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The Influence of Breast Density and Compression Force on Women’s Perception of Pain During Mammography
No full textCilj: Razumijevanje stupnja nelagode tijekom mamografskih pregleda i optimizacija sile kompresije korištene u različitim projekcijama temelj su radiološkim tehnolozima kako bi individualno pristupili oslikavanju dojki. Cilj ovog istraživanja je unaprjeđenje prakse mamografskog oslikavanja te poboljšanje iskustva žena. Ispitanici i metode: U ovo prospektivno istraživanje uključeno je 99 ispitanica koje su u razdoblju od 22. svibnja do 30. lipnja 2023. bile podvrgnute mamografskom pregledu u Kliničkom bolničkom centru Rijeka. Za statističku analizu korišten je Kolmogorov-Smirnovljev test kojim je ispitana normalnost distribucije numeričkih vrijednosti. U slučaju normalne distribucije korištena je aritmetička sredina te standardna devijacija, dok je u slučaju odstupanja numeričkih vrijednosti od normalne razdiobe korišten medijan i interkvartilni raspon. Razlika u normalno distribuiranim numeričkim varijablama među različitim kategorijama gustoće dojki ispitana je testom ANOVA. Razlika u varijabli boli koja odstupa od normalne razdiobe među dvjema dobnim skupinama, ispitana je Mann-Whitneyevim U-testom. Razlika u zastupljenosti ispitanica prema kvalitativnim obilježjima ispitana je testom χ2. Svi su testovi provedeni na razini statističke značajnosti p < 0,05. Za obradu podataka korišten je program Statistica 14.0.0.15 (TIBCO Software Inc.). Rezultati: Najčešće zastupljena kategorija gustoće tkiva dojke među ispitanicama je kategorija B. Medijan boli na skali od 0 do 10 je 5. Prosječna sila kompresije na desnu dojku u CC projekciji je 98,80 N, dok je za lijevu dojku 97,62 N. Prosječna sila kompresije na lijevu dojku u MLO projekciji iznosila je 118,86 N, a na desnu 114,81 N. Zaključak: Ovo istraživanje pridonosi razumijevanju čimbenika koji utječu na percipiranu razinu nelagode ispitanica prilikom mamografskog oslikavanja te optimizaciju postupka uz poboljšanje dijagnostičke vrijednosti procedure.Aim:Understanding the degree of discomfort during mammographic examinations and optimizing the compression force used in different projections are fundamental for radiologic technologists to individually approaching breast imaging. The aim of this study is to enhance mammographic imaging practices and improve patient experience. Participants and methods: This prospective study included 99 participants who underwent mammographic examination at the Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka from May 22 to June 30, 2023. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for statistical analysis to assess the normality of the distribution of numerical values. For normally distributed data, the mean and standard deviation were used, while the median and interquartile range were used for data that deviating from a normal distribution. The differences in normally distributed numerical variables among different categories of breast density were examined using the ANOVA test. The difference in the pain variable, which deviated from normal distribution between two age groups, was examined using the Mann-Whitney U test. The difference in the representation of participants based on qualitative features was examined using the χ2 test. All tests were conducted at a statistical significance level of
Koncept održivosti i islamske financije
No full textU uvjetima mnogobrojnih ekoloških problema od kojih klimatske promjene predstavljaju najveću prijetnju okolišu, društvu i sistemski rizik financijskom sustavu, održivi razvoj (engl. sustainable development) predstavlja ključnu paradigmu u postizanju ekonomskog i socijalnog napretka na svjetskoj razini. Stoga se negativne posljedice uzrokovane dugogodišnjim čovjekovim djelovanjem, nastoje umanjiti primjenom glavnog pokazatelja održivosti, etičnosti i društveno odgovornog poslovanja, odnosno ESG pristupom koji se sastoji od okolišnih (engl. environmental), društvenih (engl. social) i upravljačkih (engl. governance) faktora. U skladu s istaknutom potrebom za implementacijom održivog razvoja, zapadni (konvencionalni) financijski sustavi započeli su s izdanjem održivih financijskih instrumenata čija je svrha financiranje zelenih i održivih projekata. Prva takva izdanja na globalnoj razini izdale su međunarodne financijske institucije (2007. Europska investicijska banka, 2008. Svjetska banka te 2013. Međunarodna financijska korporacija), nakon čega su uslijedila državna izdanja. S druge strane, islamske financije koje se u odnosu na konvencionalne financije temelje na vjerskom zakonu (engl. Sheria), prema svojim temeljnim načelima (sistemski pristup, ekonomski pristup, pristup normi ponašanja) smatraju se usklađenima s održivim razvojem i društveno odgovornim poslovanjem. Primarni je cilj islamskih financija pravedan društveni poredak u čijem je središtu čovjek, a ne profit. Prema tome, u islamskom financijskom sustavu model pravednosti počiva na vrednovanju moralnih i duhovnih vrijednosti iznad materijalnih vrijednosti i blagostanja, usklađivanju interesa dionika u cilju ostvarenja koristi za cijelu zajednicu, kao i ostvarivanju osobnog zadovoljstva dionika uz poštovanje principa dopuštenog i zabranjenog. Cilj je ovoga rada prikazati obilježja i zahtjeve održivog razvoja i ESG kriterija te usklađenost načela islamskih financija s konceptom održivosti. Također će se analizirati izdanja održivih financijskih instrumenata u konvencionalnim i islamskim financijskim sustavima.In the context of numerous environmental challenges, among which climate change poses the greatest threat to the environment, society, and a systemic risk to the financial system, sustainable development represents a key paradigm for achieving economic and social progress on a global scale. Therefore, the negative consequences caused by years of human activity are being mitigated through the application of the main indicator of sustainability, ethics, and socially responsible business practices, namely the ESG approach, which consists of environmental, social, and governance factors. In line with the growing need for the implementation of sustainable development, Western (conventional) financial systems have begun issuing sustainable financial instruments, whose purpose is to finance green and sustainable projects. The first such issuances at the global level were made by international financial institutions (in 2007 by the European Investment Bank, in 2008 by the World Bank, and in 2013 by the International Finance Corporation), followed by sovereign issuances.
On the other hand, Islamic finance, which is based on religious law (Sharia) as opposed to conventional finance, is considered aligned with sustainable development and socially responsible business practices according to its fundamental principles (systemic approach, economic approach, and behavioral norms approach). The primary goal of Islamic finance is a just social order centered on human well-being rather than profit. Thus, the model of justice in the Islamic financial system rests on valuing moral and spiritual values above material wealth and prosperity, aligning stakeholder interests to benefit the entire community, and achieving personal satisfaction of stakeholders while adhering to the principles of what is permissible and prohibited.
The aim of this paper is to present the characteristics and requirements of sustainable development and ESG criteria, as well as the alignment of Islamic finance principles with the concept of sustainability. It will also analyze the issuance of sustainable financial instruments in both conventional and Islamic financial systems
Dietary Approaches to Managing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
No full textPCOS is a multifactorial endocrine disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology. Women with PCOS have an increased risk of developing metabolic complications, including T2DM, dyslipidemia, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Due to its complex pathogenesis, effective management requires a multidisciplinary and patient-centered approach, integrating lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapies.
Dietary interventions play a central role in PCOS management, with evidence suggesting that the DASH diet, low-carbohydrate, and low GI diets improve metabolic and hormonal parameters. However, no single diet has been proven superior. Inositol supplementation has emerged as a potential alternative to metformin, demonstrating improvements in insulin sensitivity and ovulatory function with fewer side effects.
Despite the importance of lifestyle interventions, pharmacological management remains essential. COCPs are the first-line treatment for hyperandrogenism, metformin is widely used for metabolic disturbances, and GLP-1 receptor agonists are being investigated as a promising therapy for obe-sity in PCOS.
The gut microbiome has also gained attention in PCOS research, with probiotics and prebiotics showing potential metabolic benefits, though further studies are needed to confirm their clinical utility.
Despite advancements, heterogeneity in PCOS phenotypes, study designs, and small sample sizes limit the generalizability of findings. Future research should focus on long-term dietary interven-tions, particularly their real-life applicability and sustainability. Overall, a patient-centered, multidisciplinary approach is essential to optimize treatment strategies and improve the quality of life for women affected by PCOS
Occurrence of total coliform bacteria in a coastal sea loaded with inflows
No full textKakvoća mora za kupanje predstavlja važan javnozdravstveni pokazatelj koji može biti narušen fekalnim i sekundarnim onečišćenjem. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati pojavnost ukupnih koliformnih bakterija (UKB) u priobalju Rijeke, s naglaskom na vrste koje nisu obuhvaćene standardnim monitoringom, ali mogu ukazivati na prisutnost oportunističkih patogena i bolničkog zagađenja.
Istraživanje je provedeno u sklopu projekta EUROBATH na 12 lokacija, a obuhvatilo je ukupno 1119 uzoraka morske vode. Od toga je 117 uzoraka (10,5 %) bilo pozitivno na UKB. Najzastupljeniji je bio rod Citrobacter (79,5 %), a slijedili su rodovi Klebsiella, Enterobacter i Morganella. Identificirane su vrste poput Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae i Enterobacter cloacae, poznate po višestrukoj antimikrobnoj rezistenciji i kliničkoj važnosti.
Statistička analiza pokazala je značajnu povezanost roda Citrobacter s kategorijom kakvoće mora „dobar“ prema koncentraciji E. coli, dok takva povezanost nije utvrđena za crijevne enterokoke, što upućuje na potencijalni nesklad među fekalnim indikatorima. Salinitet je bio jedini okolišni čimbenik koji je pokazao značajan utjecaj na pojavnost UKB, dok temperatura mora i zraka nisu imale značajnu povezanost.
Rezultati potvrđuju da se pojedine vrste UKB mogu pojavljivati i u odsutnosti izravnog fekalnog zagađenja, ali unatoč tome mogu imati važnu ulogu u dodatnim programima praćenja kakvoće obalnog mora, osobito u kontekstu praćenja antimikrobne rezistencije i sekundarnog onečišćenja bolničkog porijekla. Iako njihovo uvođenje u rutinski monitoring zasad nije opravdano zbog financijskih i dijagnostičkih ograničenja, praćenje vrsta poput Citrobacter spp. i Klebsiella spp. preporučljivo je u visokorizičnim i ciljanima istraživanjima.Bathing water quality is an important public health indicator that can be affected by both fecal and secondary contamination. The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of total coliform bacteria (TCB) in the coastal waters of Rijeka, with a focus on species not included in standard monitoring but potentially indicative of opportunistic pathogens and hospital-related pollution.
The research was conducted as part of the EUROBATH project at 12 locations, with a total of 1119 seawater samples analyzed. Of these, 117 samples (10.5%) tested positive for TCB. The most prevalent genus was Citrobacter (79.5%), followed by Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Morganella. Identified species included Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter cloacae, all known for their multidrug resistance and clinical relevance.
Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between the presence of Citrobacter and the "good" bathing water quality category according to E. coli levels, but not according to intestinal enterococci, indicating a potential mismatch between standard fecal indicators. Salinity was the only environmental factor that showed a statistically significant influence on TCB occurrence, while sea and air temperature did not.
The results confirm that certain TCB species can be present even in the absence of direct fecal contamination, yet may still play an important role in supplementary coastal water quality monitoring programs, especially in the context of antimicrobial resistance and secondary pollution of hospital origin. While their inclusion in routine monitoring is currently not justified due to financial and diagnostic constraints, tracking species such as Citrobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp. is recommended in high-risk and targeted investigation
Grad Rijeka za vrijeme vladavine Leopolda I. (1657. - 1705.)
No full textU ovom završnom radu prikazan je utjecaj vladavine Leopolda I. na grad Rijeku. Rijeku i dinastiju Habsburg veže duga povijest, tako da je na početku rada predočen kratki prikaz najvažnijih događaja u njihovom odnosu. Zatim slijedi kratka biografija o Leopoldu I. te opis Zrinsko - frankopanske urote. Ta urota, odnosno njezin slom, bile su ključan trenutak za propast tih dviju hrvatskih velikaških obitelji. Riječani su Leopoldu najzahvalniji za dodjeljivanje grba koji se i dan danas koristi. Odlučujući dokument za to je grbovnica u kojoj car carskim pečatom potvrđuje grb. Osim toga, ona opisuje i izgled grba, a danas se čuva u Državnom arhivu u Rijeci. Grb sadrži dvoglavog orla raširenih krila. Obje glave orla gledaju ulijevo, a jedna noga stoji na vazi na kojoj je prikazana voda dok se izlijeva u more. Važno je spomenuti i „indeficienter“, riječ na grbu što zapravo znači „nepresušan“. Ta riječ odnosi se, osim na vjernost Rijeke i Riječana caru i na izvor vode (pri čemu se misli na rijeku Rječinu). Isto tako, Leopold I. odlučio je i darovati franjevački samostan na Trsatu te mu je poklonio i srebrne zidne svijećnjake. Dobar odnos između Rijeke i vladara nastavio se i s Leopoldovim nasljednicima. Naime, Karlo VI. proglasio je Rijeku slobodnom lukom te je zaslužan za otvorenje prvog Lazareta u Rijeci. Marija Terezija proglasila je cijeli grad slobodnim, novčano pomogla Rijeci dok se obnavljala zbog potresa i ono najvažnije proglasila ju „odvojenim tijelom“ („corpus separatum“). Riječki gradski toranj kao jedan od najvažnijih simbola Rijeke sadrži upravo taj grb te prikazuje i Leopolda I., kao i njegovog sina Karla VI
Relationship Between Complex PTSD Symptoms and Levels of Perceived Social Support : graduation thesis
No full textBackground: Complex post-traumatic stress disorder is a newly recognized psychiatric condition characterized by core PTSD symptoms alongside disturbances in self-organization, including emotional dysregulation, negative self-concept, and interpersonal difficulties. Perceived social support is a well-established protective factor in trauma recovery, yet its specific relationship with cPTSD symptomatology, particularly in war veterans, warrants further exploration. Methods: This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between cPTSD symptoms and perceived social support in a sample of 62 male war veterans (aged 44–66) undergoing long-term psychiatric treatment in Rijeka, Croatia. Participants completed the International Trauma Questionnaire and the ISEL-12. Spearman correlations, ANOVA, and post-hoc analyses were used to explore associations between symptom severity, perceived social support, and sociodemographic variables. Results: Higher overall cPTSD symptom severity was significantly associated with lower levels of perceived social support, with DSO symptoms showing the strongest inverse correlation. Among PTSD clusters, avoidance was the only subdomain significantly associated with lower perceived social support. Employment status emerged as a significant sociodemographic factor. Employed participants reported higher perceived social support, whereas marital status and number of children showed no significant associations. Conclusions: These findings highlight a robust inverse relationship between cPTSD symptoms and perceived social support, particularly regarding DSO symptoms. Employment appears to serve as a crucial source of social support in this veteran population. Clinical interventions should incorporate strategies to enhance social support—especially beyond the family context—and consider occupational engagement as a potential therapeutic avenue in the treatment of cPTSD
Born, Never Asked
No full textZavršni rad "Born, Never Asked" predstava je koja problematizira nedostatak neintegracijske politike s obzirom na sve već broj radnika iz zemalja Trećeg svijeta. Ova predstava svojevrsna je prilika da publika, odnosno društvo, čuje njihove priče. Dramaturški koncept zasnovan je na detaljnom višemjesečnom istraživanju. Kroz raznorazne forme kao što su "lecture-performance", "kazalište sjena", "Grotowski tehnika" gradi se emocionalni obruč oko publike. Sva stanja koja ti ljudi prolaze svakodnevno, pomoću atmosfere i emocionalnog tjela evociraju se i kod publike
Impact of blockchain software on buyer bargaining power in the used car market of Primorje-gorski kotar county
No full textOvaj diplomski rad istražuje utjecaj blockchain tehnologije, posebno softvera CarVertical, na pregovaračku moć na tržištu rabljenih automobila s naglaskom na kupce u Primorsko-goranskoj županiji. Rad započinje sveobuhvatnim prikazom teorijskih aspekata poslovnih pregovora, uključujući ključne definicije, vrste, čimbenike i faze pregovaranja. Naglašava se važnost pregovaračke moći koja je pod utjecajem informacija, BATNA-e i stručnog znanja. Obuhvaća se svjetska automobilska industrija, u kojoj je detaljno prikazana praksa i trend u proizvodnji i prodaji automobila od 2013. do 2023. godine, s posebnim fokusom na tržišta rabljenih automobila u EU i Hrvatskoj. Dio analize posvećen je i razumijevanju karakteristika blockchaina, nakon kojeg se rad bavi empirijskim istraživanjem te pokušava potvrditi temeljnu hipotezu rada. Na kraju, rad nudi prijedloge usmjerene na osnaživanje kupaca u pregovorima. Zaključak rada je sažetak nalaza i potencijala za daljnja istraživanja integracije blockchain tehnologije u pregovaračke procese.This thesis explores the impact of blockchain technology, specifically the CarVertical software, on negotiation power in the used car market, with a focus on buyers in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. It begins with a comprehensive overview of the theoretical aspects of business negotiations, including key definitions, types, factors, and stages of negotiation. The importance of negotiation power influenced by information, BATNA, and expert knowledge is emphasized. Global automotive industry is covered in detail, showcasing practices and trends in car production and sales from 2013 to 2023, with a special focus on the used car markets in the EU and Croatia. A part of the analysis is dedicated to understanding the characteristics of blockchain technology, followed by an empirical research that seeks to confirm the thesis’s fundamental hypothesis. Finally, the thesis offers recommendations aimed at empowering buyers in negotiations. It concludes with a summary of findings and potential for further research on the integration of blockchain technology into negotiation processes
Time for Change: A 3-Year Prospective Study on Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Body Composition in Kidney Transplant Recipients
No full textBackground: The aim of this prospective follow-up study was to evaluate changes in body composition parameters and Mediterranean diet (MeDi) adherence among kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) over a three-year period. Additionally, this study sought to investigate the associations between these changes and clinical parameters, including laboratory parameters, new onset of diseases, and death outcome. Methods: A total of 116 KTRs were initially assessed in 2019 and subsequently re-evaluated in 2022. The Mediterranean Diet Serving Score (MDSS) was used to assess dietary adherence to the MeDi at baseline and follow-up assessments. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to assess body composition and clinical outcomes were assessed by the data available from medical charts. Results: After three years, MeDi adherence significantly decreased (p = 0.028) from 15 (18.29%) to 5 (6%), with dominantly lower adherence for vegetable, fruit, legume, red meat, olive oil and fish intake. Regarding body composition parameters, the most prominent change was seen in muscle mass, which deteriorated from 41.77% (IQR 6.46) to 39% (IQR 6.14; p = 0.004). However, changes in fat mass level were not significant in the follow-up period. Furthermore, cereal intake, fasting blood glucose (FBG), cholesterol level, level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglyceride leve and presence of diabetes mellitus lwere shown to be predictive for the decline of skeletal muscle mass. There were no significant changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or albuminuria level during the follow-up period. Associations with the death outcome were found for the MeDi-advised intake of eggs (β = −1.06, HR = 0.35, CI (0.14–0.87), p = 0.023), phase angle (PhA) (β = −2.68, HR = 0.07, CI (0.01–0.43), p = 0.004), cholesterol level (β = 0.95, HR = 2.60, CI (1.40–4.70), p = 0.001) and calcium level (β = −7.21, HR = 0.00, CI (0.00–1.50), p = 0.063). Conclusions: This study highlights a significant decline in MeDi adherence and skeletal muscle mass among KTRs over a three-year follow-up period, with no notable changes in fat mass or kidney function. The predictors of muscle mass loss and associations with mortality underscore the importance of dietary and clinical management in this population