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Intersectional inequalities in contemporary society
No full textIntersekcijske nejednakosti u suvremenom društvu proizlaze iz međusobnog utjecaja različitih društvenih identiteta, kao što su spol, rasa, etnička pripadnost, seksualna orijentacija i invaliditet. Ove složene nejednakosti često se preklapaju, stvarajući specifične oblike diskriminacije i marginalizacije koji pogađaju pojedince na više razina. Tradicionalni pristupi koji se fokusiraju na jedan aspekt diskriminacije često zanemaruju kako različiti identiteti oblikuju iskustvo marginalizacije, čineći intersekcijsku perspektivu nužnom za pravilno razumijevanje ovih problema. U kontekstu socijalnih politika, borba protiv intersekcijskih nejednakosti zahtijeva integrirane pristupe koji uzimaju u obzir sve dimenzije identiteta i koje se odnose na obrazovanje, zapošljavanje, zdravstvo i pristup resursima. Kroz ravnotežu između različitih društvenih faktora, poput spola, rase i socio-ekonomskog statusa, moguće je smanjiti jaz između marginaliziranih skupina i ostatka društva, čime se stvara pravedniji društveni okvir. Ekonomija, posebno u pogledu nejednakih prihoda i radnih uvjeta, također igra ključnu ulogu u intersekcijskim nejednakostima. Žene, etničke manjine i osobe s invaliditetom suočavaju se s dodatnim izazovima zbog svojih socijalnih identiteta, što utječe na njihove ekonomske mogućnosti i doprinosi rastućem jazu između različitih socijalnih skupina. Ove nejednakosti u pristupu resursima i tržištu rada dodatno pogoršavaju socijalnu isključenost i marginalizaciju. Za učinkovitu borbu protiv intersekcijskih nejednakosti, ključno je razvijati strategije koje ne samo da uklanjaju diskriminaciju, već i osnažuju marginalizirane skupine. To uključuje integraciju svih socijalnih identiteta u politike i strategije koje će omogućiti ravnopravan pristup obrazovanju, zapošljavanju, zdravstvu i političkoj participaciji, čime će se smanjiti dugoročne posljedice društvenih nejednakosti
Neurogenic dysfunction of the lower urinary tract : graduation thesis
No full textNeurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) is a disorder affecting the lower urinary tract storage and voiding functions. This condition is due to the miscoordination of urethral sphincter contraction, bladder sensitivity, and detrusor muscle contraction. It can therefore also be classified urodynamically according to the International Continence Society classification. Causes of NLUTD are typically classified into two categories: suprasacral lesions, which are marked by simultaneous contractions of the detrusor muscle, and infrasacral lesions or peripheral nerve damage, which lead to a hypocontractile detrusor and variable sphincter tone. Etiologies contributing to neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction encompass traumatic injuries to the central nervous system, cerebrovascular accidents (stroke), neurodegenerative disorders such as dementia and Parkinson’s disease, demyelinating diseases including multiple sclerosis, congenital anomalies like spina bifida, acute inflammatory neuropathies such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, and neoplastic lesions involving the central nervous system or spinal cord. Complications of the disease can occur if the patient has a long-lasting residual volume, leading to stone formation or, in the case of Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia, manifesting as UTIs, renal reflux, and renal injury. Assessments involve anamnesis, physical examination, and non-invasive tests such as uroflowmetric evaluation, electromyogram, and ultrasound. Invasive methods for diagnosis are bladder cystometrogram and micturating cystourethrography. Treatment options involve targeting the bladder or urethral sphincter for filling or emptying dysfunction. These treatments encompass conservative approaches, catheterization, non-pharmacological interventions, and electrical nerve stimulation. In more severe cases, minimally invasive and surgical interventions have proven effective
Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Primorsko-Goranska County
No full textPročišćavanje otpadnih voda je proces smanjenja onečišćenja do onih koncentracija s kojima pročišćene otpadne vode ispuštene u prijemnike postaju neopasne za život i ljudsko zdravlje te ne uzrokuju neželjene promjene u okolišu. Jedan od alternativnih načina pročišćavanja otpadnih voda je korištenje biljnih uređaja. Cilj istraživanja završnog rada je usporedba efikasnosti dvaju različitih biljnih uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda na području Primorsko-goranske županije. Analizirani parametri na ulazu i izlazu uređaja bili su suspendirana tvar, kemijska potrošnja kisika, biokemijska potrošnja kisika, nitrati, nitriti, kjedahl dušik, ukupni dušik i ukupni fosfor. Analiza obuhvaća varijacije zabilježenih vrijednosti tijekom pet godina, u razdoblju od 2019. do 2023. godine.
Vrijednosti ulaznih koncentracija za uređaj A i B u razdoblju od 2019. do 2023. godine za sve ispitivane parametre prelazile su pripadajuće MDK vrijednosti. Na izlazu uređaja A proces obrade bio je učinkovit za parametre suspendirana tvar i KPK izuzev kolovoza 2022. godine kada su vrijednosti prelazile MDK. Za parametar BPK5 kod uređaja A vrijednosti nisu bile unutar granica MDK tijekom lipnja 2019. i 2020. godine dok za ostala razdoblja jesu. Na izlazu uređaja B proces obrade bio je u potpunosti učinkovit za parametre suspendirana tvar, KPK i BPK5 čije vrijednosti nisu prelazile MDK. Vrijednosti ukupnog dušika i fosfora na izlazu uređaja A i B nisu se nalazile unutar MDK kod svih provedenih mjerenja. Učinkovitost uređaja A bila je u prosjeku iznad 80 % za parametre suspendirana tvar, KPK i BPK5, a učinkovitost uređaja B bila je u prosjeku iznad 90 % dok za obradu ukupnog dušika i fosfora niti jedan od ispitanih uređaja nije bio učinkovit pošto su izlazne vrijednosti pojedinih mjerenja bila veće od ulaznih vrijednosti.
Primjenom stečenih iskustva i znanja, korištenje biljnih uređaja za obradu različitih otpadnih voda može biti temelj budućeg upravljanja otpadnim vodama u Republici Hrvatskoj. Provedena istraživanja otvaraju put mogućim adaptacijama i poboljšanju postojećih biljnih pročišćivača i same tehnike ovakve vrste pročišćavanja.Wastewater treatment is the process of reducing pollution to those concentrations with which purified wastewater discharged into receivers becomes harmless to life and human health and does not cause unwanted changes in the environment. One of the alternative methods of wastewater treatment is the use of constructed wetland. The aim of the research of this final paper is to compare the efficiency of two different plant devices for wastewater treatment in the area of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. The parameters analyzed at the inlet and outlet of the device were suspended matter, COD, BOD5, nitrates, nitrites, kjedahl nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. The analysis includes variations in recorded values over five years, in the period from 2019 to 2023.
The values of the input concentrations for device A and B in the period from 2019 to 2023 for all tested parameters exceeded the corresponding MDK values. At the outlet of device A, the treatment process was efficient for the suspended matter and COD parameters, except for August 2022, when the values exceeded the MDK. For the BOD5 parameter at device A, the values were not within the MDK limits during June 2019 and 2020, while they were for the other periods. At the outlet of device B, the treatment process was fully effective for the parameters suspended matter, COD and BOD5, whose values did not exceed the MDK. The values of total nitrogen and phosphorus at the output of devices A and B were not within the MDK for all measurements performed. The efficiency of device A was on average above 80% for the parameters suspended matter, COD and BOD5, the efficiency of device B was on average above 90%, while for the treatment of total nitrogen and phosphorus, none of the tested devices was efficient since the output values of individual measurements were higher than the input values.
By applying the acquired experience and knowledge, the use of constructed wetland for the treatment of various wastewaters can be the basis of future wastewater management in the Republic of Croatia. The conducted research paves the way for possible adaptations and improvement of existing herbal purifiers and the very technique of this type of purification
New anti-obesity medications on the horizon : Exploring the potential of next generation medications
No full textObesity is a chronic metabolic disease which number is increasing and causing an epidemic problem all around the world. Obesity increases risks for cardiovascular diseases, T2D, non-fatty liver diseases and several types of cancer leading to an increased morbidity and mortality. Besides lifestyle changes and bariatric surgery’s, pharmacological treatment of individuals suffering from obesity are being integrated in the treatment plan.
The aim of this thesis was to better understand which drugs act on certain receptors, their mechanism of action, which positive or negative effects they induce and their effect on known comorbidities related to obesity like T2D, cardiovascular diseases or metabolic diseases.
Marked approved drugs are orlistat, phentermine-topiramate, and the combination of naltrexone-bupropion, which work through different mechanism such as inhibition of fat absorption or appetite suppression. Newer approved anti-obesity medications target the gut and pancreatic hormones. They include GLP-1, GIP, glucagon and amylin which are showing a higher efficiency in weight loss and metabolic benefits. GLP-1 receptor agonists are now widely used in therapies, with Semaglutide existing as an oral form. Tirzepatide is the newest approved drug acting on GLP-1 receptor and GIP receptor which shows high efficacy, meanwhile they can cause gastrointestinal side effects.
Developing anti-obesity drugs focus on the combination between gut and pancreatic hormones, such as GLP-1, GIP, glucagon, amylin and PYY. Several drugs are in advanced clinical trials presenting with promising results for weight reduction and metabolic improvements. New therapies include dual and triple agonists like Survodutide, Retatrutide, and Cagrisema, as well as non-peptide-GLP-1 receptor agonists like Orforglipron and Danuglipron, which offer oral alternatives to injectable treatments. Additional approaches include human monoclonal antibodies and cytokine-based drugs.
Current guidelines for obesity treatment highlights personalised and stepwise approach which doesn’t just take the BMI in consideration but although waist circumference using the Adiposity-Based Chronic Disease model. Treatments options of pharmacotherapy should be individualised biased on comorbidities, side effects, access and patient's preferences.
Nevertheless, challenges like accessibility, long term effect, side effects and affordability remain obstacles which need to be faced in the future
MA
No full textU svom završenom radu pišem o nastanku izvedbe MA te o iskustvu rada na njoj. U uvodu kratko predstavljam rad, objašnjavam zašto sam odabrala tu temu i što znači ime naslova. Zatim objašnjavam i detaljnije opisujem značenje teksta izvedbe, estetiku prostora, scenografiju i kostimografiju, režijski pristup i proces rada. Završetak rada sastoji se od refleksija i zaključka o iskustvu rada na izvedbi
Cystic changes of the pancreas -from diagnosis to the therapy-
No full textCistične promjene gušterače čine raznoliku skupinu gušteračnih bolesti koje se osnovno dijele na epitelne i neepitelne, unutar kojih postoje neoplastične i neneoplastične promjene. Iako su u većini slučajeva asimptomatske, sve češće se otkrivaju zahvaljujući intenzivnijoj upotrebi preciznih slikovnih metoda kao što su kompjutorizirana tomografija (CT), magnetska rezonancija (MR) te endoskopski ultrazvuk (EUS). Najčešće otkrivene cistične promjene jesu intraduktalna mucinozna neoplazma (IPMN), serozni cistadenom (SCA) te mucinozni cistadenom (MCN). Incidencija varira o dobi i spolu, pri čemu je IPMN češći u muškaraca, dok su SCA i MCN češći u žena. Dijagnostička obrada je slikovna, pri čemu se najčešće koriste prethodno spomenute radiološke metode. Postavljanje dijagnoze određene cistične promjene temelji se na morfološkim karakteristikama koje uključuju veličinu promjene, prisutnost septi i/ ili muralnih nodusa te komunikacije sa kanalnim sustavom gušterače. Osim navedenih, važnost pri diferenciranju promjena ima i invazivna dijagnostička metoda- aspiracija tankom iglom pod vodstvom endoskopskog ultrazvuka (EUS- FNA) kojom je omogućena analiza cističnog sadržaja. Analiziraju se citološke karakteristike, koncentracija tumorskih biljega (CEA, CA 19-9) te genetske mutacije (GNAS, KRAS), što doprinosi pri razlikovanju mucnoznih od nemucinoznih lezija. Unatoč tome što su cistične lezije gušterače većinom benigne, mucinozne promjene kao što su IPMN te MCN imaju potencijal za malignu transformaciju. Stoga je pravovremeno prepoznavanje, praćenje te kirurško liječenje ovih lezija važno za sprječavanje razvoja invazivnog karcinoma gušterače. Preporuke za praćenje promjena te odabir terapijske metode temelje se na međunarodnim smjernicama, čiji su kriteriji određeni kliničkim, laboratorijskim i radiološkim parametrima.Cystic lesions of the pancreas represent a heterogeneous group of pancreatic diseases, primarily classified into epithelial and nonepithelial types, within which neoplastic and non-neoplastic changes can occur. Although these lesions are asymptomatic in most cases, their detection has increased due to the more frequent use of advanced imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). The most commonly identified cystic lesions include intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN), serous cystadenomas (SCA), and mucinous cystadenomas (MCN). The incidence varies according to age and sex, with IPMN being more prevalent in males, while SCA and MCN occur more frequently in females. Diagnostic evaluation primarily relies on imaging techniques, predominantly the aforementioned radiological methods. The diagnosis of specific cystic lesions is based on morphological characteristics including lesion size, presence of septations and/or mural nodules, and communication with the pancreatic ductal system. In addition to imaging, invasive diagnostic methods such as EUS- guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) play a crucial role in differentiating lesions by enabling cyst fluid analysis. Cytological features, tumor marker concentrations (CEA, CA 19-9), and genetic mutations (GNAS, KRAS) are assessed, which aid in distinguishing mucinous from non-mucinous cystic lesions. Although most pancreatic cystic lesions are benign, mucinous lesions such as IPMN and MCN possess malignant potential. Therefore, timely identification, surveillance, and surgical management of these lesions are critical to prevent progression to invasive pancreatic carcinoma. Recommendations for lesion monitoring and therapeutic decision-making are based on international guidelines, with criteria determined by clinical, laboratory, and radiological parameters
Cryopreservation and Validation of Microfragmented Adipose Tissue for Autologous Use in Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment
No full textMicro-fragmented adipose tissue (MFAT) is a promising autologous therapy for knee osteoarthritis. To avoid repeated liposuction procedures for its clinical application, MFAT obtained from patients with knee osteoarthritis was stored at −80 °C in a tissue bank. This study describes the preparation, cryopreservation, thawing, and washing, as well as comprehensive analysis of cell populations in fresh and MFAT thawed after two years. Immunophenotyping of both fresh and thawed MFAT showed a significant presence of endothelial progenitors and pericytes in the stromal vascular fraction. Viability before (59.75%) and after freezing (55.73%) showed no significant difference. However, the average cell count per gram of MFAT was significantly reduced in thawed samples (3.00 × 105) compared to fresh ones (5.64 × 105), likely due to processing steps. Thawed MFAT samples showed increased CD73 expression on the CD31highCD34high subset of EP and SA-ASC, as well as increased expression of CD105 on EP, the CD31lowCD34low subset of EP, pericytes, and SA-ASC. Microbiological testing confirmed 100% sterility, and double washing efficiently removed DMSO, confirming sample safety. Histological analysis revealed healthy, uniformly shaped adipocytes with intact membranes. This approach allows accurate estimation of cell yield for intra-articular injection, ensuring delivery of the target cell number into the knee. Quality control analysis confirms that cryopreserved MFAT retains high cellular and structural integrity, supporting its safety and suitability for clinical application
Business negotiation from a female perspective in the acquisition of business documentation for foreign nationals: A case study of P.F. Consulting Ltd.
No full textThis thesis examines the role of business negotiation in administrative services related to citizenship acquisition, focusing on the negotiation strategies employed by P.F. Consulting Ltd from a female perspective. The study explores how administrators, which in this case are women, negotiate service packages to clients and whether they customize them. By analyzing negotiation techniques, client interactions, and trust-building strategies, the research highlights key factors that contribute to successful outcomes in administrative consulting.
Business negotiation refers to the process by which parties with differing interests and objectives come together to reach mutually beneficial agreements. In the context of international business, negotiation involves a wide range of activities, from initial discussions and agreements to the formalization of business operations through the acquisition of necessary documentation.
The thesis will cover the area of business negotiation between company P.F. Consulting, administrators, and clients, US citizens. The survey was conducted exclusively among female administrative staff, providing insight into the negotiation strategies and client communication approaches applied by women in administrative consulting roles. With the conducted research it has been concluded that the findings provide valuable insights into women perspective when it comes to negotiation and also in the key negotiation strategies, trust-building methods, and service customization approaches that have a large impact on administrative processes and improved client satisfaction.U ovom diplomskom radu se prikazuje uloga poslovnog pregovaranja u administrativnim uslugama vezanim za stjecanje državljanstva, s naglaskom na žensku perspektivu kod pregovaračkih strategija koje se koriste u poduzeću P.F. Consulting d.o.o. Istraživanjem se prikazuje kako administratori pregovaraju o paketima usluga s klijentima i u kojoj mjeri ih prilagođavaju njihovim potrebama. U istraživanju se prikazuje odnos pregovaračkih tehnika, interakcije s klijentima i stjecanjem klijentovog povjerenja.
Poslovno pregovaranje odnosi se na proces u kojem strane s različitim interesima i ciljevima dolaze do međusobnog sporazuma. Pregovaranje započinje inicijalnim i okvirnim dogovorom sve do formalizacije poslovanja kroz pribavljanje potrebne dokumentacije.
Ovaj diplomski rad pokriva područje poslovnog pregovaranja između poduzeća P.F. Consulting, administratora, i klijenata, državljana SAD-a. Anketa je provedena isključivo među zaposlenicama ženskog spola, kako bi se dobio uvid u strategije pregovaranja i pristupe komunikaciji s klijentima koje primjenjuju žene u administrativnim ulogama u firmi P.F. Consulting. Na temelju provedenog istraživanja, zaključeno je da dobiveni rezultati pružaju uvid u ključne pregovaračke strategije primijenjene od strane žena na poziciji administratora, metode za izgradnju povjerenja i načine na koje se prilagođavaju usluge. Rezultati daju prikaz koji ima značajan utjecaj na administrativne procese, žensku perspektivu prilikom pregovora i poboljšanje zadovoljstva klijenata
Characterization of CO releasing metallosurfractant aggregates intended for biomedical applications
No full textOd početka istraživanja terapeutskih sposobnosti CO, postojala je potreba za
ciljanom dostavom ove terapije. Zbog toga, razvili su se razni kemijski
spojevi koji otpuštaju CO. Među njima su izuzetni metalni karbonili , zbog
velikog kapaciteta prijenosa CO. Mijenjajući ligande vezane za metal u
koordinacijskom centru, poboljšala se permeabilnost u biološkim sustavima.
Ovi karakterizirani spojevi, koji mogu imati metalni dio u polarnom ili
hidrofobnom dijelu molekule, nazivaju se metalosurfraktanti. Zbog povećane
amfifilnosti, grade razne supramolekularne agregate u vodenim sredinama.
U prijašnjim istraživanjima, metalosurfraktant sa molibdenom je pokazao
miješivost sa fosfatidilkolinom u agregate poznate kao metalosomi- sa
fizikalno-kemijskim svojstvima, zbog kojih su prikladniji za primjenu u
biološkim sustavima, u odnosu na agregate od čistih metalosurfraktanta.
Glavni cilj ovog projekta, bio je opisati interakciju metalosoma, koji sadrže
metalosurfraktant PCOL10, sa stanicama. Sekundarni cilj, bio je razvijanje
metodologije za istraživanje svojstva metalosurfraktanta i metalosoma sa
alatima računalne kemije.
Nakon razvitka metodologije za proizvodnju PCOL10 metalosoma sa
kontroliranim veličinama metalosoma, opisana su fizička i kemijska svojstva
pod uvijetima relevantnima za inkubaciju sa stanicama. Zatim, stanične
kulture ljudskih fibroblasta su inkubirane s metalosomima, te potom
analizirane s microFTIR spektroskopijom u Alba sinkrotronu. Na temelju
toga, opisana je ovisnost internalizacije metalosoma u stanicama, u odnosu
na trajanje inkubacije, koncentraciju metalosoma i njihovu veličinu.
Eksperimenti inkubacije u stanicama, pokazali su kako je internalizacija
PCOL10 metalosoma u stanicama, uglavnom ovisna o vremenu inkubacije i
koncentraciji. Laboratorijski dio rada obavljen je na Autonomnom Sveučilištu
u Barceloni, u laboratoriju Lipidno-baziranih sustava dostave lijekova.Since the start of research into the therapeutic abilities of CO, systems for
targeted delivery and release have been needed. Because of this, the
category of CO releasing molecules includes numerous types of compounds.
Among them, metal-carbonyl compounds are distinguished because of their
high CO carrying capacity. These compounds were further optimized to
improve specific targeting, by modifying the groups connected to the metal.
The results, were compounds that can either include the metal into the
polar, or hydrophobic group, called metallosurfractants. Their improved
amphiphilic character, allows them to form supramolecular structures in an
aqueous medium. In previous research, a molybdenum based
metallosurfractant has shown miscibility with phosphatidylcholine that forms
vesicles known as metallosomes, with improved physicochemical properties
compared to pure metallosurfractant aggregates. The principal aim of this
project was characterizing the interaction of PCOL10-metallosomes with
cells. The secondary aim was to develop a workflow that models the
properties of metallosurfactants and metallosomes, using computational
chemistry.
First, after developing a reproducible method for preparing PCOL10
metallosomes, the physical and chemical properties under conditions
relevant for cell incubations were described. Finally, the metallosomes were
incubated in cultures of human fibroblasts and analyzed using microFTIR
spectroscopy at Alba synchrotron. The dependence of cell internalization
upon incubation time, metallosome size and concentration, was described.
The cell incubation studies showed that cell internalization of PCOL10
metallosomes depends mainly on incubation time and concentration. All
laboratory research was carried out at the Autonomous University of
Barcelona, at the Lipid-based drug delivery systems laboratory
The latest drugs in the treatment of oncological diseases
No full textOnkološke bolesti čine veliki zdravstveni problem u svijetu, a rak je među vodećim uzrocima smrti u mnogim zemljama. Kada je u pitanju liječenje raka, poznato je da je proces liječenja jako složen i dugotrajan. Pristupi liječenju kao što su kemoterapija i radioterapija imaju mnogo nedostataka. Srećom, u posljednjih nekoliko godina postignut je velik i značajan napredak na području onkologije. Ovaj napredak uključuje razvoj imunoterapije i ciljane terapije kao potencijalno najboljih mogućnosti za liječenje različitih vrsta raka. Kada se radi o imunoterapiji, najboljima su se pokazali "checkpoint" inhibitori te adoptivna T-stanična terapija, konkretnije CAR T-stanična terapija. Među odobrenim lijekovima za liječenje raka u posljednjih nekoliko godina najviše su zastupljeni upravo lijekovi koji pripadaju nekoj od vrsta imunoterapije. Među najnovijima iz 2024. godine su primjerice tislelizumab i lifileucel. Druga vrsta inovativne terapije, ciljana terapija, također se pokazala vrlo uspješnom. Ova terapija uključuje razne inhibitore tirozin kinaze i monoklonska protutijela od kojih su se obećavajućima pokazala bispecifična protutijela. Najnovije odobrena bispecifična protutijela iz 2023. godine su elranatamab i talquetamab. Ciljana terapija je veliko otkriće iz razloga što ciljano djeluje na specifični antigen na stanicama raka, ne oštećujući previše zdrave ljudske stanice. Naravno, u tijeku je razvoj i mnogih drugih novih pristupa za liječenje raka. Veliki broj terapija još se uvijek nalazi u fazi kliničkih ispitivanja, a u sljedećih par godina mogao bi biti odobren značajan broj novih lijekova.Cancer constitutes a major health problem worldwide and is among the leading causes of death in many countries. When it comes to cancer treatment, it is well known that the process is highly complex and takes time. Traditional approaches such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy have not proven to be the best options. Fortunately, significant progress has been made in the field of oncology in recent years. This progress includes the development of immunotherapy and targeted therapy as potentially the best options for treating various types of cancer. In the realm of immunotherapy, checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapy, specifically CAR T-cell therapy, have shown the most promise. Among the approved cancer treatments in the past few years, the majority belong to some form of immunotherapy. Notable examples from 2024 include tislelizumab and lifileucel. Another type of innovative therapy, targeted therapy, has also proven to be very successful. This therapy includes various tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, among which bispecific antibodies have shown great promise. The newest approved bispecific antibodies from 2023 are elranatamab and talquetamab. Targeted therapy is a significant breakthrough because it specifically targets antigens on cancer cells, causing minimal damage to healthy human cells. Naturally, the development of many other new approaches to cancer treatment is ongoing. A large number of therapies are still in clinical trial phases, and a significant number of new drugs could be approved in the next few years