI 225, Hang Seng) te njhova usporedba s indeksom CROBEX, prikazujući kretanje lokalnih i regionalnih tržišta te odraz ekonomskih trendova u promatranom razdoblju od pet godina (studenog 2019. do rujna 2024. godine).Indices are key indicators used to monitor and analyze the constant changes in the prices of selected securities in financial markets. They represent aggregate measures that reflect the overall price movements on the stock exchange, whether concerning the entire market or specific trading segments. Moreover, indices are not just mathematical indicators; they also reflect the broader context in which the market develops. The prices of the securities that make up an index can be influenced by various factors, including the national and international economic environment, political events, social changes, and other significant occurrences. Indices can also be considered one of the fundamental benchmarks of the financial market, which constitutes an essential part of the financial system. This system represents a complex network that integrates all economic entities through the flow of funds, savings, and investments. In this sense, indices provide insights into the current state of a particular economy, assisting analysts and decision-makers in better understanding market dynamics and making informed investment decisions. The paper analyzes the trends of selected stock indices from the American (Dow Jones Industrial Average, S&P 500), European (FTSE 100, DAX), and Asian capital markets (NIKKEI 225, Hang Seng) and compares them with the CROBEX index, illustrating the movement of local and regional markets and reflecting economic trends over the observed period of five years (from November 2019 to September 2024)
LOW-FREQUENCY AMPLIFIERS WITH A 100V OUTPUT
No full textSvijet u kojem živimo ne može se zamisliti bez tehnologije koju svakodnevno koristimo. Tehnologija ima ključnu ulogu u olakšavanju i unapređenju našeg svakodnevnog života. Među različitim tehnološkim rješenjima nalaze se i niskofrekventna pojačala sa 100V izlazom, koja se primjenjuju u mnogim područjima koje možda ne prepoznajemo poput trgovačkih centara, stadiona, raznih institucija i drugih. Ovaj završni rad fokusira se na jednu specifičnu izvedbu pojačala. U prvom dijelu rada bit će prikazane osnovne komponente, dok će se u drugom dijelu razmotriti različite klase pojačala, njihova izvedba te način na koji funkcioniraju.The world we live ini s unimaginable without the technology we use daily. Technology plays a key role in facilitating and improving our daily lives. Among various technological solutions are low – frequency amplifiers with a 100V output, which are use din many areas that we might not even recognize such as shopping centres, stadiums, various institutions and others. This thesis focuses on a specific amplifier implementation. The first part of the paper will introduce the basic components, while the second part will discuss different amplifier classes, their implementations and how they function
COMPARISON OF CANOPY CONSTRUCTION WITH CURVED AND STRAIGHT SECTIONS
No full textNadstrešnice su jednostavne građevinske konstrukcije koje pružaju zaštitu od vremenskih uvjeta. Ovaj diplomski rad iznosi i sagledava teorijske osnove potreba za proizvodnjom i izgradnjom nadstrešnica. Osim teorijskih osnova konstrukcije nadstrešnica, predstavljeni su i Eurocode 3 standardi za projektiranje čeličnih konstrukcija te njihova primjena u projektiranju i izvedbi nadstrešnica. Rad donosi dva idejna rješenja konstrukcije nadstrešnice – jedna s ravnim profilima te jedna s zakrivljenim profilima. Predstavljena su načela konstrukcije svakoga tipa, nakon čega su dva idejna rješenja uspoređena po osnovnim svojstvima, cijeni i isplativosti konstrukcije, te su izložene prednosti i mane obaju rješenja. Konstrukcija je dizajnirana u programu SolidWorks. Proračuni i analize stabilnosti strukture u prisutnosti okolišnih faktora u vidu snijega, vjetra i progiba izrađeni su u programu Ansys.Canopies are simple building structures that provide protection from weather conditions. This graduation thesis presents and examines the theoretical basis of the needs for the production and construction of canopies. In addition to the theoretical foundations of canopy construction, the Eurocode 3 standards are presented for the design of steel structures and their application in the design and execution of canopy. The paper presents two conceptual solutions for the construction of the canopy - one with straight profiles and one with curved profiles. The principles of the construction of each type are presented, after which the two conceptual solutions are compared according to the basic properties, price and profitability of the construction, and the advantages and disadvantages of both solutions are presented.The construction was designed in SolidWorks. Calculations and analyzes of the stability of the structure in the presence of environmental factors in the form of snow, wind and deflection were made in the Ansys program
TURBINE PLANT ANALYSIS BY NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
No full textDiplomski rad u pitanju se sastoji od dva dijela: teorijskog i eksperimentalnog. U teorijskom dijelu opisuje se sama definicija ispitivanja bez razaranja (NDT) i kratka povijest razvoja tehnologije. Također se teoretski opisuju metode koje su se koristile pri ispitivanju turbinskog postrojenja u eksperimentalnom dijelu rada (vozualna kontrola, penetrantska kontrola, ultrazvučna i magnetska kontrola) i njihove karakteristike, prednosti, nedostaci, postupak ispitivanja te primjena svake metode.U eksperimentalnom dijelu nalazi se uvod o turbinskom postrojenju s tehničkim specifikacijama, razlozima provedbe NDT ispitivanja, prikazom opsega ispitivanja i primiienjenim metodama. Sljedeće se nalazi prikaz opreme korištene pri samom ispitivanju, defektažni zapisnik i propadajuća foto-dokumentacija
DESIGN OF ADDITIONAL THREE CYLLINDER ENGINE BALANCING SHAFTS
No full textZavršni rad sastoji se od nekoliko cjelina. U uvodnom dijelu opisan je trocilindarski četverotaktni motor i tipovi trocilindarskih motora. Drugi dio opisuje kinematiku i dinamiku trocilindričnog četverotaktnog motora s unutrašnjim izgaranjem. Prikazan je postupak izračuna slobodne inercijske sile i slobodnog inercijskog momenta prema težištu motora kroz jedan okret koljenastog vratila. U razradi zadatka opisani su načini uravnoteženja trocilindričnih četverotaktnih motora. Objašnjeno je kako konstruirati dodatno vratilo ili vratila postavljene paralelno koljenastom vratilu s kriterijem smanjenja prenesene inercijske sile na nosače motora od najmanje 50% početnog iznosa sile. Analiziran je utjecaj dodatne mase vratila za uravnoteženje i dodatnog potrebnog prostora na izvedivost rješenja. Sve sile prikazane su dijagramima.The thesis consists of several sections. The introductory part describes a three-cylinder four- stroke engine and types of three-cylinder engines. The second part describes the kinematics and dynamics of the three-cylinder four-stroke internal combustion engine. The procedure for calculating the free inertial force and free inertial moment towards the engine's center of gravity through one revolution of the crankshaft is presented. Various methods of balancing three- cylinder four-stroke engines are elaborated. It is explained how to design additional shafts or shafts parallel to the crankshaft with the criterion of reducing the transferred inertial force to the engine mounts by at least 50% of the initial force amount. The influence of the additional balancing shaft mass and the additional required space on the feasibility of the solution is analyzed. All forces are illustrated with diagrams
PLICATION OF SENSORS IN THE PRODUCTION OF BATTERY SYSTEMS FOR ELECTRIC CARS
No full textTema završnog rada je primjena senzora pri proizvodnji baterijskih sustava za električne automobile. Ovaj završni rad detaljno analizira razvoj, vrste i primjenu senzora, s posebnim naglaskom na njihovu ulogu u proizvodnji baterijskih sustava. U uvodnim dijelovima rada razmatra se povijest senzora i njihove ključne faze razvoja. Zatim se opisuje osnovna podjela senzora. Svaka kategorija senzora je objašnjena s obzirom na njihovu funkciju i primjenu u industriji. Drugi dio rada opisuje proces proizvodnje baterija, obuhvaćajući povijest njihovog razvoja te podjelu. Dio rada odnosi se i na Battery Management System (BMS) ili sustav upravljanja baterijom, koji je bitan za sigurnost i optimizaciju baterijskih sustava. U radu se objašnjavaju vrste BMS-a, njegova važnost te prednosti koje donosi u pogledu dugotrajnosti i efikasnosti baterija. Završni i ključni dio rada posvećen je ulozi senzora u procesu proizvodnje baterijskih sustava.The topic of the final paper is the application of sensors in the production of battery systems for electric cars. This thesis analyzes in detail the development, types and application of sensors, with special emphasis on their role in the production of battery systems. In the introductory parts of the paper, the history of sensors and their key stages of development are discussed. Next, the basic division of sensors is described. Each sensor category is explained with respect to their function and application in industry. The second part of the paper describes the process of battery production, covering the history of their development and division. Part of the work also refers to the Battery Management System (BMS), which is essential for the safety and optimization of battery systems. The paper explains the types of BMS, its importance and the advantages it brings in terms of battery life and efficiency. The final and key part of the paper is dedicated to the role of sensors in the process of manufacturing battery systems