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NK cell-derived IFNγ mobilizes free fatty acids from adipose tissue to promote early B cell activation during viral infection
No full textThe immune system plays a major role in the regulation of adipose tissue homeostasis. Viral infection often drives fat loss, but how and why this happens is unclear. Here, we show that visceral adipose tissue transiently decreases adiposity following viral infection. Upon pathogen encounter, adipose tissue upregulates surface expression of ligands for activating receptors on natural killer cells, which drives IFN gamma secretion. This cytokine directly stimulates adipocytes to shift their balance from lipogenesis to lipolysis, which leads to release of lipids in circulation, most notably of free fatty acids. The free fatty acid oleic acid stimulates early-activated B cells by promoting oxidative phosphorylation. Oleic acid promoted expression of co-stimulatory B7 molecules on B cells and promoted their ability to prime CD8+ T cells. Inhibiting lipid uptake by activated B cells impaired CD8+ T cell responses, causing an increase of viral replication in vivo. Our findings uncover a previously unappreciated mechanism of metabolic adaptation to infection and provide a better understanding of the interactions between immune cells and adipose tissue in response to inflammation
Analysis of the impact of Netflix's recommendation algorithm on consumer user experience
No full textRazvojem digitalnih tehnologija streaming platforme postale su važan dio načina konzumacije sadržaja, a njihov utjecaj na svakodnevicu korisnika stalno raste. Platforme poput Netflixa promijenile su gledateljske navike kroz personalizaciju iskustva i olakšano otkrivanje sadržaja. Ovaj rad se bavi ulogom streaming servisa u suvremenoj konzumaciji video sadržaja, s naglaskom na razvoj modela distribucije i primjenu algoritama za personalizaciju i preporuku. Korištenjem naprednih algoritama, platforme uspješno privlače i zadržavaju korisnike nudeći sadržaj prilagođen njihovim interesima. Algoritmi analiziraju navike gledanja i preferencije kako bi korisnicima preporučili relevantan sadržaj, što mijenja tradicionalan način izbora. Ovaj rad prikazuje teorijski pregled te provedeno kvalitativno istraživanje. Teorijski dio temelji se na prethodnim istraživanjima, dok je kvalitativno istraživanje provedeno intervjuima kako bi se ispitala percepcija korisnika o personaliziranim preporukama i njihov utjecaj na iskustvo gledanja. Rezultati pokazuju da većina ispitanika smatra preporuke korisnima jer olakšavaju odabir sadržaja, ali često osjećaju prezasićenost i umor od izbora, što ponekad dovodi do odustajanja od gledanja.With the development of digital technologies, streaming platforms have become an important part of modern video content consumption, and their influence on users' everyday lives continues to grow. Platforms like Netflix have transformed viewing habits through personalized experiences and easier content discovery. This paper explores the role of streaming services in contemporary content consumption, with a focus on the development of distribution models and the use of algorithms for personalization and recommendation. By utilizing advanced algorithms, platforms successfully attract and retain users by offering content tailored to their interests. These algorithms analyze viewing habits and preferences to recommend relevant content to users, thereby changing the traditional method of content selection. This master thesis presents a theoretical overview and a conducted qualitative study. The theoretical part is based on previous research, while the qualitative study was carried out through interviews to examine users’ perceptions of personalized recommendations and their impact on the viewing experience. The results show that the majority of respondents find recommendations useful as they ease content selection, but they also often feel overwhelmed by the abundance of options and experience decision fatigue, which sometimes leads them to stop watching altogether
The Detection of Paraphrasing Plagiarism by Using Deep Learning Models
No full textS obzirom na mnogovrsnost tipova plagijata te načina i složenosti njihova stvaranja, otkrivanje akademskog plagiranja kompleksan je zadatak. Za (raz)otkrivanje jednostavnijih vrsta plagijata i utvrđivanje originalnosti tekstova danas postoje pouzdani i efikasni postupci, metode, algoritmi i pretežito komercijalni programski sustavi, no neke metode plagiranja i njihove kombinacije rezultiraju sofisticiranim i prikrivenim plagijatima čije je otkrivanje vrlo teško i za koje još nema algoritamskog rješenja problema njihova pronalaska. Ipak, razvijanjem odgovarajućih pristupa, metoda i algoritama nastoje se postići programska rješenja koja će otkrivanje i takvih, prikrivenih plagijata učiniti rutinski rješivim, računalno podržanim zadacima. Ovo istraživanje predstavlja pristup koji tekstove promatra i uspoređuje ih na semantičkoj razini. Sredstvo kojim se u ovome istraživanju koristimo za pristup semantici tekstova jesu predtrenirani veliki jezični modeli koji nastaju kao rezultat treniranja dubokih neuronskih mreža velikom količinom tekstova. Tako dobiven opis semantike u obliku vektorskih reprezentacija jezičnih modela ipak nije dovoljan. Potrebna je i mjera sličnosti ili udaljenosti koja se računa između vektorskih veličina, pa je u ovome istraživanju provedena empirijska analiza s ciljem odabira mjere koja daje najbolje rezultate. Pored modela i mjere sličnosti istraživanje je identificiralo i mogućnost uspješne kombinacije s mjerama sličnosti i veličine tekstova koji se uspoređuju na razini riječi. Konačno, potrebni su i označeni korpusi parafraziranih tekstova. Cilj istraživanja bio je razvijanje i implementiranje novog postupka za utvrđivanje plagiranja pri parafraziranju kao važnoj vrsti prikrivenog plagiranja, pri čemu su ostvareni znanstveni doprinosi u: (i) oblikovanju korpusa parafraziranih dokumenata pogodnog za učenje i evaluaciju postupaka otkrivanja plagiranja pri parafraziranju, (ii) razvoju i implementaciji novog postupka za otkrivanje plagiranja pri parafraziranju temeljenog na modelu dubokog učenja, (iii) definiranju postupka i mjere evaluacije parafraziranja tekstova, (iv) utvrđivanju tehnika obrade teksta koje pozitivno utječu na otkrivanje parafraziranja, (v) utvrđivanju primjerenosti različitih mjera sličnosti za računanje sličnosti vektorskih reprezentacija tekstova, (vi) utvrđivanju složenosti metoda korištenih u zadatku utvrđivanja da se radi o parafraziranom tekstu, (vii) utvrđivanju optimalnih graničnih vrijednosti za detekciju sličnosti i parafraziranja, (viii) usporedbi performansi metoda u zadatku detekcije parafraziranja temeljenih na korpusu i (ix) definiranju formule kojom se aproksimira optimalni broj dimenzija vektorskih reprezentacija jezičnih modela dubokog učenja u zadatku detekcije parafraziranja.Considering the diversity of plagiarism types and the complexity of their creation, detecting academic plagiarism is a complex task. Reliable and efficient procedures, methods, algorithms, and predominantly commercial software for determining the originality of texts already exist for detecting simpler types of plagiarism. However, some methods of plagiarism and their combinations result in sophisticated and concealed forms of plagiarism, whose detection is very difficult and for which there is still no solution, i.e., no algorithmic solution for their detection currently exists, making their identification through software solutions impossible. Nevertheless, approaches, methods, and algorithms that promise progress in detecting these types of plagiarism are being developed, which suggests a convergence of the problem of plagiarism detection towards a category of routine, computer-supported solutions. This research presents an approach that examines and compares texts on a semantic level. The tools used in the research to extract the semantic information from texts are pre-trained large language models, which are created as a result of training deep neural networks on vast amounts of text data. However, the semantics derived in the form of vector embeddings of language models are not sufficient on their own. A standard similarity or distance measure is required to compute the relationships between vector representations. In this research, an empirical analysis was conducted to identify the measure that yields the best results. In addition to the model and similarity measure, the research identified their successful combination with similarity and text size measures, which operate on the word level. Finally, annotated corpora of paraphrased texts are also required. The aim of this research was to develop and implement a new procedure for detecting plagiarism in paraphrasing, which is a significant form of concealed plagiarism. The study's scientific contributions include: (i) designing a corpus of paraphrased documents suitable for training and evaluating plagiarism detection procedures, (ii) developing and implementing a novel procedure for detecting plagiarism through paraphrasing based on a deep learning model, (iii) defining procedures and evaluation measure for text paraphrasing, (iv) identifying text processing techniques that positively impact paraphrase detection, (v) determining the suitability of various similarity measures for calculating the similarity of vector representations of texts, (vi) assessing the complexity of methods used in the task of determining text paraphrasing, (vii) establishing optimal threshold values for binarizing similarity scores obtained by different methods in the task of paraphrase detection, (viii) assessing the performance of corpus-based methods in the task of paraphrase detection, and, (ix) defining a formula to approximate the optimal number of dimensions for vector representations of deep learning language models in the task of paraphrase detection
Private legal protection in the context of competition law infringements : Development through the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the legislative framework
No full textPredmet ovog rada je analiza razvoja privatnopravne zaštite u kontekstu prava tržišnog
natjecanja, uslijed povrede tog prava. Razvoj privatnopravne zaštite moguće je pratiti kroz
dvije prizme: kroz sudsku praksu Suda Europske Unije i kroz zakonodavne inicijative na
razini Europske unije. U prvom dijelu rada bit će prikazane ključne presude Suda Europske
unije: Courage v. Crehan, Manfredi, Kone, Sumal i Volvo/Daf Trucks, koje su imale presudnu
ulogu u oblikovanju i proširivanju okvira privatnopravne zaštite oštećenih subjekata. U
drugom dijelu rada prvo će biti analizirana Direktiva 2014/104/EU koja predstavlja temeljni
pravni okvir za razvoj privatnopravne zaštite u području prava tržišnog natjecanja. Nakon
toga, detaljno će biti razmotrena implementacija ove Direktive u hrvatski pravni sustav kroz
Zakon o postupcima naknade štete zbog povrede prava tržišnog natjecanja, uz autorov osvrt
na sličnosti i razlike između Direktive i nacionalnog zakonodavstva.The subject of this thesis is the analysis of the development of private law protection in the
context of competition law, following the violation of this right. The development of private
enforcement can be observed through two lenses: the case law of the Court of Justice of the
European Union and legislative initiatives at the European Union level. The first part of the
paper will present the key rulings of the Court of Justice of the European Union: Courage v.
Crehan, Manfredi, Kone, Sumal, and Volvo/Daf Trucks, which played a crucial role in
shaping and expanding the framework for private law protection of the damaged parties. The
second part of the paper will first analyse Directive 2014/104/EU, which provides the
fundamental legal framework for the development of private law protection in the field of
competition law. After that, the implementation of this Directive into the Croatian legal
system will be thoroughly examined through the Act on procedures for damages
compensation due to the violation of competition law, with the author’s commentary on the
similarities and differences between the Directive and national legislation
Apikalno protiskivanje sredstva za ispiranje pri uporabi lasera Er:YAG na dva načina rada s trima različitim laserskim nastavcima
No full textAim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the amounts of apically extruded 3% sodium hypochlorite using two modes of Er:YAG laser-activated irrigation (LAI), super short pulse (SSP) and shock wave enhanced emission photoacoustic streaming (SWEEPS®) by combining three types of laser tips (FT) and conventional syringe needle irrigation (SNI).
Methods: Twenty extracted human maxillary central incisors were prepared using Reciproc® instruments (size 40, taper 0.06). The irrigant volumetric flow (IVF) was accurately standardized using a precision syringe pump with constant irrigant delivery through the 27G needle. The tested irrigation protocols (60 s) were groups 1: 27-G SNI with 0.05 ml/s constant IVF; group 2: SSP (10 mJ, 15 Hz, pulse duration 50 μs) + Radial SWEEPS FT; group 3: SSP + photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) FT; group 4: SSP+SWEEPS FT; group 5: AutoSWEEPS (20 mJ, 15 Hz, pulse duration 25 µs) + Radial SWEEPS FT; group 6: AutoSWEEPS+PIPS FT; group 7: AutoSWEEPS+SWEEPS FT. Each protocol was evaluated in 10 repetitions each. Apically extruded irrigant was collected, and net weighted.
Results: There were significantly lower amounts of extruded irrigant with SNI and SSP using radial SWEEPS and PIPS FTs compared to the other tested laser protocols (p0.05).
Conclusion: In straight root canals, the use of various fiber FTs in the AutoSWEEPS mode exhibited a higher potential for irrigant extrusion
The role of organizational culture and education in explaning the affective loyalty of employees in the education sector
No full textCilj diplomskog rada je prijevod i provjera psihometrijskih svojstava Upitnika edukacija, kao i ispitivanje organizacijskih čimbenika afektivne odanosti osoba zaposlenih u obrazovnom sektoru. Istraživanje je provedeno na 459 osoba iz sektora obrazovanja, pri čemu je 89,98% ispitanika bilo ženskog spola, a 9,8% muškog spola. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 45 ispitanika u dobi od 18 do 30 godina, 102 ispitanika u dobi od 31 do 40 godina, dok najveći broj ispitanika pripada dobnoj skupini od 41 do 50 godina (N = 160). Dobnoj skupini od 51 do 60 godina pripada 118 ispitanika, a 34 ispitanika su starija od 60 godina. Mjere korištene u istraživanju su: Upitnik organizacijske odanosti, Upitnik edukacija, FOCUS upitnik, a uz navedene mjere prikupljeni su i demografski podaci ispitanika. Provjereni su uvjeti normalnosti te pouzdanost koji su se pokazali zadovoljavajućima. Rezultati konfirmatorne faktorske analize pri prijevodu Upitnika edukacija nisu pokazali zadovoljavajuće rezultate pa je provedena eksploratorna faktorska analiza koja je pokazala postojanje četiri faktora unutar Upitnika edukacija nazvanih Motivacija za edukacije, Organizacijska podrška i edukacije, Odnosi i edukacije, Nagrade i edukacije. Rezultati regresijskih analiza pokazali su kako kombinacija kulture klana i edukacija objašnjava najveći postotak varijance afektivne odanosti što je u skladu s očekivanjima, nakon čega slijedi kombinacija tržišne kulture i edukacija, a jednak postotak varijance afektivne odanosti objašnjavaju adhokracijska i hijerarhijska kultura te edukacije. Rezultati ovog istraživanja impliciraju na važnost razumijevanja i poticanja kulture klana te edukacija s ciljem povećanja razina afektivne odanosti zaposlenika
Extreme Thrombocytosis in Patients with Overt Myelofibrosis and Its Clinical Associations
No full textBackground/Objectives: Overt primary myelofibrosis (PMF), secondary post-polycythemia vera (post-PV), and post-essential thrombocythemia (post-ET) myelofibrosis (SMF) are chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) that sometimes present with extreme thrombocytosis (ExTh, platelet count > 1000 × 109/L), a phenomenon of uncertain clinical significance since there are no published data available. Methods: We retrospectively investigated the clinical correlations and associated outcomes of ExTh in a cohort of 172 patients with overt myelofibrosis diagnosed in six Croatian hematology centers. Results: ExTh was present in 5.8% of patients and was associated with post-ET etiology of myelofibrosis, older age, smaller spleen size, and the presence of arterial hypertension (p < 0.05 for all analyses). No significant associations were observed with sex, degree of bone marrow fibrosis, or driver mutation status. Over the follow-up period, patients with ExTh experienced a favorable course regarding survival (p < 0.001) and bleeding risk (p = 0.034), whereas no significant association with thrombotic risk was observed (p = 0.682). Conclusions: In contrast to its context in ET, ExTh in overt fibrotic MPN does not appear to confer higher bleeding or thrombotic risk. Instead, it is associated with more favorable survival outcomes and reduced bleeding risk
Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Is Characterized by a Stronger Expression of Nectin-4 Compared to Nectin-2
No full textNectin-2 and Nectin-4 are cell adhesion molecules associated with the progression of various cancers. The main goal of this pilot study was to evaluate the expression patterns of Nectin-2 and Nectin-4 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). A retrospective study was conducted on tissue microarray (TMA) samples derived from 31 patients who underwent total laryngectomy. The findings revealed heterogenous expression of both Nectin-2 and Nectin-4 in tumor cells and surrounding stroma, with Nectin-4 expression being significantly higher than Nectin-2 expression. Specifically, 74% of cases showed weak cytoplasmic staining for Nectin-2, while 41.93% exhibited strong cytoplasmic staining for Nectin-4. Both Nectin-2 and Nectin-4 expressions were more pronounced at the invasive tumor margins. Although no significant differences in Nectin-4 expression were observed across tumor grades (W = 83.500; z = −0.463; p = 0.658), differences in expression patterns were noted. Well-differentiated tumors (Grade 1), 80.65% of cases, showed predominantly membranous Nectin-4 staining, including in squamous epithelial cells of the mucosal surface. Conversely, in less-differentiated tumors (Grade 2 and 3), a shift toward cytoplasmic staining was evident. Specifically, 74.19% of Grade 2 tumors and 100% of Grade 3 tumors showed a predominant cytoplasmic localization of Nectin-4. This transition from membranous to cytoplasmic localization was also evident in the progression from normal superficial epithelium to malignant tissue. These observations suggest that alterations in the expression and subcellular localization of Nectin-4 may be associated with carcinogenesis and could serve as potential markers for the assessment of precancerous lesions and the aggressiveness of laryngeal tumors
Internal Control System in Public Water Service Providers
No full textSustavi internih kontrola u javnim isporučiteljima vodnih usluga ključni su za osiguranje
transparentnosti, odgovornosti i učinkovitosti poslovanja. Odnosno, učinkoviti sustavi internih
kontrola omogućuju prepoznavanje i upravljanje rizicima, usklađenost sa zakonskim propisima
te poboljšanje poslovnih procesa, čime se smanjuju rizici od nepravilnosti i povećava
povjerenje javnosti u ove usluge. Sukladno tome, cilj ovog rada bio je analizirati kako sustav
internih kontrola može smanjiti rizike, povećati operativnu učinkovitost i osigurati
transparentnost u poslovanju javnog isporučitelja vodnih usluga. Naglasak je stavljen na
implementaciju sveobuhvatnog sustava internih kontrola, uz analizu zakonskih okvira koji ga
podržavaju. Korištenje naprednih softverskih rješenja, poput Swing Paperless Office (SPO),
pokazano je kao ključno za optimizaciju tih sustava, jer omogućuje bolju kontrolu i nadzor nad
poslovnim procesima. Osim toga, rad prikazuje različite vrste internih kontrola, uključujući
administrativne, računovodstvene i upravljačke kontrole, te analizira njihovu ulogu u smanjenju
rizika, osiguravanju usklađenosti s propisima i povećanju operativne učinkovitosti. Primjena
tih kontrola omogućuje prepoznavanje pogrešaka i nepravilnosti u poslovanju, čime se
osigurava veću pouzdanost i točnost financijskih izvještaja. Bitno je napomenuti da je za
uspješno funkcioniranje sustava internih kontrola od ključne važnosti angažman menadžmenta,
koji mora poticati odgovornost i etičke vrijednosti unutar organizacije. Također, razvoj i
edukacija kadrova, kao i primjena digitalnih tehnologija, igraju važnu ulogu u unaprjeđenju i
održavanju učinkovitih sustava kontrole.Internal control systems in public water service providers are crucial for ensuring transparency,
accountability, and operational efficiency. Specifically, effective internal control systems
enable the identification and management of risks, compliance with legal regulations, and
improvement of business processes, thereby reducing the risk of irregularities and increasing
public trust in these services. Accordingly, the aim of this paper was to analyze how an internal
control system can mitigate risks, enhance operational efficiency, and ensure transparency in
the operations of a public water service provider. Emphasis is placed on the implementation of
a comprehensive internal control system, along with an analysis of the legal frameworks that
support it. The use of advanced software solutions, such as Swing Paperless Office (SPO), has
been shown to be critical for optimizing these systems, as it enables better control and
monitoring of business processes. Additionally, the paper presents various types of internal
controls, including administrative, accounting, and managerial controls, and analyzes their role
in reducing risks, ensuring regulatory compliance, and improving operational efficiency. The
application of these controls allows for the identification of errors and irregularities in
operations, thereby ensuring greater reliability and accuracy of financial statements. It is
important to note that the successful functioning of internal control systems heavily depends on
the commitment of management, which must promote accountability and ethical values within
the organization. Furthermore, the development and training of personnel, as well as the
application of digital technologies, play a significant role in enhancing and maintaining
effective control systems
THE EFFECT OF AEROSOL FROM TOBACCO HEATING SYSTEM AND TOBACCO CIGARETTE SMOKE ON PERIODONTAL TISSUES AND ITS SPECIFIC MICROBIOME
No full textCiljevi istraživanja: Utvrditi i usporediti parodontni status putem parodontnih indeksa (PPD
(engl. Probing Pocket Depth, hrv. dubina sondiranja parodontnog džepa), GR ( engl. Gingival
Recession, hrv. recesija gingive), TM ( engl. Tooth Mobility, hrv. mobilnost zuba), FD ( engl.
Furcation Defect, hrv. furkacijski defekt), CAL ( engl. Clinical Attachment Level , hrv. razina
kliničkog pričvrstka), FMPS (engl. Full Mouth Plaque Score) i FMBS ( engl. Full Mouth Bleeding
Score) između skupina nepušača, pušača cigareta i pušača bezdimnih cigareta (IQOS).
Sekvenciranjem 16S rRNA gena parodontnih patogenih bakterija u nepušača, pušača cigareta i
korisnika IQOS-a dobit će se uvid u bakterijske vrste (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans,
Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tanerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, Parvimonas micra,
Campylobacter rectus, Eubacterium nodatum, Fusobacterium nucleatum) i odrediti te usporediti
ukupno bakterijsko opterećenje sve tri skupine.
Ispitanici i metode: Opažajno presječno istraživanje je uključilo 66 punoljetnih ispitanika (22
muškog i 42 ženskog spola) uparenih po dobi, spolu i pušačkom statusu. Formirane su tri skupine
:I.skupinu čine pušači običnih cigareta, II.skupinu korisnici sustava za zagrijavanje duhana
(IQOS), a III. skupinu nepušači. Ispitanici su dodatno podijeljeni u dvije podskupine ovisno o
prisutstvu ili odsutstvu parodontitisa (P).
Rezultati: Pronađene su statistički značajne više vrijednosti PPD, GR, FMPS, FMBS i CAL-a u
pušača običnih cigareta u odnosu na druge dvije skupine. Vrijednosti PPD i CAL-a su bile
statistički značajno manje u skupini konzumenata IQOS-a. Prevalencija parodontnih patogena u
subgingivnom dentalnom plaku je veća u pušača bez obzira da li se duhan zagrijava ili sagorijeva.
Parodontitis ima izraženiji učinak na ukupno bakterijsko opterećenje i raznolikost subgingivno
smještenih bakterija u odnosu na efekt koji ima izloženosti duhanu.
Zaključak: Izlaganje aerosolu grijanog duhana ima manje štetan utjecaj mjerljiv parodontnim
indeksima PPD i CAL nego dim obične cigarete. Na količinu subgingivnih parodontnih patogena
više utječe parodontitis nego pušenje, neovisno o tome da li se pritom duhan zagrijava ili gori.
Pušenje običnih cigareta pokazuje tendenciju povećanja broja parodontopatogenih bakterija.Objectives: To determine and compare the periodontal status, by using periodontal indices (PPD
(Probing Pocket Depth), GR (Gingival Recession), TM (Tooth Mobility), FD (Furcation Defect),
CAL (Clinical Attachment Level), FMPS (Full Mouth Plaque Score) and FMBS (Full Mouth
Bleeding Score) between groups of non-smokers, cigarette smokers and IQOS users. By
sequencing the 16S rRNA genes of periodontal pathogenic bacteria in non-smokers, cigarette
smokers and IQOS users, we will gain insight into the bacterial species (Aggregatibacter
actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tanerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia,
Parvimonas micra, Campylobacter rectus, Eubacterium nodatum, Fusobacterium nucleatum) and
determine and compare the total bacterial load in all three groups.
Patients and methods: An observational cross-sectional study included 66 adult subjects (22 male
and 42 female) matched according to age, gender and smoking status. Three groups were formed:
group I. group included smokers of regular cigarettes, group II. included users of the tobacco
heating system (IQOS), and non-smokers were in the III. group. The subjects were further divided
into two subgroups depending on the presence or absence of periodontitis (P).
Results: A statistically significant higher values of PPD, GR, FMPS, FMBS and CAL were found
in regular cigarette smokers compared to the other two groups. PPD and CAL values were
statistically significantly lower in the group of IQOS consumers. The prevalence of periodontal
pathogens in subgingival dental plaque is higher in smokers regardless of whether the tobacco is
heated or burned. Periodontitis has a more pronounced effect on the total bacterial load and the
diversity of subgingival bacteria compared to the effect of tobacco exposure.
Conclusion: Exposure to the aerosol of heated tobacco has a less harmful effect measured by the
periodontal indices PPD and CAL than the smoke of ordinary cigarettes. The amount of
subgingival periodontal pathogens is more affected by periodontitis than by smoking, regardless
of whether the tobacco is heated or burned. Smoking classic cigarettes shows a tendency to
increase the number of periodontopathogenic bacteria